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Hörnle T, Tetal C, Wössner G. Reoffending after convictions related to child sexual exploitation material: Data from the German Federal Central Criminal Register. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 153:106806. [PMID: 38688115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As digitalization has made it easier to produce, copy, and distribute child sexual exploitation material (CSEM), the possession and distribution of child sexual abuse images has become more widespread. Thus, the need to assess the risk of subsequent sex offenses - above all, sexual abuse of children by individuals who have been convicted of CSEM offenses - becomes more and more important. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the respective size of two groups of offenders: first, offenders who commit CSEM offenses without ever crossing the line to sexual abuse of children, and second, so-called crossover offenders, that is, individuals who commit CSEM offenses and engage in child sexual abuse. Identification of differences between these two groups facilitates analyzing the risk that someone convicted of a CSEM offense might in the future sexually assault children. METHOD We used data from the German Federal Central Criminal Register (Bundeszentralregister), a data set that includes information about all persons convicted of any criminal offense, including "child pornography" offenses, by a court in Germany. RESULTS For persons convicted of CSEM offenses only, with no additional concurring sex offenses, the rate of subsequent convictions for child sexual abuse is very low (1.1 % after a six-year follow-up period, adult offenders). This risk is even lower if offenders are older than 30 years of age, and it is slightly higher for offenders with previous offense-specific convictions (i.e., previous sex offenses). CONCLUSIONS The mere existence of a conviction for a CSEM offense is not an indication that the convicted person poses a significant risk of committing child sexual abuse. To pinpoint such a risk more accurately, the following factors should be examined: the existence of offense-specific prior records, the presence of crossover-offending in the form of concurring offenses, and the age of the offender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Hörnle
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carina Tetal
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunda Wössner
- Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Freiburg, Germany.
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Haberer LD, Schröder SI, Reininger KM, Briken P. Originalbeiträge (Originals). Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Strukturachse nach OPD-2 und dem statischen/dynamischen Risiko für das Begehen von sexuellem Kindesmissbrauch bei 30 Männern mit sexuellem Interesse an Minderjährigen aus dem Dunkelfeld – eine Pilotstudie. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2024; 70:63-76. [PMID: 38598702 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2024.70.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The Relation between the OPD-2 Axis Structure and the Static/Dynamic Risk for Committing Child Sexual Abuse in a Sample of 30 Men with Sexual Interest in Minors from the Dark Field - A Pilot Study Objectives: The present pilot study examined the relation between the OPD-2 axis structure of 30 men with a sexual interest in minors from the dark field and their static and dynamic risk factors for committing child sexual abuse. METHODS Two independent raters estimated the structural dimensions based on notes from outpatient psychotherapy sessions using the OPD-2 structure checklist.The interrater reliability of the structural data was moderate. Pearson/Spearman correlations between these structural data and the previously assessed static and dynamic risk were calculated. RESULTS Attachment was the only structural dimension to correlate significantly positively moderately with the dynamic risk.The less integrated the structural dimension of attachment was, the more pronounced the dynamic risk was. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between the structural dimension of attachment and the dynamic riskmay provide first indications of the potential of structure-oriented psychotherapeutic interventions formodifying dynamic risk in individuals with a sexual interest in minors from the dark field. The limitations of the methodological approach constrain the significance of the findings, prompting further research on the relation between structure and risk.
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Picard EH, Bopp LL, Rosenfeld B. Neuropsychological Functioning in Sexual Offenders With and Without Pedophilic Disorder. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:43-56. [PMID: 37749338 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine neuropsychological functioning in men with pedophilic disorder (PD), in order to assess whether findings from prior neuropsychological studies are replicated in a diverse sample including men with non-contact sexual offenses. It was hypothesized that when non-contact offenders are included in the study, a slowed processing speed will emerge as the only finding unique to men with PD. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered to 58 men convicted of a sexual offense, 20 of whom were classified as having PD. The sample included men with contact sexual offenses (n = 33), non-contact sexual offenses (n = 5), and child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offenses (n = 20). Test performance was compared by PD status. Participants with PD performed significantly better on verbal memory and visual discrimination than those without PD. Men with PD made more errors on a set-shifting task but no significant differences were seen in domains of attention, intellectual functioning, visual learning and memory, visuospatial ability, or language ability. Effect sizes were generally small, although some medium effects were seen (visual discrimination and verbal learning and memory). Scores in both groups (with and without PD) were generally in the average range across tasks. Within the subgroup of CSAM offenders, minimal differences emerged between those with and without PD, although those with PD were slower on visuomotor set-shifting but made fewer errors (d = - 0.89). CSAM offenders with PD were in the high average range on many tasks of intellectual functioning; however, a potential trend was identified such that CSAM offenders without PD had lower scores on a task of verbal learning and memory, with medium effect sizes observed. As few differences in neuropsychological functioning emerged when comparing offenders with and without PD, differences demonstrated in prior research may be better attributed to contact offending status rather than sexual interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie H Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Virginia Medical Center, West Complex, Rm. 4472, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave., Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Lillian L Bopp
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Barry Rosenfeld
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
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Kefale D, Endalew M, Asferie WN, Demis S, Munye T, Tesfahun Y, Simegn A, Wondim M, Kassaw A, Kerebeh G, Belay DM, Minuye B, Zeleke S. Lifetime Experience of Childhood Abuse and Neglect Among High School Students at Debre Tabor Town, South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:3991-4001. [PMID: 38107084 PMCID: PMC10723188 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s427251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood abuse and neglect is defined as any intentional harm or mistreatment of a child that results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival and development. It has been linked to an increased risk of a wide range of serious short- and long-term medical and mental health problems. Although it is a complex societal issue, it receives limited research attention in the area. Objective To assess lifetime prevalence of childhood abuse and neglect among high school students in Debre Tabor town, south Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to assess 423 high school students, chosen through a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested, structured and self-administered international child abuse screening tool, child version (ICAST-C). The effect of independent variables on the outcome variable was explored using logistic regression analyses. The level of significances were determined using an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Results Of the 423 study participants, 84.4% had lifetime experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Being female (AOR=4.5, 95% CI: 2.38, 8.60), parental marital status (AOR=5.4, 95% CI: 1.07, 27.3), illiteracy of father (AOR=1.65, 95% CI: 4.5, 6.03), birth order (AOR=4.5, 95% CI: 1.57, 13.0), open family discussion of sexual matters (AOR=0.37, 95% CI:1.74, 7.86), and watching pornography (AOR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40) were significantly associated with lifetime experience of childhood abuse and neglect. Conclusion Lifetime experience of childhood abuse and neglect was high as compared with previous studies. Being female, parental marital status, illiterate fathers, watching pornography, and open family discussion of sexual matters were predictors of childhood abuse and neglect. Dealing with this issue should be considered an integral component of high school students' care, including parental education and respite care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demewoz Kefale
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Endalew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Necho Asferie
- Department of Maternal and Neonatal Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Demis
- Department of Maternal and Neonatal Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tigabu Munye
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tesfahun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Simegn
