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Boyd K, Ware M, Mekawi Y. Interactive Effects of Racism and Racial Centrality on ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:1368-1377. [PMID: 38804503 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241256453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although race-related stress is associated with numerous mental health outcomes, no previous research has examined associations with ADHD symptoms. We examine how such associations differ in Black Americans based on racial identity to allow for more nuanced understandings of racial discrimination's association with ADHD symptoms. METHODS This study asked a sample of Black Americans to answer questionnaires assessing race-related stress, ADHD symptoms, and racial centrality. RESULTS In predicting ADHD symptoms, we found a positive effect of race-related stress and a negative effect of centrality. At low levels of centrality, the association between ADHD symptoms and race-related stress was stronger than at mean and high levels of centrality. Through additional sub-group analyses we found the interaction effect not replicating in one of our conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest experiences of race-related stress and racial identity are important factors for consideration in the treatment of ADHD symptoms.
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Ramji AV, Dommett EJ, Runswick OR. "I Found Comfort in Exercising": Exploring Experiences With Exercise for Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38942419 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2023-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience exercise, resulting in a lack of recommendations for supporting this population. We aimed to explore how adults with ADHD experience exercise as a management tool before and after diagnosis and how and why individuals experience issues related to exercise dependence. Fifteen active adults with a diagnosis of ADHD participated in semistructured interviews. Three overarching themes were identified: (a) exercise as a necessity for ADHD, reflecting the need to exercise before a formal ADHD diagnosis, and use of exercise as a management tool postdiagnosis; (b) goals and achievements to live by, reflecting how exercise patterns revolved around a need to make progress toward targets; and (c) activity or exercise: a roller coaster journey, covering the ups and downs of exercise journeys. This article highlights the importance of exercise for adults to manage ADHD and how this can be encouraged and supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha V Ramji
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J Dommett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Runswick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Agha SS, Riglin L, Carbury R, Blakey R, Shakeshaft A, Thapar AK, Tilling K, Collishaw S, Stergiakouli E, Thapar A, Langley K. Young Adult ADHD Symptoms in the General Population and Neurocognitive Impairment. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:89-98. [PMID: 37864348 PMCID: PMC10676027 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive impairments are associated with child and adult ADHD in clinical settings. However, it is unknown whether adult ADHD symptoms in the general population are associated with the same pattern of cognitive impairment. We examined this using a prospective, population-based cohort spanning birth to age 25 years. METHODS We examined associations between self-reported adult ADHD symptoms and cognitive task performance (attention and response inhibition) in adulthood and childhood. RESULTS Self-rated ADHD symptoms at age 25 were associated with poorer performance in age 25 cognitive tasks capturing ADHD-related functioning (attention B = -0.03, 95% CI [0.05, -0.01], p = .005; response inhibition B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01], p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive impairments linked to adult ADHD symptoms in the general population, are similar to those found in people with childhood ADHD symptoms and are consistent with findings in adult ADHD clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Shameem Agha
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rhian Carbury
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rachel Blakey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Amy Shakeshaft
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
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4
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Derawi H, Reinisch E, Gabay Y. Internal Cognitive Load Differentially Influences Acoustic and Lexical Context Effects in Speech Perception: Evidence From a Population With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3721-3734. [PMID: 37696049 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To overcome variability in spoken language, listeners utilize various types of context information for disambiguating speech sounds. Context effects have been shown to be affected by cognitive load. However, previous results are mixed regarding the influence of cognitive load on the use of context information in speech perception. PURPOSE We tested a population characterized by an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to better understand the relationship between attention (or internal cognitive load) and context effects. METHOD The use of acoustic versus lexical properties of the surrounding signal to disambiguate speech sounds was examined in listeners with ADHD and neurotypical listeners. RESULTS Compared to neurotypicals, individuals with ADHD relied more strongly on lexical context for speech perception; however, reliance on acoustic context information from speech rate did not differ. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that cognitive load impacts the use of high-level but not low-level context information in speech and imply that speech recognition deficits in ADHD likely arise due to impaired higher order cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer Derawi
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eva Reinisch
- Acoustics Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yafit Gabay
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
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5
