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Azizian A, Eke AW, Farmus L, Scott S, Seto MC. Convergent and Divergent Validity of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) in a Clinical Sample From California. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024:10790632241271245. [PMID: 39142647 DOI: 10.1177/10790632241271245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) is a seven-item actuarial risk assessment tool that is used to estimate the potential for sexual recidivism among men convicted of child sexual exploitation material (CSEM; legally referred to as child pornography) offenses. In the current study, we examined the convergent and divergent validity of the CPORT in a clinical sample of 224 men on federal probation in the United States who were convicted of at least one type of CSEM offense. CPORT scores were significantly, moderately, and positively correlated with scores on another sexual offense risk assessment tool, the Risk Matrix 2000 (RM2000/S), showing broad evidence of convergent validity, and was nonsignificantly associated with scores on a general offense risk assessment tool, the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI), showing evidence of divergent validity. There was also evidence of specific convergent validity; for example, the CPORT item reflecting prior criminal history was most strongly related to the Criminal History domain of the LS/CMI, and CPORT items reflecting sexual interest in children were significantly and strongly associated with self-reported sexual interest in children from the clinical evaluation. We also examined the impact of including clinical information in the scoring of the CPORT. Including this information reduced the amount of missing scores, but the impact on predictive accuracy is not yet known. Implications for clinical practices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Azizian
- Department of Criminology, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Angela W Eke
- Criminal Behaviour Analysis Section, Ontario Provincial Police, Orillia, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Farmus
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelby Scott
- Criminal Behaviour Analysis Section, Ontario Provincial Police, Orillia, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Seto
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Singh K, Timko C, Yu M, Taylor E, Blue-Howells J, Finlay AK. Scoping review of military veterans involved in the criminal legal system and their health and healthcare: 5-year update and map to the Veterans-Sequential Intercept Model. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38639813 PMCID: PMC11027330 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-024-00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous scoping review of legal-involved veterans' health and healthcare (1947-2017) identified studies and their limitations. Given the influx of literature published recently, this study aimed to update the previous review and map articles to the Veterans-Sequential Intercept Model (V-SIM) - a conceptual model used by key partners, including Veterans Health Administration, veteran advocates, criminal justice practitioners, and local governments to identify intercept points in the criminal legal system where resources and programming can be provided. Developing an updated resource of literature is essential to inform current research, discover gaps, and highlight areas for future research. METHODS A systematic search of 5 databases identified articles related to legal-involved veterans' health and healthcare published between December 2017 through December 2022. The first and senior authors conducted abstract reviews, full-text reviews, and data extraction of study characteristics. Finally, each article was sorted by the various intercept points from the V-SIM. RESULTS Of 903 potentially relevant articles, 107 peer-reviewed publications were included in this review, most related to mental health (66/107, 62%) and used an observational quantitative study design (95/107, 89%). Although most articles did not explicitly use the V-SIM to guide data collection, analyses, or interpretation, all could be mapped to this conceptual model. Half of the articles (54/107, 50%) collected data from intercept 5 (Community Corrections and Support Intercept) of the V-SIM. No articles gathered data from intercepts 0 (Community and Emergency Services Intercept), 1 (Law Enforcement Intercept), or 2 (Initial Detention and Court Hearings Intercept). CONCLUSIONS There were 107 articles published in the last five years compared to 190 articles published in 70 years covered in the last review, illustrating the growing interest in legal-involved veterans. The V-SIM is widely used by front-line providers and clinical leadership, but not by researchers to guide their work. By clearly tying their research to the V-SIM, researchers could generate results to help guide policy and practice at specific intercept points. Despite the large number of publications, research on prevention and early intervention for legal-involved veterans is lacking, indicating areas of great need for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kreeti Singh
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Emmeline Taylor
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Columbine Hall 4th Floor, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Jessica Blue-Howells
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Justice Programs, 810 Vermont Avenue, Washington DC, NW, 20420, USA
| | - Andrea K Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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Morgan MA, Logan MW, Wooldredge J, Hazelwood A. Prison Adjustment Among Military Veterans: The Impact of Traumatic Events, Service History, and PTSD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 67:1401-1424. [PMID: 37132536 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Military veterans have been shown to differ demographically from non-veterans in the criminal justice system. However, relatively little is known about their psychological adjustment, institutional misbehavior, and the efficacy of programing received while incarcerated. Using data taken from a national sample of prison inmates, this study investigates how traumatic events experienced during military service can impact the intensity of negative affect among veterans. Additionally, we examine whether prison misconduct is influenced by military service history and the receipt of substance abuse treatment. Controlling for a host of relevant variables, our results indicate that traumatic events show a significant effect on psychological adjustment only indirectly through veterans who developed post-traumatic stress disorder and that misconduct is lower among those who received an honorable discharge. Overall, these findings suggest that the ability of veterans to resist adverse outcomes may depend on a variety of factors both within and outside the prison environment.