- Department of Reproductive Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mahilet Wondim
- Department of Midwifery, South Gondar Zone Health Office, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Kassaw
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Kerebeh
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Mesfin Belay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Binyam Minuye
- Department of Maternal and Neonatal Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaw Zeleke
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Chan HC(O, Myers WC. Risky Sexual Behavior, Paraphilic Interest, and Sexual Offending: The Study of a Community Sample of Young Adults in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4279. [PMID: 36901292 PMCID: PMC10002374 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the prevalence and nature of sexual offending in Hong Kong. This cross-sectional study seeks to explore the role of risky sexual behavior (RSB) and paraphilic interests in self-reported sexual offending behavior (i.e., nonpenetrative-only, penetrative-only, and nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault) in a community sample of young adults in Hong Kong. Using a large sample (N = 1885) of university students, the lifetime prevalence of self-reported sexual offending was 18% (n = 342; 23% males (n = 166), 15% females (n = 176)). Based on the study subsample of 342 participants who self-reported sexual offending (aged 18-35), the findings indicated that males reported significantly higher levels of general, penetrative-only, nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault; and paraphilic interest in voyeurism, frotteurism, biastophilia, scatophilia, and hebephilia than females; while females reported a significantly higher level of transvestic fetishism than males. No significant difference was found in RSB between males and females. Logistic regressions found that the participants who possessed a higher level of RSB, particularly penetrative behaviors, and paraphilic interest in voyeurism and zoophilia were less likely to engage in a nonpenetrative-only sexual offense. Conversely, the participants who possessed higher levels of RSB, especially penetrative behaviors, and paraphilic interest in exhibitionism and zoophilia, were more likely to engage in nonpenetrative-plus-penetrative sexual assault. The implications for practice in areas such as public education and offender rehabilitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wade C. Myers
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Konsum von Missbrauchsabbildungen: Prävalenz, Ätiologie, Fallpriorisierung und Prognose. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE, PSYCHOLOGIE, KRIMINOLOGIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-022-00752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDer Konsum von Missbrauchsabbildungen hat sich im Hellfeld in den letzten Jahren immer wieder verdoppelt. Dieses erhöhte Fallaufkommen stellt Polizei, Bewährungshilfe und forensische Therapeuten vor eine Vielzahl neuer Herausforderungen. In diesem Beitrag sollen daher aktuelle theoretische Modelle und empirische Erkenntnisse dargestellt werden, um Praktiker in ihrer täglichen Arbeit zu unterstützen. Im Einzelnen sollen das Ausmaß der Problematik und ätiologische Erklärungsmodelle dargestellt werden. Darauffolgend werden empirische Erkenntnisse zu Konsumenten von Missbrauchsabbildungen aufgeführt und diese mit Tätern, die zusätzlich auch Hands-On-Delikte begehen, verglichen. Ferner wird die Problematik von „Crossover“-Tätern diskutiert. Abschließend werden Ansätze vorgestellt, um Fälle in der polizeilichen Ermittlungsarbeit zu priorisieren sowie um das Rückfallrisiko von Konsumenten von Missbrauchsabbildungen vorherzusagen.
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Schaefer A, Wittenberg A, Galynker I, Cohen LJ. Qualitative Analysis of Minor Attracted Persons' Subjective Experience: Implications for Treatment. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:391-411. [PMID: 36147026 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2022.2126808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for Minor Attracted Persons is inadequate and difficult to access. This qualitative study examined community-based MAPs' responses to narrative questions about their experiences and what they want society to understand, using an iterative thematic analysis. Notable responses from the participants included: 1) sexual attraction does not equal action; 2) minor attraction is immutable; 3) stigma leads to psychological burden; 4) therapy should aim to reduce distress, not change sexual feelings; and 5) sexual behavior can be controlled and remain within legal parameters. Further understanding of MAPs' experiences is key for developing more efficacious treatment modalities to help them live meaningful lives without endangering children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Wittenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Igor Galynker
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa J Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Jahnke S, Schmidt AF, Klöckner A, Hoyer J. Neurodevelopmental Differences, Pedohebephilia, and Sexual Offending: Findings from Two Online Surveys. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:849-866. [PMID: 34993718 PMCID: PMC8888371 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental theory of pedohebephilia states that sexual interests in children arise from early neurodevelopmental perturbations, as, for example, evidenced by increased non-right-handedness, more childhood head injuries, and reduced intelligence and height. As corroborating evidence largely rests on samples of convicted men, we conducted online surveys among German-speaking (Study 1, N = 199) and English-speaking men (Study 2, N = 632), specifically targeting community members with pedohebephilic or teleiophilic interests. Although we detected theoretically meaningful sexual interest patterns in an embedded viewing time task, we could not detect expected neurodevelopmental differences between teleiophilic and pedohebephilic men in either of the two studies. Strikingly, pedohebephilic men who reported convictions for sexual offenses emerged as shorter and less intelligent than pedohebephilic men without convictions in Study 2. While elucidating possible third variable confounds, results have to be interpreted cautiously because of the methodological problems inherent to non-matched case control designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jahnke
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Alexander F Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Social & Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Klöckner
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rogers MK, Seigfried-Spellar KC, Bates S, Rux K. Online child pornography offender risk assessment using digital forensic artifacts: The need for a hybrid model. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2354-2361. [PMID: 34328219 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of online child pornography is a major societal issue. The criminal justice system has struggled with assessing the risk of individuals involved in online sexual offenses against children, especially when it involves the possession of child pornography. Research suggests there are different categories of offenders involved in this type of behavior (e.g., Online Child Pornography Offenders, Dual Offenders, Contact Offenders), with each category having different motivations, contributing factors, and levels of risk to re-offend or escalate their criminal behavior to more serious offenses (i.e., collecting pictures to contact offending). Determining the risk that individuals involved in online sexual offenses against children pose to re-offend or escalate their criminal behavior has been problematic. Traditional sexual offender risk measures have lower predictive validity when dealing with online child pornography offenders. This article discusses the need for a formalized hybrid risk assessment model that combines the current online sex offenses against children risk measures with digital forensics artifact analysis. The evidence derived from digital forensics artifact analysis can supplement the predictive risk factors obtained from these risk assessment tools, thus increasing the reliability and validity of the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus K Rogers
- Cyberforensics Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Sienna Bates
- Cyberforensics Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kayla Rux
- Cyberforensics Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Fafejta M. Coming out of People with Pedophilic Orientation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:312-325. [PMID: 38595738 PMCID: PMC10903660 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1913687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective: According to research participants, those who come out with their pedophilia are less likely to abuse children. Method: This study builds on qualitative research with 16 participants/members of a self-help group for people with pedophilic orientation. Results: Individuals who come out are better equipped mentally to cope with their pedophilia and coming out makes possible support from their social environment. Coming out is, however, extremely difficult, since it is associated with the label 'child abuser'. Conclusion: An understanding approach to people with pedophilia who do not want to abuse children may help prevent child sexual abuse by allowing for more access to resources, treatment, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fafejta
