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Johnson B, Stjepanovic D, Leung J, Chan GCK. "Everything's a Challenge": An Interview Study of ADHD Individuals in the Midst of the Prescription Stimulant Shortage. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241288351. [PMID: 39377515 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241288351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortage of prescription stimulants is an ongoing issue that is impacting the ability of individuals with ADHD to access their medication. Amidst concerns that this shortage may have a substantial impact on individuals' ability to manage their symptoms effectively, this research seeks to understand the experiences and consequences for those affected. METHODS In this study, we interviewed individuals with ADHD who have been directly impacted by the stimulant shortage. Thematic analysis focused on identifying common themes related to challenges with medication access and the resulting effects on daily living. RESULTS The study uncovered significant difficulties in accessing ADHD medication due to current shortages, leading to disruptions in the management of ADHD symptoms and subsequent detriments to individuals' professional, educational, and personal lives. Systematic controls aimed at reducing non-medical use were found to exacerbate these access issues, inadvertently compounding the challenges faced by those using medication for legitimate medical needs. Individuals also described ways they coped with the shortage, with some seeking ADHD medication via unofficial channels. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the urgency of addressing stimulant shortages to safeguard the wellbeing of individuals with ADHD. This study also calls for a critical review of policy measures regulating stimulant medication access, and their effectiveness at reducing non-medical use given the unintended consequences these regulations appear to have on individuals prescribed these medications for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Johnson
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel Stjepanovic
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary C K Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Alarcon-Rodriguez R, García-Álvarez R, Fadul-Calderon R, Romero-Del Rey R, Requena-Mullor M, Read Tejada M, Garcia-Gonzalez J. The relationship between female orgasmic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and depression in Dominican women. J Sex Med 2024; 21:614-619. [PMID: 38628064 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female orgasmic disorder is listed in the DSM-5 and is defined as the persistent or recurrent inability to have an orgasm. Many depressed women may experience sexual dysfunction, including female orgasmic disorder. AIM The study sought to analyze the relationship between depressive disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their influence on the development of female orgasmic disorder. METHODS A total of 221 Dominican women participated in this case-control study. The case group consisted of 107 women diagnosed with female orgasmic disorder, while the control group consisted of 114 women without any sexual dysfunction. OUTCOMES The diagnosis of ADHD was obtained from the participants' medical records, previously conducted using the DSM-5-TR criteria. The Beck Depression Inventory II was used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in both groups. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between female orgasmic disorder and ADHD and depression. The results of multiple logistic regression indicated that the highest risk of female orgasmic disorder was observed in women with ADHD (odds ratio [OR], 4.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.46-9.20; P < .001), women with severe depression (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.08-6.96; P = .04), and women who had sexual intercourse that focused on penetration (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.03-3.98; P = .04). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS These findings may have important implications for the prevention and treatment of sexual disorders in women. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This design selected all diagnosed cases of female orgasmic disorder and did not select a specific subgroup. However, some limitations must be considered. This study was conducted in a single clinic, although it should be noted that it is the main clinic for the treatment of sexual dysfunction in the country. A further limitation could be that this type of study design does not allow for statements about causality to be made. CONCLUSION There is an increased risk of female orgasmic disorder in women with ADHD, with severe depression, and who engage in penetrative sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alarcon-Rodriguez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1127 Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Almeria, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rafael García-Álvarez
- Human Sexuality Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Arístides Fiallo Cabral Street Santo, 10105, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Rosario Fadul-Calderon
- Human Sexuality Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Arístides Fiallo Cabral Street Santo, 10105, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Raúl Romero-Del Rey
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1127 Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Almeria, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Mar Requena-Mullor
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1127 Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Almeria, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Madelyn Read Tejada
- Human Sexuality Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Arístides Fiallo Cabral Street Santo, 10105, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Jessica Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Group CTS-1127 Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Almeria, Carr. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almeria, Spain
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Toshishige Y, Kondo M, Watanabe T, Yamada A, Hashimoto H, Okazaki J, Tokuyama N, Kuwabara J, Mizushima H, Akechi T. Association between marital satisfaction of female patients with persistent depressive disorder, and their own and husbands' autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2023; 2:e95. [PMID: 38868151 PMCID: PMC11114357 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim Patients' and spouses' neurodevelopmental traits may influence marital relationships, which are significantly associated with depressive symptoms. However, no studies have examined marital relationships in persistent depressive disorder (PDD) in terms of neurodevelopmental traits. This study aimed to explore the association between the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits of female PDD patients and both partners' (patient and husband) marital satisfaction. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was administered during two predetermined consecutive months at seven institutions. Participants were female outpatients who fulfilled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria for PDD and their husbands. The instruments of the study were the following validated surveys: the Quality Marriage Index (QMI), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version-21 (AQ-J-21), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Part A (ASRS Part A). Results The patients' AQ-J-21 showed a positive significant association with their QMI in all patients who responded to this study's questionnaire, whereas among couples wherein both patient and husband responded, the ASRS Part A exhibited a positive significant association with the patients' QMI. Conversely, the husbands' ASRS Part A exhibited a negative significant association with the patients' QMI. Conclusion The patients' ASD and ADHD traits may play a positive role in the marital satisfaction of female PDD patients, while their husbands' ADHD traits may play a negative role. For female PDD patients with low marital satisfaction, it may be important to consider whether their husbands have ADHD traits; if so, it may be necessary to develop intervention strategies focused on the traits for improving the low marital satisfaction. However, our conclusions are not sufficiently convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Toshishige