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Simmons M, Kim B, Hyde J, Lemon TL, Scharer KE, McInnes DK. Protecting the Public's Health Through Successful Reentry for Sex Offender After Incarceration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP15231-NP15254. [PMID: 34039087 PMCID: PMC8617060 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211016344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the post-incarceration reintegration experiences of military veterans convicted of sex offenses and identify potential interventions to ease reintegration for this population. Participants were a convenience sample of 14 veterans who were on sex offender (SO) registries and 21 community stakeholders involved in supporting persons during re-entry. Subjects were identified purposively and through snowball sampling, in Massachusetts. We employed semi-structured qualitative interviews of participants, followed by analysis including process mapping to identify barrier and facilitation points. We used both a grounded thematic approach and a priori codes, guided by the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. We found re-entry barriers include older age, stigma, lack of social support, inadequate information about sexual offense levels, limited housing options and access to mental health treatment to reduce sexual impulses, and re-entry information tailored to SOs. Re-entry facilitators include access to SO treatment, knowledge about services, self-efficacy, ability to self-advocate, and social support. Interventions to aid successful re-entry include pre-release counseling and classes tailored to SO needs, re-entry planning including housing resources, sexual deviance treatment, and referral to legal counseling to assist with altering assigned SO level. Specific needs and resources unique to veterans should be integrated into reentry plans. Convicted SOs often lack information and assistance to prepare for life after release, putting them at increased risk of homelessness, emotional difficulties, and financial hardship. Failure to recognize the unique needs of this population, and to leverage resources, creates a public health risk as it increases the likelihood that SOs will recidivate. Veterans who are SOs have unique resources available to them through the Veterans Administration such as SO treatment and peer-support specialists. Nevertheless there are additional steps that could be beneficial, such as timely provision of information, creating more opportunities for treatment, and providing more housing options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justeen Hyde
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - D. Keith McInnes
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Byrne T, Cashy J, Metraux S, Blosnich JR, Cusack M, Culhane DP, McInnes DK, Culhane E, Montgomery AE. Association Between Registered Sex Offender Status and Risk of Housing Instability and Homelessness among Veterans. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP5818-NP5829. [PMID: 32960141 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research is limited about whether and to what extent registered sex offenders (RSOs) face an increased risk of housing instability. The intersection of RSO and housing instability is particularly salient for veterans as there are disproportionately higher rates of veterans among both RSOs and homeless populations. This study assessed the relationship between RSO status and risk of housing instability and homelessness among military veterans. We matched a list of 373,774 RSOs obtained from publicly available sex offender registries in 19 states with a cohort of 5.9 million veterans who responded to a brief screening for housing instability administered throughout the Veterans Health Administration between 2012 and 2016. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds of any housing instability and homelessness among veterans identified as RSOs. Veterans identified as RSOs had 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46-2.25) and 2.97 (95% CI 1.67-5.17) times greater odds of reporting any housing instability and homelessness, respectively, than non-RSOs. Findings represent some of the strongest evidence to date for the high risk of housing instability and homelessness among RSOs, suggesting a clear gap in policy and programmatic responses to their unique housing needs. Evidence-based alternative approaches to residence restriction laws may reduce recidivism and protect public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Byrne
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Social Work, Boston MA, USA
| | - John Cashy
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Metraux
- Biden School of Public Policy & Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - John R Blosnich