- Department of Sociology, Andragogy and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Stephens S, Klein LK, Seto MC. Differences in Sexual Interest in Children Between Men Who Commit Undetected Versus Detected Sexual Offenses. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2021; 33:255-273. [PMID: 31820672 DOI: 10.1177/1079063219889056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether men who committed undetected sexual offenses would show more evidence of sexual interest in children than their detected counterparts. It also considered whether denial or minimization of offending history explained observed differences between undetected and detected men. In an archival database of 2,236 men, 96 were undetected and the remainder were detected men who varied in the extent to which they admitted their offending: complete deniers, partial deniers, those who admitted their offense history, and those who disclosed additional unknown offenses. There were differences in self-reported sexual interest in children, but relatively few differences when sexual interest in children was assessed by phallometry or sexual victim history. There were no differences between undetected and detected men who admitted to additional victims. The results suggest that denial is likely more important in understanding group differences on sexual interest in children than detection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Stephens
- Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loren K Klein
- Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Seto
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Wittström F, Långström N, Landgren V, Rahm C. Risk Factors for Sexual Offending in Self-Referred Men With Pedophilic Disorder: A Swedish Case-Control Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:571775. [PMID: 33324285 PMCID: PMC7726190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of child sexual abuse among non-forensic, non-correctional patients with Pedophilic Disorder (PD) is largely unknown. Methods We recruited a consecutive sample of 55 help-seeking, non-correctional adult men diagnosed with DSM-5 PD at a university-affiliated sexual medicine outpatient unit in Sweden. PD participants were compared with 57 age-matched, non-clinical control men on four literature-based dynamic risk domains and self-rated child sexual abuse risk. Results PD participants scored higher than controls on all tested domains (0-3 points); expectedly so for pedophilic attraction (2.5 vs. 0.0, Cohen's d = 2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.91-2.89]), but also for sexual preoccupation (1.6 vs. 1.0, d = 1.11, 95% CI: [0.71-1.51]), impaired self-regulation (1.4 vs. 1.0, d = 0.44, 95% CI: [0.06 to 0.81]), impaired cognitive empathy and antisocial traits (0.9 vs. 0.1, d = 1.18, 95% CI: [0.78-1.59]), and self-rated child sexual abuse risk (1.0 vs. 0.0, d = 1.56, 95% CI: [1.13-1.98]). When summarizing all five domains into a pre-specified composite score (0-15 points), PD subjects scored substantially higher than matched control men (7.5 vs. 2.1, d = 2.12, 95% CI: [1.65-2.59]). Five (9%) PD participants self-reported any previous conviction for a contact child sexual offense and eight (15%) for possession of child sexual abuse material or non-contact sexual offending (adult or child victim). Eighteen subjects (34%) acknowledged past week, child-related sexual behaviors. Conclusion Self-referred, help-seeking men with PD scored higher (small to very large effect sizes) than non-clinical control men on psychiatric measures of dynamic risk of child sexual abuse suggested in prior research with correctional samples diagnosed with PD. Our findings, including the composite risk measure, might inform clinical practice, but needs validation against actual sexual offending behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wittström
- Center for Sexual Medicine (ANOVA), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Långström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valdemar Landgren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Rahm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Garrington C, Merdian H, Boer DP. Variables influencing the case prioritisation of men convicted of internet child abuse material offences. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2020. [DOI: 10.5964/sotrap.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation between men convicted of child abuse material offences, known as Internet Child Abuse Material (I/CAM), and Contact (CO) child sex offenders is an ongoing area of research. Current research indicates there are differences between men convicted of I/CAM and CO offences. This article highlights key variables that may indicate clinically and/or statistically significant differences between I/CAM and CO populations, as identified in current published research. Identified key variables may contribute to the case prioritisation of men under investigation for I/CAM offences to assist timely investigation. Post conviction, key variables may contribute to targeted treatment, reducing recidivism and protecting the global community. Articles containing variables differentiating I/CAM and CO populations were reviewed; articles that did not include any comparative analysis were excluded. The final sample of articles (n = 10) was reviewed using a literature review methodology to collate trend variables and directionality between the two populations. Demographic variables with critical differences between men convicted of I/CAM offences when compared to CO offences are younger age, White ethnic background, employed, lower use of alcohol and drugs, and less or no recorded criminal history but higher self-reported history of offending. Key psychological variables identified are lower impression management, lower demonstrations of antisociality, higher sexual deviancy and higher levels of victim empathy when compared to men convicted of CO offences. The findings will be considered in line with existing risk assessment and case prioritisation tools. This research can contribute to community safety through a specific focus on prioritising the investigation, case management, and treatment of men convicted of I/CAM offences and signals future pathways for targeted risk assessment.
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Lievesley R, Harper CA, Elliott H. The Internalization of Social Stigma Among Minor-Attracted Persons: Implications for Treatment. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1291-1304. [PMID: 31925747 PMCID: PMC7145785 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we sought to build on existing stigmatization research by examining the extent to which internalized stigmatization (i.e., the personal adoption and incorporation of social views, operationalized as thought suppression-an avoidant coping strategy-and low psychological well-being) among minor-attracted persons (MAPs) may impact upon help-seeking behaviors and their avoidance of children. We adopted a cross-sectional anonymous survey design to recruit a sample of self-identified MAPs (N = 183) from prominent online support fora. We found that increased levels of suppression and lower levels of psychological well-being were associated with lower levels of hope about the future, but higher levels of both shame and guilt about having a sexual interest in minors. Thought suppression was not significantly associated with outcomes related to help-seeking behaviors, but did significantly predict higher rates of actively avoiding children, even after controlling for psychological well-being and other emotional variables. Independently, lower levels of self-reported psychological well-being were associated with a desire for more support and higher rates of actively avoiding children. We explore the potential implications of our data in relation to treating and supporting MAPs within the community, increasing their well-being, and encouraging help-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lievesley
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Craig A Harper
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Helen Elliott
- School of Social Sciences, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, UK
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Tozdan S, Dekker A, Neutze J, Santtila P, Briken P. Sexual Interest in Children Among Women in Two Nonclinical and Nonrepresentative Online Samples. Sex Med 2020; 8:251-264. [PMID: 32146132 PMCID: PMC7261670 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regarding women, little research is available about the prevalence of sexual interest in children (SIC), especially in nonclinical samples. AIM The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which adult women from 2 nonclinical and nonrepresentative samples indicate sexual interest in prepubescent and/or pubescent children. METHODS Participants took part in an online survey either via general websites or via websites directed toward individuals with a SIC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The self-report survey included questions about the use of online abuse material including children and teenagers as well as about sexual fantasies involving prepubescent and pubescent children. Both measures were included as main outcome measures. RESULTS Results showed that few women reported having used online abuse material including children (total sample: n = 7 [0.8%], general websites: n = 3 [0.4%], SIC websites: n = 4 [9.5%]) or teenagers (total sample: n = 44 [5.0%], general websites: n = 37 [4.4%], SIC websites: n = 7 [16.7%]). Results further revealed that some women reported sexual fantasies involving prepubescent (total sample: n = 98 [7.0%], general websites: n = 92 [6.8%], SIC websites: n = 6 [11.1%]) or pubescent children (total sample: n = 136 [9.6%], general websites: n = 129 [9.5%], SIC websites: n = 7 [13.0%]). CONCLUSIONS The samples included are nonrepresentative and therefore not generalizable to the female population. Nevertheless, they strongly suggest that SIC is a phenomenon also found in women. We therefore recommend professionals in the field of sexual medicine to increase their attention and engagement for women with SIC. Based on the present results, the development of preventive treatment services specifically tailored to women with a SIC has to be strongly encouraged in the near future. Tozdan S, Dekker A, Neutze J, et al. Sexual Interest in Children Among Women in Two Nonclinical and Nonrepresentative Online Samples. Sex Med 2020;8:251-264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Tozdan
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Arne Dekker
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Neutze