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive‐Behavioral MedicineNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive‐Behavioral MedicineNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
- Present address:
Masaki KondoNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive‐Behavioral MedicineNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Atsurou Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive‐Behavioral MedicineNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tatsuo Akechi
- Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive‐Behavioral MedicineNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
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Ahlberg R, Du Rietz E, Ahnemark E, Andersson LM, Werner-Kiechle T, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Garcia-Argibay M. Real-life instability in ADHD from young to middle adulthood: a nationwide register-based study of social and occupational problems. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:336. [PMID: 37173664 PMCID: PMC10176742 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using self-reports indicate that individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for functional impairments in social and occupational settings, but evidence around real-life instability remains limited. It is furthermore unclear if these functional impairments in ADHD differ across sex and across the adult lifespan. METHOD A longitudinal observational cohort design of 3,448,440 individuals was used to study the associations between ADHD and residential moves, relational instability and job shifting using data from Swedish national registers. Data were stratified on sex and age (18-29 years, 30-39 years, and 40-52 years at start of follow up). RESULTS 31,081 individuals (17,088 males; 13,993 females) in the total cohort had an ADHD-diagnosis. Individuals with ADHD had an increased incidence rate ratio (IRR) of residential moves (IRR 2.35 [95% CI, 2.32-2.37]), relational instability (IRR = 1.07 [95% CI, 1.06-1.08]) and job shifting (IRR = 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.04]). These associations tended to increase with increasing age. The strongest associations were found in the oldest group (40-52 years at start of follow). Women with ADHD in all three age groups had a higher rate of relational instability compared to men with ADHD. CONCLUSION Both men and women with a diagnosis of ADHD present with an increased risk of real-life instability in different domains and this behavioral pattern was not limited to young adulthood but also existed well into older adulthood. It is therefore important to have a lifespan perspective on ADHD for individuals, relatives, and the health care sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Ahlberg
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - E Du Rietz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Ahnemark
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - T Werner-Kiechle
- Global Medical Affairs, Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
| | - P Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Garcia-Argibay
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden
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Uchida M, DiSalvo M, Walsh D, Biederman J. The Heritability of ADHD in Children of ADHD Parents: A Post-hoc Analysis of Longitudinal Data. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:250-257. [PMID: 36384349 PMCID: PMC9969349 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221136251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing literature suggests attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable disorder. We evaluated children at risk for ADHD by virtue of having parents with ADHD and compared them with children of parents without ADHD to assess the degree of heritability of ADHD. METHOD The sample for this study was derived from three longitudinal studies that tracked families with various disorders, including ADHD. Children were stratified based on presence of parental ADHD, and clinical assessments were taken to evaluate presence of ADHD and related psychiatric and functional outcomes in children. RESULTS Children with parental ADHD had significantly more full or subthreshold psychiatric disorders (including ADHD) as well as functional impairments compared to children without parental ADHD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that offspring of parents with ADHD are at significant risk for ADHD and its associated psychiatric, cognitive, and educational impairments. These findings aid in identifying early manifestations of ADHD in young children at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Uchida
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Biederman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wallin K, Wallin Lundell I, Hanberger L, Alehagen S, Hultsjö S. Self-experienced sexual and reproductive health in young women with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A qualitative interview study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:289. [PMID: 35836208 PMCID: PMC9281117 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual risk behaviors and struggles in romantic relationships result in higher risk of unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual victimization and lower satisfaction in relationships for young women with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There is a need to better understand sexual behaviors and the consequences of relational difficulties to help health professionals promote sexual and reproductive health. To deepen knowledge in this area, this study aimed to identify and describe self-experienced sexual and reproductive health in young women with ADHD. Methods A qualitative design was used. Data was collected with individual and focus group interviews with 15 young women, aged 15–29, with an ADHD diagnosis, and analyzed with thematic analysis. Results Data analysis identified the themes Acceptance of being different and Feeling sexually secure. The women reveal feelings of being different from others without ADHD as they break norms of sexual behavior, struggle with romantic relationships, and have difficulties concentrating during sex. There is a need to be understood and accepted, to not feel judged, and to manage romantic relationships. Self-knowledge helps them to recognize needs for support and to develop strategies that can improve sexual satisfaction. Feeling sexually secure illustrates the women’s need to feel comfortable with their own sexuality and in control in the sexual situation. Low self-esteem and a negative self-image, described as a consequence of living with ADHD, can compromise communication in sexual situations and increase fear of being rejected. Further, misjudging sexual partners and situations can contribute to sexual victimization. Conclusions This study provides knowledge of how ADHD affects emotions and sexual behaviors in young women. The results highlight the need for understanding and acceptance by peers and partners. It accentuates the value of involving the partner in counselling and the importance of self-knowledge. Feeling insecure in sexual relationships further implies the importance of early diagnosis to prevent secondary outcomes of ADHD, and the need for sexual victimization screening in professional settings.