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Guo N, Fuermaier ABM, Koerts J, Tucha O, Scherbaum N, Müller BW. Networks of Neuropsychological Functions in the Clinical Evaluation of Adult ADHD. Assessment 2023; 30:1719-1736. [PMID: 36031877 PMCID: PMC10363951 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221118673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study applied network analysis to explore the relations between neuropsychological functions of individuals in the clinical evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. A total of 319 participants from an outpatient referral context, that is, 173 individuals with ADHD (ADHD group) and 146 individuals without ADHD (n-ADHD group), took part in this study and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. A denser network with stronger global connectivity was observed in the ADHD group compared to the n-ADHD group. The strongest connections were consistent in both networks, that is, the connections between selective attention and vigilance, and connections between processing speed, fluency, and flexibility. Further centrality estimation revealed attention-related variables to have the highest expected influence in both networks. The observed relationships between neuropsychological functions, and the high centrality of attention, may help identify neuropsychological profiles that are specific to ADHD and optimize neuropsychological assessment and treatment planning of individuals with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Guo
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Oliver Tucha
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Rostock, Germany
- Maynooth University, Ireland
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6
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Pagán AF, Huizar YP, Short TR, Gotcher Z, Schmidt AT. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023:10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4. [PMID: 37335460 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder related to disruptions in various neuronal structures and pathways, dopamine (DA) transporter, and receptor genes, resulting in cognitive and regulation deficits. This article reviews recent research on the biological mechanisms and markers, clinical manifestations, treatments, and outcomes of adult ADHD as well as current controversies within the field. RECENT FINDINGS New research identifies white matter disruptions in multiple cortical pathways in adults with ADHD. New treatments for ADHD in adults such as viloxazine ER have shown preliminary effectiveness in addition to research showing transcranial direct current stimulation can be an effective treatment for adults with ADHD. Although questions exist about the effectiveness of current assessments of and treatments for adult ADHD, recent findings represent a step towards improving the quality of life and outcomes for individuals experiencing this life-long, chronic health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Pagán
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA.
| | - Yazmine P Huizar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA
| | - Tucker R Short
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA
| | - Zoe Gotcher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA
| | - Adam T Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Psychological Sciences Building, 2700 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79410, USA
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7
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Guo N, Koerts J, Tucha L, Fetter I, Biela C, König M, Bossert M, Diener C, Aschenbrenner S, Weisbrod M, Tucha O, Fuermaier ABM. Stability of Attention Performance of Adults with ADHD over Time: Evidence from Repeated Neuropsychological Assessments in One-Month Intervals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15234. [PMID: 36429952 PMCID: PMC9690645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological assessments of attention are valuable sources of information in the clinical evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether the attention performance of adults with ADHD is stable or fluctuates over time, which is of great importance in the interpretation of clinical assessments. This study aimed to explore the stability of attention performance of adults with ADHD in repeated assessments at one-month intervals. Twenty-one adults diagnosed with ADHD took part in this study by completing selective attention and vigilance tests three times, each one month apart. Test scores of participants were compared with and interpreted based on test norms. A considerable proportion of 'below average' performance scores were observed in most of the variables of selective attention and vigilance in all three assessments. Further, selective attention and vigilance performance scores did not differ significantly between the three repeated assessments. Finally, the majority of participants received consistent test score interpretations across the three repeated assessments. This study confirms previous research and highlights abnormal selective attention and vigilance performance in adults with ADHD. Further, this study preliminarily demonstrates relatively stable attention performance across repeated assessments, which has the potential to support clinical assessment, treatment planning, and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Guo
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Isabel Fetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Christina Biela
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Miriam König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Magdalena Bossert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Carsten Diener
- Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University Heidelberg, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- Department of General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Kastner L, Velder-Shukrun Y, Bonne O, Bar-Ilan RT, Maeir A. Pilot Study of the Cognitive–Functional Intervention for Adults (Cog-Fun A): A Metacognitive–Functional Tool for Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J Occup Ther 2022; 76:23242. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2022.046417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Importance: Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience chronic challenges in their life roles. There is a need for evidence-based occupational therapy interventions to help enhance their functioning.
Objective: To determine the preliminary effectiveness of the Cognitive–Functional Intervention for Adults (Cog–Fun A), a metacognitive–functional occupational therapy tool for the improvement of occupational performance (OP) and quality of life (QoL) in adults with ADHD.
Design: One-group pretest–posttest design with a 3-mo follow-up.
Setting: Community setting in Jerusalem, Israel.