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine University of Regensburg, District Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Forensic Psychiatry, Ansbach District Hospital, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Psychology, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Sotoca-Plaza A, Ramos-Romero M, Pascual-Franch A. El Perfil del Consumidor de Imágenes de Abuso Sexual Infantil: Semejanzas y Diferencias con el Agresor offline y el Delincuente Dual. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2019a11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wild TSN, Müller I, Fromberger P, Jordan K, Klein L, Müller JL. Prevention of Sexual Child Abuse: Preliminary Results From an Outpatient Therapy Program. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 32194447 PMCID: PMC7063028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Germany, access to outpatient treatment services devoted to the prevention of (further) sexual offenses against minors and child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses is often limited. The therapy project "Prevention of Sexual Abuse" tries to fill this gap by providing treatment to patients with a self-reported sexual interest in children and adolescents, irrespective of whether or not they are pedophilic or prosecuted by the legal justice system. Within the project, a treatment manual was developed which specifically addresses dynamic risk-factors in child sexual abusers and CSEM offenders. The treatment manual was conceived to reduce recidivism risk and to contribute to the enhancement of the patients' personal well-being. In this paper, results of the accompanying scientific research are presented: offense-supportive attitudes (N = 23), self-reported CSEM use (N = 10), emotional distress (N = 24), and participants' subjective risk perception of committing (further) sexual offenses (N = 25) reduced during the course of treatment. A reduction of offense-supportive attitudes was further observed from pre-intervention to 1-year follow-up (N = 8). Changes with regard to self-efficacy, quality of life, participants' self-perceived ability to control sexual impulses toward children and adolescents permanently, and several measures assessing different kinds of sexual recidivism did not, however, reach any level of significance. During an average observation period of 2.4 years, six patients confessed to have conducted new sexual exploitation material offenses, while no further sexual abuse cases were reported (N = 19). Due to the used research design and small sample sizes, treatment effects cannot be inferred and external validity is limited. This notwithstanding, results provide first evidence for a relationship between treatment participation and self-reported recidivism and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S N Wild
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - Forensic Psychiatry, Human Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Prevention of Sexual Abuse (PsM), Asklepios Psychiatric Clinic, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Müller
- Prevention of Sexual Abuse (PsM), Asklepios Psychiatric Clinic, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Fromberger
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - Forensic Psychiatry, Human Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jordan
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - Forensic Psychiatry, Human Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lenka Klein
- Prevention of Sexual Abuse (PsM), Asklepios Psychiatric Clinic, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen L Müller
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy - Forensic Psychiatry, Human Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Prevention of Sexual Abuse (PsM), Asklepios Psychiatric Clinic, Göttingen, Germany
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Lahav Y, Walsh W, Finkelhor D. Psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 98:104189. [PMID: 31541991 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of studies investigating child pornography have focused on conceptualizing the problem and the harm of the crime, evaluating the risk for child pornography offending, or discuss preventive measures. Little is known about survivors of this type of crime. OBJECTIVE This research explores the relationship between child pornography victimization and psychopathology in adulthood. Specifically, we examined the contribution of emotional reactions at the time of the crime and shortly after (guilt, embarrassment and avoidance) on psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study was conducted among 107 child pornography adult survivors, aged 18-63 (M = 39.48, SD = 12.31). All participants were sexually molested during the crime. METHODS An online survey was completed by a convenience sample of adult survivors of child pornography. RESULTS Findings indicate survivor's current age predicted current psychopathology symptoms. Survivor's emotional reactions of guilt and embarrassment at the time of the crime and shortly after were significantly associated with elevated psychopathology, above and beyond demographic characteristics and features of the crime. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest the way survivors of child pornography react to the crime might shape their mental health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Yael Lahav
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5718, USA.
| | - Wendy Walsh
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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Kåven AS, Maack JK, Flåm AM, Nivison M. "It's My Responsibility, But…" A Qualitative Study of Perpetrators' Understanding of Child Sexual Abuse. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:240-258. [PMID: 30307798 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2018.1523815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study looked at child sexual abuse (CSA) from the perpetrator's perspective, focusing on precursors to, sustaining mechanisms, and inhibitors of CSA. Individuals serving sentences for sexual abuse of children under the age of 16 were interviewed (N = 8). A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed. Negative childhood events such as poly-victimization, poor social skills, loneliness, and insecure sexual identity were reported as predisposing elements. Abuse was sustained due to a strong conviction of not being responsible for doing anything wrong. Respondents conveyed few salient inhibitors for the abuse, though not wanting to physically harm the child was often cited as important. Implications for the prevention of CSA in risk groups suggest the need to increase the understanding of children from a child's perspective, changing conceptions leading to disavowal of adult responsibility toward children, strengthening social competency, integration into a social context, and increasing knowledge about the harmful consequences of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Stokka Kåven
- a University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Jana Kristin Maack
- a University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Anna Margrete Flåm
- a University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Mary Nivison
- a University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
- b Viken Center , Bardu , Norway
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20
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Bickart W, McLearen AM, Grady MD, Stoler K. A Descriptive Study of Psychosocial Characteristics and Offense Patterns in Females with Online Child Pornography Offenses. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 26:295-311. [PMID: 31984078 PMCID: PMC6763121 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1506714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing body of literature on females who sexually offend, there is a dearth of research on online sexual offending in women. This study collected descriptive psychosocial and offense conduct data on 98 females convicted of online sexual offenses housed in United States federal prisons. Psychosocial history results demonstrated that 60% of the subjects reported a history of sexual abuse (n = 59), while 46% reported physical abuse (n = 45). In addition, 47% reported a history of outpatient mental health treatment (n = 46), and 15% reported prior inpatient mental health treatment (n = 15). The majority (n = 70) of the women's offenses involved the victimization of accessible minors to produce child pornography for distribution on the Internet, most often in association with a male co-offender. Typically, the subject's child was the victim and the focus of the child pornography. Contact offending frequently (n = 39) occurred in the context of the production of child pornography. The implications of these findings, especially regarding the role that women play in the creation and distribution of child pornography, are discussed as well as important directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bickart
- Chief of Sex Offender Programs, Psychology
Services Branch Federal Bureau of Prisons, Washington, DC,
USA
| | - Alix M. McLearen
- Women and Special Populations Branch, Federal
Bureau of Prisons, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melissa D. Grady
- National School of Social Service, Catholic
University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katie Stoler
- Department of Psychology, La Salle
