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Romariz SAA, Sanabria V, da Silva KR, Quintella ML, de Melo BAG, Porcionatto M, de Almeida DC, Longo BM. High Concentrations of Cannabidiol Induce Neurotoxicity in Neurosphere Culture System. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:14. [PMID: 38349488 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids are potentially effective in the treatment of various neurological conditions, and cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most studied compounds, has been proposed as a non-toxic option. However, the adverse effects of CBD on neurodevelopmental processes have rarely been studied in cell culture systems. To better understand CBD's influence on neurodevelopment, we exposed neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to different concentrations of CBD (1 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM). We assessed the morphology, migration, differentiation, cell death, and gene expression in 2D and 3D bioprinted models to stimulate physiological conditions more effectively. Our results showed that CBD was more toxic at higher concentrations (5 µM and 10 µM) and affected the viability of NPCs than at lower concentrations (1 µM), in both 2D and 3D models. Moreover, our study revealed that higher concentrations of CBD drastically reduced the size of neurospheres and the number of NPCs within neurospheres, impaired the morphology and mobility of neurons and astrocytes after differentiation, and reduced neurite sprouting. Interestingly, we also found that CBD alters cellular metabolism by influencing the expression of glycolytic and β-oxidative enzymes in the early and late stages of metabolic pathways. Therefore, our study demonstrated that higher concentrations of CBD promote important changes in cellular functions that are crucial during CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A A Romariz
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Quintella
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna A G de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Park S, Oh HN, Kim WK. Human coculture model of astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells to test the neurotoxicity of chemicals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115912. [PMID: 38181562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we established a coculture model comprising human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes, faithfully replicating the human brain environment for in vitro neurotoxicity assessment. We optimized the cell differentiation duration and cell ratios to obtain images conducive to neurite outgrowth evaluation. Subsequently, the neurotoxic effects in the coculture and monoculture of SH-SY5Y cells were confirmed using neurotoxic agents such as acrylamide (ACR) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Disparities in the neurotoxic impacts of ACR and H2O2 within the coculture were mirrored in the expression of genes associated with early neuronal injury. Notably, the reduction in neurite outgrowth induced by neurotoxic agents revealed the coculture's lower sensitivity compared to monocultures. Furthermore, the coculture system exhibited distinct effects of test agents on nerve damage and manifested protective influences on nerve cells. The proposed methodology holds promise for large-scale chemical neurotoxicity screening through neurite change measurements. This in vitro coculture model, accounting for cell interactions, emerges as a valuable tool in toxicity testing, offering insights into the potential effects of chemicals within the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Ye K, Yu J, Li L, Wang H, Tang B, Ni W, Zhou J, Ling Y, Lu X, Niu D, Ramalingam M, Hu J. Microvesicles from Schwann-Like Cells as a New Biomaterial Promote Axonal Growth. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:291-302. [PMID: 33785099 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells promote axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. However, in terms of clinical treatment, the therapeutic effects of Schwann cells are limited by their source. The transmission of microvesicles from neuroglia cells to axons is a novel communication mechanism in axon regeneration.To evaluate the effect of microvesicles released from Schwann-like cells on axonal regeneration, neural stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells differentiated into Schwann-like cells, which presented a typical morphology and characteristics similar to those of schwann cells. The glial markers like MBP, P0, P75NTR, PMP-22, GFAP, HNK-1 and S100 were upregulated, whereas the neural stem markers like NESTIN, SOX1 and SOX2 were significantly downregulated in schwann-like cells. Microvesicles enhanced axonal growth in dorsal root ganglia neurons and regulated GAP43 expression in neuron-like cells (N2A and PC12) through the PTEN/PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway. A 5 mm section of sciatic nerve was transected in Sprague-Dawley rats. With microvesicles transplantation, regenerative nerves were evaluated after 6 weeks. Microvesicles increased sciatic function index scores, delayed gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and elevated βIII-tubulin-labeled axons in vivo. Schwann-like cells serve as a convenient source and promote axonal growth by secreting microvesicles, which may potentially be used as bioengineering materials for nerve tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiqin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Ling
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorui Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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Chaurasiya ND, Shukla S, Tekwani BL. A Combined In Vitro Assay for Evaluation of Neurotrophic Activity and Cytotoxicity. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:667-675. [PMID: 28314119 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217698677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic assays are phenotypic methods to identify molecules that stimulate differentiation of neuronal cells. Bioactive small molecules with neurotrophic actions hold great promise as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injuries by virtue of their ability to stimulate neuritic outgrowth. A combined in vitro method, which measures neurotrophic activity and cytotoxicity in a single assay, has been described. This assay, performed in 96-well microplates with PC12 and Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1; a subclone of PC12) cells, is a simple tool for identification of new neurotrophic agents. Stimulation of neurite outgrowth was measured with NIS software by analysis of digital cell images as multiple parameters, namely, mean neurite length, neurite length/cell, nodes/cell, and number of neurites/cell. The assay has been standardized and validated with dose-response analysis for nerve growth factor (NGF) and mechanism-based inhibitors of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, namely, SU6656 (an Src family kinase inhibitor) and PD98059 (a MEK inhibitor). The assay has been successfully applied for screening natural and synthetic compound libraries for cytotoxicity and neurotrophic activity. Screening of a set of harmala alkaloids identified harmine as a potential neurotrophic molecule that significantly stimulated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in the NS-1 cells. Important advantages of this method are its simplicity and determination of cytotoxicity and neurotrophic activity in a single assay. This assay may be suitable for primary and cultured neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D Chaurasiya