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Soares LS, Alves ALC, Costa DDS, Malloy-Diniz LF, de Paula JJ, Romano-Silva MA, de Miranda DM. Common Venues in Romantic Relationships of Adults With Symptoms of Autism and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:593150. [PMID: 34220561 PMCID: PMC8249738 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.593150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) figures among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite having opposite stereotypes, both ADHD and ASD compromise, though in different ways, skills such as social interactions, communication skills, and social thinking, which may underlie difficulties in romantic relationships. Methods: We evaluated 306 adults about their romantic relationships and the intensity of their love. Participants were from one of four groups:, individuals with ASD-only traits, a group with symptoms of ADHD-only, participants with neither ADHD nor ASD symptoms (control) or from a fourth group of individuals with both ADHD and ASD traits. Results: The ASD traits group had fewer married people and more people who have never been married, while the rate of divorce was higher in the ADHD traits group. Regarding the intensity of love, the mean scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+ASD traits groups were higher in the Passionate Love Scale than the mean score of the control group. Passionate love in the ASD group was no different from the other groups. Small positive correlations were found between passionate love and ADHD and ASD behavioral problems. Conclusion: Marital status was distinct depending on symptoms of a neurodevelopmental disorder in adulthood. Also, ADHD and ASD symptoms were associated with greater passionate love. Therefore, ADHD and ASD behavioral dimensions may impact long-term and short-term experiences of a person's relationship with a significant other in distinct ways. Understanding how people with neurodevelopmental disorders experience love might help us to better clarify the mechanisms associated with their relationship patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrayne Stephane Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Costa Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Souza Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Zuo PY, Karremans JC, Scheres A, Kluwer ES, Burk WJ, Kappen G, Ter Kuile H. A Dyadic Test of the Association Between Trait Self-Control and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:594476. [PMID: 33408667 PMCID: PMC7779548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that trait self-control is related to a range of positive romantic relationship processes, suggesting that trait self-control should be positively and robustly linked to relationship satisfaction in both partners in a romantic relationship. However, the existing empirical evidence is limited and mixed, especially regarding partner effects (i.e., the effect of one's self-control on the partner's relationship satisfaction). With three datasets of heterosexual couples (S1: N = 195 newlyweds, longitudinal; S2: N = 249 couples who transition into first parenthood, longitudinal; S3: N = 929 couples, cross-sectional), the present pre-registered studies examined: (1) the dyadic associations between trait self-control and relationship satisfaction both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and (2) whether these effects hold when controlling for both partners' relationship commitment. The results indicated a cross-sectional positive actor effect, some support for a positive cross-sectional partner effect, and only little support for a longitudinal actor (but not partner) effect. After controlling for relationship commitment, all effects of trait self-control on satisfaction diminished except for a longitudinal actor effect among women in Study 2. Potential explanations for the current results, and implications for theory and practice, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Zuo
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Karremans
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther S. Kluwer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William J. Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gesa Kappen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hagar Ter Kuile
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Mikami AY, Miller M, Lerner MD. Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 68:54-70. [PMID: 30658861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are both neurodevelopmental disorders originating in childhood with high associated impairments and public health significance. There has been growing recognition of the frequent co-occurrence, and potential interrelatedness, between ADHD and ASD without intellectual disability. In fact, the most recent (5th) edition of the DSM is the first to allow ADHD and ASD to be diagnosed in the same individual. The study of transdiagnostic features in ADHD and ASD is important for understanding, and treating, these commonly co-occurring disorders. Social impairment is central to the description and prognosis of both disorders, and many youth with some combination of ADHD and ASD present to clinics for social skills training interventions. However, the aspects of social functioning that are impaired may have both shared and distinct features between the two disorders, relating to some overlapping and some diverse etiologies of social problems in ADHD compared to ASD. These findings have implications for interventions to address social problems in youth with these conditions. We conclude with a discussion about areas for future research and novel intervention targets in youth with ADHD, ASD, and their comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Miller
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
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