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Wurtele SK, Simons DA, Parker LJ. Understanding Men's Self-Reported Sexual Interest in Children. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:2255-2264. [PMID: 29667036 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A few studies have found that even in the general population, a minority of adults-men as well as women-report some sexual interest in a young age group. The purpose of the present study was to identify factors associated with self-reported sexual interest in children among a community-based sample of men. Using an online survey methodology, we examined the extent to which different types of childhood adversities (witnessing parental violence, sexual, physical, and emotional abuse), atypical childhood sexual experiences, and participants' self-reported likelihood of engaging in a variety of sexual behaviors (heightened sexual interest) were related to sexual interest in children (SIC) reported by a non-forensic/non-clinical sample of 173 men. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. After controlling for physical and emotional abuse and witnessing parental violence, self-reported experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) significantly increased the amount of variance explained in SIC scores. However, only early masturbation and current heightened sexual interests contributed significantly to the final model. Total variance explained by the model as a whole was 24% (adjusted R2 = 20%). Early masturbation and heightened sexual interests significantly mediated the relationship between CSA and SIC scores. Findings add to the small but growing body of literature examining the etiology of pedophilic sexual interests in non-clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy K Wurtele
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
| | - Dominique A Simons
- Office of Behavioral Health, Colorado Department of Human Services, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Leah J Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
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22
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Engel J, Körner M, Schuhmann P, Krüger TH, Hartmann U. Reduction of Risk Factors for Pedophilic Sexual Offending. J Sex Med 2018; 15:1629-1637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Merdian HL, Moghaddam N, Boer DP, Wilson N, Thakker J, Curtis C, Dawson D. Fantasy-Driven Versus Contact-Driven Users of Child Sexual Exploitation Material: Offender Classification and Implications for Their Risk Assessment. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:230-253. [PMID: 27052851 DOI: 10.1177/1079063216641109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of the Internet, convictions for the possession, display, trading, and distribution of child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) have risen steadily, but little is known about their appropriate assessment and treatment, especially concerning their risk of reoffending. It has been suggested that a conceptual distinction of fantasy- versus contact-driven CSEM users might be of merit. Sixty-eight offenders recruited from sex offender treatment providers were assessed via an anonymous computer survey including a variety of clinical and risk-related variables; the findings showed differences in the psychological profiles between CSEM users and contact child sex offenders. Numerical and spatial methods of data analysis were used to identify subgroups of CSEM users; these confirmed the twofold distinction of fantasy- versus contact-driven offending. The spatial representation of participants identified three dimensions as crucial in the classification of these subgroups: direct sexual contact with a minor, possession of fantasy-generating material, and social contact with other users with a sexual interest in minors; potentially differentiating distinct offender subgroups with different risks and needs. The current study informed the development of an empirical model of CSEM users that could aid in the assessment of risk of reoffending and cross-over to contact sex offending.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Wilson
- 3 Department of Corrections, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jo Thakker
- 2 The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Cate Curtis
- 2 The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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24
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Konrad A, Kuhle LF, Amelung T, Beier KM. Is Emotional Congruence With Children Associated With Sexual Offending in Pedophiles and Hebephiles From the Community? SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:3-22. [PMID: 26680252 DOI: 10.1177/1079063215620397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although emotional congruence with children (ECWC) is a risk factor for sexual offending against children, its conceptual validity has hardly been researched. This study aims to explore the construct of ECWC by evaluating the factor structure of the Child Identification Scale (CIS-R) and its relation to facets of sexual preference and child sexual abuse behaviors. It was hypothesized that the measure comprises consistent subscales that are differently associated with aspects of sexual preference and sexual offending against children. CIS-R data of a sample of 217 adult male pedophiles from the community were used for an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Group comparisons and a multinomial logistic regression analysis were conducted after including a non-pedophilic control group of 22 adult men. PCA revealed a three-factor solution for the CIS-R accounting for 30% of variance. Group comparisons found differences in overall scores and the factor labeled "Attachment to Children" between subgroups of sexual age and gender preference, but not between contact, online, and non-offenders. The regression analysis showed a pedophile sexual preference and the interaction between a hebephile sexual age preference and the factor "Attachment to Children" being associated with past offending behavior. The results indicate a wish to attach to children as core feature of the CIS-R measure assessing ECWC. It is discussed whether this is an inherent feature of pedophilia or rather an independent aspect being differently distinct in pedophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konrad
- 1 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura F Kuhle
- 1 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Amelung
- 1 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus M Beier
- 1 Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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26
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Grundmann D, Krupp J, Scherner G, Amelung T, Beier KM. Stability of Self-Reported Arousal to Sexual Fantasies Involving Children in a Clinical Sample of Pedophiles and Hebephiles. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1153-1162. [PMID: 27113471 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In forensic research, there is a controversial discussion concerning the changeability or stability of pedophilia. Seto (2012) conceptualized pedophilia as a sexual age orientation characterized by an early onset, correlations with sexual and romantic behavior, and stability over time. However, empirical data are sparse and are mostly based on samples of detected offenders. The present study examined self-reported arousal to sexual fantasies involving children in a clinical sample of pedo-/hebephiles. In Study 1, retrospective self-reports on the age of onset and duration of sexual interest in minors were examined. In Study 2, the stability and variability of self-reported arousal to sexual fantasies involving children were evaluated prospectively. Non-prosecuted self-identifying pedo-/hebephilic men seeking professional help were recruited within the Berlin Prevention Project Dunkelfeld. Between 2005 and 2013, 494 participants completed the intake assessment. Self-reported data were collected via questionnaire focusing on sexual arousal to fantasies during masturbation involving prepubescent and/or early pubescent minors. Subsequent assessments of sexual arousal were obtained for 121 of the participants. The average time between the first and last assessment was approximately 29 months. Spearman's correlation coefficients examined the between-group rank-order and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests examined the within-individual mean-level stability. The majority of subjects reported an early onset of their pedo-/hebephilic sexual arousal. The rank-order stability was medium to high. Over the investigated period, the majority of subjects showed no or only minimal decrease or increase of self-reported sexual arousal. These results suggested that sexual arousal to fantasies involving prepubescent and/or early pubescent children is stable. Furthermore, the results support the conceptualization of pedo-/hebephilia as a sexual age orientation in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Grundmann
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jurian Krupp
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerold Scherner
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Amelung
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus M Beier
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Beier KM, Oezdemir UC, Schlinzig E, Groll A, Hupp E, Hellenschmidt T. "Just dreaming of them": The Berlin Project for Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse by Juveniles (PPJ). CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 52:1-10. [PMID: 26773897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Berlin Project for Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse by Juveniles (PPJ) offers diagnostic and therapeutic help to 12-to-18-year-old juveniles with a sexual preference for the prepubescent and/or early pubescent body of children and who apply for treatment on a voluntary basis. The project goal is to prevent primary or recurrent child sexual abuse as well as primary or recurrent use of child abuse images. Treatment aims to enable affected juveniles to obtain control over their conflictual sexual behaviors. In the present article, the origin of the PPJ; its main approach, including the conception of a media campaign; as well as results from the first year of a three-year study are presented. Further, initial characterizations of juveniles taking part in the project for the first 12 months are provided. The results confirmed that the group of 12-to-18-year-old juveniles with a sexual preference for prepubescent and/or early pubescent minors exists as a target group for primary preventive measures and that they can be assessed for their sexual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M Beier
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Umut C Oezdemir
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliza Schlinzig
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Groll