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meagan Cusack
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis P Culhane
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Keith McInnes
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ann Elizabeth Montgomery
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Holliday SB, Sreenivasan S, Elbogen E, Thornton D, McGuire J. Factors associated with repeat sexual offending among U.S. military veterans compared to civilians. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 21:120-132. [PMID: 35845180 PMCID: PMC9285666 DOI: 10.1080/14999013.2021.1943569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although veterans have lower incarceration rates than civilians, large national surveys find higher rates of incarceration for sexual offenses among veterans compared to non-veterans. However, little is known about the factors associated with repeat sexual offending among veterans. This study examines characteristics of veterans who committed sexual offenses and how they differ from civilians with those offenses. It also examined if the factors that differ between veterans and civilians who have a history of repeat sexual offenses and those who do not. Based on previous research related to risk in veterans, we expected there may be veteran-specific risk factors. This study used the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities. Predictors were identified through a review of the literature regarding sexual offense risk assessment and justice-involved veterans. Risk factors were examined using logistic regression analysis. In a multivariate logistic regression, there were significant interactions between veteran status and age, race, and education in the prediction of repeat offense status. Prior incarceration for a non-sexual offense was also associated with repeat offense status. Findings suggests that civilian risk factors are relevant to veteran risk assessment, an important finding that can help inform intervention and risk management with veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Elbogen
- Durham VA Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Jim McGuire
- Justice Programs, Veterans Health Administration
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Duan YR, Chen BP, Chen F, Yang SX, Zhu CY, Ma YL, Li Y, Shi J. Exosomal microRNA-16-5p from human urine-derived stem cells ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through protection of podocyte. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 25:10798-10813. [PMID: 31568645 PMCID: PMC8642687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains one of the severe complications associated with diabetes mellitus. It is worthwhile to uncover the underlying mechanisms of clinical benefits of human urine‐derived stem cells (hUSCs) in the treatment of DN. At present, the clinical benefits associated with hUSCs in the treatment of DN remains unclear. Hence, our study aims to investigate protective effect of hUSC exosome along with microRNA‐16‐5p (miR‐16‐5p) on podocytes in DN via vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Initially, miR‐16‐5p was predicated to target VEGFA based on data retrieved from several bioinformatics databases. Notably, dual‐luciferase report gene assay provided further verification confirming the prediction. Moreover, our results demonstrated that high glucose (HG) stimulation could inhibit miR‐16‐5p and promote VEGFA in human podocytes (HPDCs). miR‐16‐5p in hUSCs was transferred through the exosome pathway to HG‐treated HPDCs. The viability and apoptosis rate of podocytes after HG treatment together with expression of the related factors were subsequently determined. The results indicated that miR‐16‐5p secreted by hUSCs could improve podocyte injury induced by HG. In addition, VEGA silencing could also ameliorate HG‐induced podocyte injury. Finally, hUSC exosomes containing overexpressed miR‐16‐5p were injected into diabetic rats via tail vein, followed by qualification of miR‐16‐5p and observation on the changes of podocytes, which revealed that overexpressed miR‐16‐5p in hUSCs conferred protective effects on HPDCs in diabetic rats. Taken together, the present study revealed that overexpressed miR‐16‐5p in hUSC exosomes could protect HPDCs induced by HG and suppress VEGFA expression and podocytic apoptosis, providing fresh insights for novel treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rui Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bao-Ping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Su-Xia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ya-Li Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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