Participants: Fourteen adults, ages 18–60 yr, with a valid diagnosis of ADHD and an indication of executive function (EF) impairment.
Intervention: Participants received 15 1-hr weekly sessions that addressed self-awareness of strengths and challenges through education and guided discovery as well as strategy acquisition and implementation within a context of occupational goal attainment.
Outcomes and Measures: The Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult version, an adult ADHD QoL measure, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and the Self-Regulation Skills Interview were administered.
Results: Twelve participants completed the intervention. Posttreatment scores revealed statistically significant improvements in EF, awareness, OP, and QoL. Gains in QoL showed a modest reduction at the 3-mo follow-up.
Conclusions and Relevance: The Cog–Fun A is a promising intervention for improving OP and QoL among adults with ADHD and should be investigated further.
What This Article Adds: The Cog–Fun A offers an effective nonpharmacological, metacognitive–functional, occupation-centered treatment option for adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby Kastner
- Libby Kastner, MSc, OTR, is Occupational Therapist, private practice, Jerusalem, Israel, and Clinical Supervisor, School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yifat Velder-Shukrun
- Yifat Velder-Shukrun, MSc, OTR, is Occupational Therapist and Clinical Supervisor, School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omer Bonne
- Omer Bonne, MD, is Professor and Director, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruthi Traub Bar-Ilan
- Ruthi Traub Bar-Ilan, PhD, OTR, is Lecturer and Researcher, School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adina Maeir
- Adina Maeir, PhD, OTR, is Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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9
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Longitudinal maturation of resting state networks: Relevance to sustained attention and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1432-1446. [PMID: 35676491 PMCID: PMC9622522 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adolescence involves important neural function, cognition, and behavior changes. However, the links between maturing brain function and sustained attention over this period could be better understood. This study examined typical changes in network functional connectivity over childhood to adolescence, developmental differences in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and how functional connectivity might underpin variability in sustained attention development in a longitudinal sample. A total of 398 resting state scans were collected from 173 children and adolescents (88 ADHD, 85 control) at up to three timepoints across ages 9-14 years. The effects of age, sex, and diagnostic group on changes in network functional connectivity were assessed, followed by relationships between functional connectivity and sustained attention development using linear mixed effects modelling. The ADHD group displayed greater decreases in functional connectivity between salience and visual networks compared with controls. Lower childhood functional connectivity between the frontoparietal and several brain networks was associated with more rapid sustained attention development, whereas frontoparietal to dorsal attention network connectivity related to attention trajectories in children with ADHD alone. Brain network segregation may increase into adolescence as predicted by key developmental theories; however, participants with ADHD demonstrated altered developmental trajectories between salience and visual networks. The segregation of the frontoparietal network from other brain networks may be a mechanism supporting sustained attention development. Frontoparietal to dorsal attention connectivity can be a focus for further work in ADHD.
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10
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Keating J, Bramham J, McNicholas F, Carr A, Hasshim N, Downes M. An Exploration of Sleep and Family Factors in Young Children at Familial Risk for ADHD. Behav Sleep Med 2021; 19:754-768. [PMID: 33350348 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1862119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the current study was to examine relations between sleep problems and family factors and early markers of ADHD in young children with and without a familial risk for ADHD.Methods: Differences in sleep behavior and family functioning in children under 6 years with (n = 72) and without (n = 139) a familial risk for ADHD were investigated. The influence of family and sleep factors on the development of early temperament markers of ADHD (effortful control and negative affect) was explored. Parents/caregivers completed questionnaires on family functioning, child sleep behavior, and general regulatory behaviors.Results: A significant difference was observed between high-risk and low-risk groups for family functioning in the infant/toddler (<3 years) and preschool (>3 years) cohorts. Parents of infants/toddlers in the high-risk group reported poorer infant sleep. However, there were no sleep differences reported for the preschool cohort. Family functioning was found to predict effortful control, while sleep quality predicted negative affect.Conclusion: The results of this study highlight potential family and sleep issues for young children with a familial history of ADHD and the potential influence of these factors on early temperament markers of ADHD. Future research should explore these relations further in order to better establish whether early sleep and family interventions could mitigate later ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keating
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Bramham
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F McNicholas
- School of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Carr
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Hasshim