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Hupp
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hellenschmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Vivantes Hospital in Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Houtepen JABM, Sijtsema JJ, Bogaerts S. Being Sexually Attracted to Minors: Sexual Development, Coping With Forbidden Feelings, and Relieving Sexual Arousal in Self-Identified Pedophiles. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2016; 42:48-69. [PMID: 26098192 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2015.1061077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to provide more insight into pedophilic attraction and risk and protective factors for offending in nonclinical pedophiles. Fifteen participants were interviewed about sexuality, coping, and sexual self-regulation. Many participants struggled with acknowledging pedophilic interest in early puberty and experienced psychological difficulties as a result. Furthermore, many committed sex offenses during adolescence when they were still discovering their feelings. Early recognition of risk factors and early start of interventions seem vital in preventing offending. Moreover, results suggest that risk for offending can be diminished by creating more openness about pedophilia and by providing pedophiles with social support and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A B M Houtepen
- a Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Sijtsema
- a Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- a Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands
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Jahnke S, Schmidt AF, Geradt M, Hoyer J. Stigma-Related Stress and Its Correlates Among Men with Pedophilic Sexual Interests. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:2173-2187. [PMID: 25933669 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research on the adverse consequences of stereotyping and discrimination for many stigmatized groups, little is known about how people with pedophilia perceive and react to stigma. In this article, we present a framework that outlines how stigma-related stress might negatively affect emotional and social areas of functioning, cognitive distortions, and the motivation to pursue therapy, all of which may contribute to an increased risk of sexual offending. We tested our hypotheses in an online survey among self-identified German-speaking people with pedophilia (N = 104) using a wide range of validated indicators of social and emotional functioning (Brief Symptom Inventory-53, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Emotion Subscale of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Fear of Negative Evaluation-5, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). Specific risk factors such as self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and the motivation to seek treatment were also assessed. In line with our hypotheses, fear of discovery generally predicted reduced social and emotional functioning. Contrary to our predictions, perceived social distance and fear of discovery were not linked to self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, or treatment motivation. Results were controlled for the effects of confounding variables (e.g., age, educational level, social desirability, relationship status). We critically evaluate the empirical contribution of this study to research on stigma and child sex offenses, including a discussion of the results in light of the potential indirect effects that public stigma may have on the overall risk for sexual offenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jahnke
- Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Straße 53, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexander F Schmidt
- INSIDE Research Unit, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Max Geradt
- Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Straße 53, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Straße 53, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Tenbergen G, Wittfoth M, Frieling H, Ponseti J, Walter M, Walter H, Beier KM, Schiffer B, Kruger THC. The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:344. [PMID: 26157372 PMCID: PMC4478390 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pedophilic disorder is recognized for its impairment to the individual and for the harm it may cause to others. Pedophilia is often considered a side issue and research into the nature of pedophilia is delayed in comparison to research into other psychiatric disorders. However, with the increasing use of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI, fMRI), together with neuropsychological studies, we are increasing our knowledge of predisposing and accompanying factors contributing to pedophilia development. At the same time, we are faced with methodological challenges, such as group differences between studies, including age, intelligence, and comorbidities, together with a lack of careful assessment and control of child sexual abuse. Having this in mind, this review highlights the most important studies investigating pedophilia, with a strong emphasis on (neuro-) biological studies, combined with a brief explanation of research into normal human sexuality. We focus on some of the recent theories on the etiology of pedophilia such as the concept of a general neurodevelopmental disorder and/or alterations of structure and function in frontal, temporal, and limbic brain areas. With this approach, we aim to not only provide an update and overview but also a framework for future research and to address one of the most significant questions of how pedophilia may be explained by neurobiological and developmental alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilian Tenbergen
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Matthias Wittfoth
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry, and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jorge Ponseti
- Department of Sexual Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel , Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Medical Faculty University Hospital Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité - University Clinic Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Klaus M Beier
- Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité - University Clinic Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Boris Schiffer
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Tillmann H C Kruger
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Kärgel C, Massau C, Weiß S, Walter M, Kruger THC, Schiffer B. Diminished functional connectivity on the road to child sexual abuse in pedophilia. J Sex Med 2015; 12:783-95. [PMID: 25615561 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedophilia is a disorder recognized for its impairment to the individual and for the harm it may cause to others. However, the neurobiology of pedophilia and a possible propensity to sexually abuse children are not well understood. In this study, we thus aimed at providing new insights in how functional integration of brain regions may relate to pedophilia or child sexual abuse (CSA). METHOD By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we compared functional connectivity at rest (RSFC) between pedophiles who engaged (P+CSA; N = 12) or did not engage (P-CSA; N = 14) in CSA and healthy controls (HCs; N = 14) within two networks: (i) the default mode network and (ii) the limbic network that has been linked to pedophilia before. RESULTS Pedophiles who engaged in CSA show diminished RSFC in both networks compared with HC and P-CSA. Most importantly, they showed diminished RSFC between the left amygdala and orbitofrontal as well as anterior prefrontal regions. Though significant age differences between groups could not be avoided, correlation control analysis did not provide evidence for the assumption that the RSFC effects were related to age differences. CONCLUSION We found significantly diminished RSFC in brain networks critically involved in widespread motivational and socio-emotional processes. These results extend existing models of the functional neuroanatomy of pedophilia and CSA as altered RSFC between these regions were related to CSA rather than pedophilia and thus may account for an increased propensity to engage in CSA in people suffering from pedophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kärgel
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, LVR-Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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32
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Gilbert F, Focquaert F. Rethinking responsibility in offenders with acquired paedophilia: punishment or treatment? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 38:51-60. [PMID: 25725545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the current neurobiological literature on the aetiology of developmental and acquired paedophilia and examines what the consequences could be in terms of responsibility and treatment for the latter. Addressing the question of responsibility and punishment of offenders with acquired paedophilia from a neurobiological perspective is controversial. Consequently it is essential to avoid hasty conclusions based strictly on neurobiological abnormality justifications. This study establishes a distinction between developmental and acquired paedophilia. The article investigates whether offenders who fulfil the diagnosis of acquired paedophilia should be held fully responsible, particularly in cases where the offender's conduct appears to result from volitionally controlled behaviour that is seemingly incompatible with a neurological cause. Moreover, the article explores how responsibility can be compromised when offenders with acquired paedophilia have (partially) preserved moral knowledge despite their sexual disorder. The article then examines the option of offering mandatory treatment as an alternative to imprisonment for offenders with acquired paedophilia. Furthermore, the article addresses the ethical issues related to offering any form of quasi-coercive treatment as a condition of release. This study concludes that decisions to fully or partially excuse an individual who fulfil the diagnosis of acquired paedophilia should take all relevant information into account, both neurobiological and other environmental evidence, and should proceed on a careful case by case analysis before sentencing or offering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gilbert