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Divison of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - M Downes
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Braun CMJ, Sahakian T, Duval J, Delisle J. Opposed attentional hemi-bias on a visuoconstructive task in children with severe hyperactivity versus severe inattention. Laterality 2021; 27:257-272. [PMID: 34396912 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2021.1967371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty six empirical investigations have now established that children and adults with DSM-defined Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of the Hyperactive type (ADHD-H) or, more commonly, Combined Hyperactive/Inattentive types (ADHD-C) manifest a small but significant visual attentional bias to the right side (left subclinical neglect), consistently suggesting the existence of a subtle right hemisphere dysfunction or hemispheric imbalance in hyperactive people. Only one research team has investigated and compared the DSM-defined Inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) to the Hyperactive subtype (ADHD-H), confirming that line bisection is biased to the right in ADHD-H and discovering that it is biased to the left in ADHD-I. We aimed to test whether a similar crossed double dissociation would extend to Rey's Complex Figure Copy Task (RCF-CT), a simple visuospatial-constructive task. Clinical files of 205 juvenile clients from 6 to 16 years of age from a neuropsychological private clinic specialized in ADHD were analysed. Extreme scores on the Connors-3 Hyperactivity vs Inattention Parent Rating scales associated, respectively, with significant rightward and significant leftward emplacement of the drawing on the page on the RCF-CT. These results replicate previous findings and extend the "energetics" model of hemispheric specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taline Sahakian
- Department of Psychology, UQAM, Montréal, Canada.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Charles LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, Canada
| | - Julie Duval
- Department of Psychology, UQAM, Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Intervention Multidisciplinaire pour l'Élève (CIME), Sainte Julie, Canada
| | - Josée Delisle
- Centre d'Intervention Multidisciplinaire pour l'Élève (CIME), Sainte Julie, Canada
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12
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Coll-Martín T, Carretero-Dios H, Lupiáñez J. Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:1053-1079. [PMID: 34089269 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Attentional difficulties are a core axis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, establishing a consistent and detailed pattern of these neurocognitive alterations has not been an easy endeavour. Based on a dimensional approach to ADHD, the present study aims at comprehensively characterizing three key attentional domains: the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive attention), two components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance), and distraction. To do so, we modified a single, fine-grained task (the ANTI-Vea) by adding irrelevant distractors. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed three self-reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and performed the ANTI-Vea. Despite the low reliability of some ANTI-Vea indexes, the task worked successfully. While ADHD symptoms in childhood were related to alerting network and arousal vigilance, symptoms in adulthood were linked to executive vigilance. No association between ADHD symptom severity and executive attention and distraction was found. In general, our hypotheses about the relationships between ADHD symptoms and attentional processes were partially supported. We discuss our findings according to ADHD theories and attention measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Coll-Martín
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Hugo Carretero-Dios
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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13
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Abstract
ADHD is defined by behavioral symptoms that are not well characterized in relation to ADHD’s neurobiological mechanisms. This approach has limited our ability to define ADHD nosology and predict outcomes because it does not systematically examine facets of the disorder such as the inability to maintain cognitively effortful activities, as promoted in the NIMH RDoC approach. Existing data indicate ADHD is associated with differences in reward valuation and processing, but we do not know whether ADHD is also associated with higher levels of aversion to exerting cognitive effort and/or altered reward x effort interactions. Our ongoing study addresses this knowledge gap by examining individuals’ preferences between rewards associated with minimal effort and reward alternatives with a higher payoff but higher effort costs (“effort discounting”); thereby permitting us to characterize differences in biases and tradeoffs during effort-related decision-making in ADHD. The study takes advantage of a well-defined sample of ADHD-diagnosed and healthy control individuals to address three aims. First, we determine whether ADHD is associated with steeper discounting of larger, more effortful rewards. Second, we examine the subjective perception of effort in youth diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls using tasks requiring varying levels of cognitive effort. Third, we explore relationships amongst indices of effort discounting, theoretically-related traits (e.g., grit, distress tolerance), biomarkers of effort-related decision-making (eye movements and pupil size), and various cognitive measures. Successful completion of the aims will permit us to better characterize ADHD-healthy control differences and lay a foundation for more computational approaches to ADHD diagnostic criteria.