- Ethics, Policy & Public Engagement (EPPE) ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Faculty of Arts, University of Tasmania, Australia. https://sites.google.com/site/fredericgilbertt/home
| | - Farah Focquaert
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Seto MC, Hermann CA, Kjellgren C, Priebe G, Svedin CG, Långström N. Viewing child pornography: prevalence and correlates in a representative community sample of young Swedish men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:67-79. [PMID: 24515803 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-013-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most research on child pornography use has been based on selected clinical or criminal justice samples; risk factors for child pornography use in the general population remain largely unexplored. In this study, we examined prevalence, risk factors, and correlates of viewing depictions of adult-child sex in a population-representative sample of 1,978 young Swedish men (17-20 years, Mdn = 18 years, overall response rate, 77 %). In an anonymous, school-based survey, participants self-reported sexual coercion experiences, attitudes and beliefs about sex, perceived peer attitudes, and sexual interests and behaviors; including pornography use, sexual interest in children, and sexually coercive behavior. A total of 84 (4.2 %) young men reported they had ever viewed child pornography. Most theory-based variables were moderately and significantly associated with child pornography viewing and were consistent with models of sexual offending implicating both antisociality and sexual deviance. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, 7 of 15 tested factors independently predicted child pornography viewing and explained 42 % of the variance: ever had sex with a male, likely to have sex with a child aged 12-14, likely to have sex with a child 12 or less, perception of children as seductive, having friends who have watched child pornography, frequent pornography use, and ever viewed violent pornography. From these, a 6-item Child Pornography Correlates Scale was constructed and then cross-validated in a similar but independent Norwegian sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Seto
- Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, 1804 Highway 2 East, Brockville, ON, K7V 5W7, Canada,
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Babchishin KM, Hanson RK, VanZuylen H. Online child pornography offenders are different: a meta-analysis of the characteristics of online and offline sex offenders against children. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:45-66. [PMID: 24627189 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The current meta-analysis compared the characteristics of online child pornography-only offenders, typical (offline) sex offenders against children, and offenders with both child pornography and contact sex offences against children (mixed). Based on 30 unique samples (comparison ns ranging from 98 to 2,702), the meta-analysis found key differences between groups. Offenders who committed contact sex offences were more likely to have access to children than those with only child pornography offences. In contrast, offenders who used the internet to commit sexual offences had greater access to the internet than those with contact sex offenders. Differences between the groups, however, were not limited to differential opportunities. Sex offenders against children and mixed offenders were found to score higher on indicators of antisociality than online child pornography offenders (CPOs). CPOs were also more likely to have psychological barriers to sexual offending than sex offenders against children and mixed offenders (e.g., greater victim empathy). Mixed offenders were found to be the most pedophilic, even more than CPOs. The findings suggest that offenders who restricted their offending behavior to online child pornography offences were different from mixed offenders and offline sex offenders against children, and that mixed offenders were a particularly high risk group.
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35
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Ray JV, Kimonis ER, Seto MC. Correlates and moderators of child pornography consumption in a community sample. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 26:523-545. [PMID: 24088812 DOI: 10.1177/1079063213502678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study compares pornography users who report child pornography (CP) consumption with those who do not on demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, and education level), psychological characteristics (e.g., loneliness, attachment style, anxiety, and sensation seeking), frequency of pornography use, and intentions to engage in contact sexual abuse. Participants were recruited on the Internet to complete an online anonymous survey about "problematic pornography use." Approximately, one fifth of the recruited male pornography users (21%, n = 37) reported consuming CP. The two groups were similar on all demographic and psychological characteristics. However, the probability of CP consumption was the greatest among men scoring high on a measure of sensation seeking who reported frequent pornography use (i.e., statistical moderation). CP consumers also reported a greater interest in engaging in sexual contact with a minor than non-CP consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva R Kimonis
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia University of South Florida, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael C Seto
- Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Brockville, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Wurtele SK, Simons DA, Moreno T. Sexual interest in children among an online sample of men and women: prevalence and correlates. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 26:546-568. [PMID: 24215791 DOI: 10.1177/1079063213503688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to explore the extent to which men and women in the general population report sexual interest in children and to examine distinct developmental experiences associated with self-reported sexual interest. Participants (262 females and 173 males) were recruited online and completed a questionnaire assessing sexual interest and adverse childhood experiences. Among men, 6% indicated some likelihood of having sex with a child if they were guaranteed they would not be caught or punished, as did 2% of women. Nine percent of males and 3% of females indicated some likelihood of viewing child pornography on the Internet. Overall, nearly 10% of males and 4% of females reported some likelihood of having sex with children or viewing child pornography. Males and females with any sexual interest in children reported higher likelihoods of engaging in other antisocial or criminal behaviors and also reported more dysfunctional childhoods (i.e., histories of sexual abuse, insecure parent-child attachments). Theoretical implications of the findings and suggestions for preventing the sexual victimization of children are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tasha Moreno
- University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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37
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Abstract
Advances in Internet and other digital technologies have created ready and affordable access to pornography involving real children or computer-generated images of children. To better understand and manage child pornography users, clinicians must acquaint themselves with the characteristics and behaviors of these offenders. This article distinguishes motivations to use child pornography and different types of child pornography offenders and provides a brief overview of the assessment, diagnosis, and management options available. The authors conclude with recommendations on future directions in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of child pornography offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Seto
- Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, uOttawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7K4, Canada.
| | - A G Ahmed
- Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, uOttawa Institute of Mental Health Research, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7K4, Canada
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38
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Long ML, Alison LA, McManus MA. Child pornography and likelihood of contact abuse: a comparison between contact child sexual offenders and noncontact offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 25:370-395. [PMID: 23160257 DOI: 10.1177/1079063212464398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined a sample of 120 adult males convicted of offences involving indecent images of children (IIOC); 60 had a previous contact child sexual offence (dual offenders) and 60 had no evidence of an offence against a child. Analyses explored socio-demographic characteristics, previous convictions, and access to children. Of the 120 offenders, a subsample of 60 offenders (30 dual offenders and 30 non-contact) were further examined in terms of the quantity of IIOC, types of IIOC, and offending behavior. The study found the two offender groups could be discriminated by previous convictions, access to children, the number, proportion, and type of IIOC viewed. The IIOC preferences displayed within their possession differentiated dual offenders from non-contact IIOC offenders. Within group comparisons of the dual offenders differentiated sadistic rapists from sexual penetrative and sexual touching offenders. The paper suggests there may be a homology between IIOC possession, victim selection, and offending behavior. Implications for law enforcement are discussed in terms of likelihood of contact offending and assisting in investigative prioritization.