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Longitudinal Trajectories of Sustained Attention Development in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1529-1542. [PMID: 32889562 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study characterizes changes in sustained attention ability over ages 9-14, and whether longitudinal trajectories of attention development differ between persistent ADHD, remitted ADHD and control groups. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) was administered to 120 children with ADHD and 123 controls on three occasions between ages 9 and 14. Trajectories of sustained attention development, indicated by changes in SART performance (standard deviation of response time [SDRT], omission errors, and ex-Gaussian parameters sigma and tau), were examined using generalized additive mixed models. For all measures there was a significant main effect of age; response time variability and number of omission errors improved linearly as children aged. However, children with ADHD had significantly greater SDRT, tau and omission errors than controls across waves. There were no significant group differences in sigma, indicating that the greater overall response time variability (SDRT) observed in ADHD was likely driven by more intermittent long responses (larger tau). Trajectories of sustained attention performance did not differ between children with persistent ADHD or ADHD in remission. Longitudinal trajectories of sustained attention development are comparable between ADHD and controls, however children with ADHD (regardless of remission status) display a performance deficit equivalent to typical controls 1-3 years younger. Findings highlight the need for continued clinical support for children in remission from ADHD and provide support for tau as an endophenotype of ADHD.
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Wu Z, Luo Y, Gao Y, Han Y, Wu K, Li X. The Role of Frontal and Occipital Cortices in Processing Sustained Visual Attention in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:659-663. [PMID: 32279194 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Yuyang Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, XuanWu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510003, China.
- Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Dementia, Guangzhou, 510500, China.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Dementia, Guangzhou, 510500, China.
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Abstract
Objective: Neuropsychological performance patterns associated with adult ADHD subtypes are unknown. The aim of the current systematic review was to identify and synthesize available literature regarding neuropsychological performance associated with adult ADHD subtypes. Method: Searches were completed using the databases PsycINFO and PubMed for studies published before March 2017 addressing adult ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance. Data characterizing the neuropsychological tests utilized in each study were obtained and sorted into eight domains. To summarize the results of all comparisons (ADHD subtype compared with control, or to each other), we counted the proportion of tests within each domain with significant group differences. Results/Conclusion: We deemed four domains informative in differentiating ADHD subtypes from controls. Of these, memory was the only domain that held promise in distinguishing ADHD-Inattentive and ADHD-Combined. Limitations of the available literature are highlighted and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy LeRoy
- 1 Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Klein M, Silva MA, Belizario GO, Rocca CCDA, Padua Serafim AD, Louzã MR. Longitudinal Neuropsychological Assessment in Two Elderly Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Case Report. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1119. [PMID: 31191384 PMCID: PMC6546833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropsychological deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present clinical features similar to mild and/or major neurocognitive disorder and may act as a confounding factor, making it difficult to detect cognitive decline. In this paper, we present the results of longitudinal neuropsychological evaluations in two elderly women with ADHD. Three neuropsychological assessments were performed in two women with ADHD (60 and 77 years old) between 2010 and 2013 at intervals varying from 12 to 15 months. We used structural magnetic resonance imaging to rule out significant abnormalities that could account for cognitive impairment. The results showed two different cognitive profiles with fluctuations in performance over these 2 years, sometimes with improvement and sometimes with decline of some functions such as attention, memory, inhibitory control, and reaction time. To minimize confounding aspects of these fluctuations in clinical practice, we used a longer follow-up with the application of a reliable change index and a minimum of three spaced assessments to provide a more consistent baseline cognitive profile. Our findings did not indicate a consistent cognitive decline, suggesting a less pessimistic perspective about cognitive impairments that could be a prodrome of ADHD-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Silva
- Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio De Padua Serafim
- Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Mario R Louzã
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li H, Zhao Q, Huang F, Cao Q, Qian Q, Johnstone SJ, Wang Y, Wang C, Sun L. Increased Beta Activity Links to Impaired Emotional Control in ADHD Adults With High IQ. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:754-764. [PMID: 29110563 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717739120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the neuropathology of everyday-life executive function (EF) deficits in adults with ADHD with high IQ. METHOD Forty adults with ADHD with an IQ ≥ 120 and 40 controls were recruited. Ecological EFs were measured, and eyes-closed Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals were recorded during a resting-state condition; EEG power and correlations with impaired EFs were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with controls, the ADHD group showed higher scores on all clusters of EF. The ADHD group showed globally increased theta, globally decreased alpha, and increased central beta activity. In the ADHD group, central beta power was significantly related to emotional control ratings, while no such correlation was evident in the control group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that resting-state beta activity might be involved in the neuropathology of emotional control in adults with ADHD with high IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Qihua Zhao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Fang Huang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Qingjiu Cao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Stuart J Johnstone
- 3 Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
| | - Changming Wang
- 4 Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University/ Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, China
| | - Li Sun
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, China.,2 National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), China
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Ernst M, Mohr HM, Schött M, Rickmeyer C, Fischmann T, Leuzinger-Bohleber M, Weiß H, Grabhorn R. The effects of social exclusion on response inhibition in borderline personality disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:333-339. [PMID: 28363497 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a prevalent notion that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by deficits in executive functions (EF) like inhibition. Yet experimental studies yield inconsistent results. However, despite emotional dysregulation being a core feature of BPD, most paradigms did not control for emotional state or comorbid mental disorders. In the present study, subjects with BPD and comorbid MDD (BPD+MDD), with major depression (MDD) and healthy controls (HC) partook in a social exclusion paradigm combined with an inhibition task. We expected inhibition to be more strongly impaired in BPD+MDD than in depression and HC when experiencing negative emotions. Respecting inhibition, depressed patients performed best while (BPD+MDD) patients performed worst. Surprisingly, MDD & HC participants' performance improved during social exclusion, but this was not the case for BPD+MDD. Inhibition deficits were correlated with childhood trauma. These results challenge the hypothesis that an induction of negative emotion results in inferior inhibition in (BPD+MDD). Instead, patients with (BPD+MDD) seem to suffer from a more general inhibitory dysfunction. Importantly, (BPD+MDD) patients were not able to improve their performance during social exclusion like HC and MDD patients did. These findings need to be investigated further, particularly regarding the efficiency of neural networks regulating inhibition and effects of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald M Mohr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Constanze Rickmeyer
- Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Heinz Weiß
- Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralph Grabhorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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21
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Ebel L, Petri S, Krauss JK, Dengler R, de Zwaan M. Lack of an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Neurol Sci 2018; 385:7-11. [PMID: 29406917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lulé, Ludolph, and Ludolph (2008) hypothesized that there may be a pathophysiological link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They summarized common clinical features, specifically enhanced physical and psychological activity, which have been described typically for ADHD patients and also as common personality traits before disease onset in patients with ALS. METHODS We assessed the lifetime prevalence rate of ADHD in 104 patients with ALS using valid self-report instruments for ADHD symptoms in childhood (WURS-k) and adulthood (ADHD-SB). Results were compared with a population-based sample (n=2069) and with patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, n=52) using regression analyses and adjusting for sociodemographic differences. Physical activity was assessed by the 21-item exercise dependency scale (EDS-21). RESULTS ALS patients reported a lower prevalence of childhood ADHD compared to the general population. Both clinical groups reported significantly lower scores on the WURS-k scale and the attention deficit subscale of the ADHD-SB. The EDS-21 showed significantly longer exercise times in ALS and PD patients. CONCLUSIONS We could not show that ADHD is more common in ALS patients. However, our results revealed shared personality traits in ALS and PD with lower rates of premorbid attention deficit symptoms and increased physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Ebel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Dengler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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Zimmermann N, Cardoso CDO, Kristensen CH, Fonseca RP. Brazilian norms and effects of age and education on the Hayling and Trail Making Tests. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017; 39:188-195. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives To describe normative data for the Hayling Test and the Trail Making Test (TMT) in a sample of Brazilian adults, and to investigate the effects of age and education on test performance. Method A total of 313 (TMT) and 364 (Hayling) individuals with age ranges of 19-39, 40-59, and 60-75 years, and with at least 5 years of formal education, participated in this study. The tests were administered as part of a large battery of a normative project. Individuals were evaluated individually in silent, ventilated rooms at a university clinic. Instrument protocols were scored by trained research assistants and double-checked to ensure data reliability. Results There were major effects of age on the TMT (Time B, Errors B, B-A) and on the Hayling Test (Errors B/15, B/45), and major effects of education on the TMT (Time B, Errors B, B-A) and on the Hayling Test (Time A, Errors B/15, B/45). Interaction effects were found in Time B and B-A for the Hayling Test and in Time A for the TMT. Conclusions Age and education were critical for performance on both verbal and non-verbal executive functions.
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