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Abstract
This article reviews the research evidence, practice guidelines and accreditation standards for the psychological treatment of individuals who commit sexually motivated crimes. Overall, the sexual offender treatment outcome research is not well developed, which limits strong conclusions. There is, however, strong research evidence concerning the effectiveness of interventions for general (non-sexual) offenders. Given the considerable overlap in risk factors for sexual and general offending, the "what works" principles for general offenders provide useful guidelines for sexual offender treatment. Specifically, the intensity of treatment should be proportional to the offender's risk level (risk principle), treatment should focus on characteristics associated with recidivism risk (i.e., criminogenic needs; need principle), and be tailored to the learning style and abilities of clients (responsivity principle). Examples of promising new approaches to sexual offender treatment are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Karl Hanson
- Corrections Research, Public Safety Canada, 340 Laurier Ave., West, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0P8, Canada.
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40
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Elliott IA, Beech AR, Mandeville-Norden R. The psychological profiles of internet, contact, and mixed internet/contact sex offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 25:3-20. [PMID: 22434344 DOI: 10.1177/1079063212439426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 526 contact offenders, 459 internet offenders, and 143 mixed contact/internet offenders was compared on a range of self-report psychological measures assessing offense-supportive beliefs, socioaffective functioning, emotional management, and socially desirable responding. A multivariate general linear model found a mixed offender profile that was similar to internet offenders rather than contact offenders. The contact group demonstrated lower victim empathy, a greater level of pro-offending attitudes, an externalized locus of control, more assertiveness, a diminished ability to relate to fictional characters, and greater impulsivity than the internet and mixed offender groups. The mixed offender group demonstrated a higher level of empathic concern than the other two groups. The mixed offender group could also be distinguished from the internet group by increased personal distress and perspective-taking ability. A discriminant function analysis highlighted the key linear factor distinguishing between the groups to be one relating to offense-supportive attitudes and identification with fictional characters. A second factor was related to higher levels of empathic concern and poor self-management. These findings are discussed in the context of the potential pathways between internet and contact sexual offenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Elliott
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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41
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Burgess AW, Carretta CM, Burgess AG. Patterns of federal Internet offenders: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2012; 8:112-121. [PMID: 22925126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Internet-facilitated sexual offending is receiving increased forensic and clinical attention. Two issues confront this field. First, studies are equivocal as to whether (or not) the possession of Internet pornography can escalate to contact sexual offenses against a child, and second, federal judges have been questioning the length of sentences for users only of child pornography. The findings of this pilot study of 101 federal Internet offenders revealed over half of the men at the time of arrest were employed, educated, were in (or had been in) a relationship, had children, and did not have a prior criminal offense, suggesting a changing profile of a convicted sex offender. Forensic and psychiatric nurses who evaluate users of child pornography contraband need to be knowledgeable of Internet file transfer technology and the various types of contraband viewed specifically for the age of the preferred child, extreme acts to the child (e.g., bondage, S&M), and whether the user prefers images of adults with children or images of children only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Burgess
- Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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Amelung T, Kuhle LF, Konrad A, Pauls A, Beier KM. Androgen deprivation therapy of self-identifying, help-seeking pedophiles in the Dunkelfeld. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:176-184. [PMID: 22420933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is considered an effective strategy in sexual offender treatment. However, the evidence base concerning its effects on sexual arousal control is limited. Past research has focused almost exclusively on men in forensic contexts. The present retrospective observational study provided data on ADT in a sample of self-identifying, help-seeking pedohebephilic men applying for a one-year group therapy program. Factors possibly influencing the readiness to take up or discontinue ADT were presented. Effects of a combination of ADT and group psychotherapy program on changes in paraphilic sexual behavior and associated psychological factors were examined. The proportion of men having taken up ADT was rather small (n=15). Greater awareness of potentially risky situations to commit child sexual offenses and self-rated uncontrollability of sexual urges were identified as characterizing men resorting to ADT. Additionally, these men were initially more open to include medical treatment. Examination of the effects of ADT and psychotherapy was limited to a sample of six men providing complete data sets. Descriptive data demonstrated a reduction of paraphilic sexual behaviors, an increase of risk-awareness and self-efficacy, and a decrease of offense-supportive cognitions and self-esteem. The present study underlined the importance of careful education and monitoring of self-identifying, help-seeking pedohebephilic patients interested in ADT concerning the effects and side effects of the treatment in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Amelung
- Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité Center for Health and Human Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Neutze J, Grundmann D, Scherner G, Beier KM. Undetected and detected child sexual abuse and child pornography offenders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2012; 35:168-175. [PMID: 22420934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge about risk factors for child sexual abuse and child pornography offenses is based on samples of convicted offenders, i.e., detected offenders. Only few studies focus on offenders not detected by the criminal justice system. In this study, a sample of 345 self-referred pedophiles and hebephiles was recruited from the community. All participants met DSM-IV-TR criteria for pedophilia or hebephilia (paraphilia not otherwise specified), were assured of confidentiality, and self-reported lifetime sexual offending against prepubescent and/or pubescent children. Two sets of group comparisons were conducted on self-report data of risk factors for sexual reoffending. Measures of risk factors address the following dimensions identified in samples of convicted offenders: sexual preferences (i.e. co-occurring paraphilias), sexual self-regulation problems, offense-supportive cognitions, diverse socio-affective deficits, and indicators of social functioning (e.g., education, employment). Men who admitted current or previous investigation or conviction by legal authorities (detected offenders) were compared with those who denied any detection for their sexual offenses against children (undetected offenders). Group comparisons (detected vs. undetected) were further conducted for each offense type separately (child pornography only offenders, child sexual abuse only offenders, mixed offenders). Although there were more similarities between undetected and detected offenders, selected measures of sexual-self regulation problems, socio-affective deficits, and social functioning data demonstrated group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Neutze
- Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie und Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
In this article, I address the question of whether pedophilia in men can be construed as a male sexual orientation, and the implications for thinking of it in this way for scientific research, clinical practice, and public policy. I begin by defining pedophilia and sexual orientation, and then compare pedophilia (as a potential sexual orientation with regard to age) to sexual orientations with regard to gender (heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality), on the bases of age of onset, correlations with sexual and romantic behavior, and stability over time. I conclude with comments about the potential social and legal implications of conceptualizing pedophilia as a type of sexual orientation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Seto
- Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, 1804 Highway 2 East, Brockville, ON, K6V 5W7, Canada.
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45
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Marshall LE, O’Brien MD, Marshall WL, Booth B, Davis A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Social Phobia, and Loneliness in Incarcerated Internet Child Pornography Offenders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2012.665291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Schaefer GA, Mundt IA, Ahlers CJ, Bahls C. Child sexual abuse and psychological impairment in victims: results of an online study initiated by victims. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2012; 21:343-360. [PMID: 22574848 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2012.671800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse of children has been a topic of scientific investigation for the past few decades. Research in this area, however, is rarely initiated, conceptualized, and conducted by victims themselves. Apart from possibly having painted a one-sided picture of sexual abuse, this presumed dominance of nonvictims might also have marginalized victims in a research area central to their lives. This study was conducted by a victims interest group as an effort to meet the need to add victims' perspectives to our current understanding of this topic. The online survey focused on investigating victims' psychosocial impairment, which was found to be extensive. Results indicated that an intact social support system facilitates better health, especially when offered early on.
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