- 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Surabhi Shukla
- 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,2 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University MS, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,2 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University MS, USA
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Li Z, Yan Y, Powers EA, Ying X, Janjua K, Garyantes T, Baron B. Identification of Gap Junction Blockers Using Automated Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:489-99. [PMID: 14567776 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103257309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions coordinate electrical signals and facilitate metabolic synchronization between cells. In this study, the authors have developed a novel assay for the identification of gap junction blockers using fluorescence microscopy imaging-based high-content screening technology. In the assay, the communication between neighboring cells through gap junctions was measured by following the redistribution of a fluorescent marker. The movement of calcein dye from dye-loaded donor cells to dye-free acceptor cells through gap junctions overexpressed on cell surface membranes was monitored using automated fluorescence microscopy imaging in a high-throughput compatible format. The fluorescence imaging technology consisted of automated focusing, image acquisition, image processing, and data mining. The authors have successfully performed a high-throughput screening of a 486,000- compound program with this assay, and they were able to identify false positives without additional experiments. Selective and pharmacologically interesting compounds were identified for further optimization. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2003:489-499)
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyin Li
- Lead Discovery Technology, Lead Generation, Aventis Pharmaceutical, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Chen W, Xia X, Huang Y, Chen X, Han JDJ. Bioimaging for quantitative phenotype analysis. Methods 2016; 102:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Dong G, Chen T, Ren X, Zhang Z, Huang W, Liu L, Luo P, Zhou H. Rg1 prevents myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by regulating mitochondrial dynamics imbalance via modulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and mitofusin 2. Mitochondrion 2015; 26:7-18. [PMID: 26593335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of ischemia heart disease but the underlying mechanism of dynamics (fusion/fission) is still unclear. Here we investigated a novel function and underlying mechanism of Rg1 on an in vitro cardiomyocyte model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). METHODS Cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT, mitochondrial viable staining, and cardiac marker detection. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by ATP content measurement, MMP determination, ROS, OCR and ECAR assay. Mitochondrial dynamics was investigated by Live-cell imaging with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and morphological features were evaluated by the high-content image analysis. Mitochondrial fusion and fission-related proteins, GDH were determined by Western blot, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Rg1 moderated GDH dysregulation and then protected against H/R-induced cellular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. Rg1 significantly increased mitochondrial length, reduced the number of cells with fragmented mitochondria and up-regulated the MFN2 expression finally leading to preventing the imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics following H/R. Knock-down of MFN2 by specific siRNA completely abolished the ability of Rg1 to cell survival by H/R. CONCLUSION Rg1 through modulation of GDH and MFN2 maintained mitochondrial dynamics that resulted in protection against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury. All these results put forward a new protective mechanism of Rg1 on the therapeutic potential in cardiac I/R disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xuecong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Weixue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China.
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8
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Wilson MS, Graham JR, Ball AJ. Multiparametric High Content Analysis for assessment of neurotoxicity in differentiated neuronal cell lines and human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:33-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Misiak D, Posch S, Lederer M, Reinke C, Hüttelmaier S, Möller B. Extraction of protein profiles from primary neurons using active contour models and wavelets. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 225:1-12. [PMID: 24457055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of complex networks in the nervous system relies on the proper formation of neuronal contacts and their remodeling. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, it is essential to establish unbiased automated tools allowing the correlation of neurite morphology and the subcellular distribution of molecules by quantitative means. We developed NeuronAnalyzer2D, a plugin for ImageJ, which allows the extraction of neuronal cell morphologies from two dimensional high resolution images, and in particular their correlation with protein profiles determined by indirect immunostaining of primary neurons. The prominent feature of our approach is the ability to extract subcellular distributions of distinct biomolecules along neurites. To extract the complete areas of neurons, required for this analysis, we employ active contours with a new distance based energy. For locating the structural parts of neurons and various morphological parameters we adopt a wavelet based approach. The presented approach is able to extract distinctive profiles of several proteins and reports detailed morphology measurements on neurites. We compare the detected neurons from NeuronAnalyzer2D with those obtained by NeuriteTracer and Vaa3D-Neuron, two popular tools for automatic neurite tracing. The distinctive profiles extracted for several proteins, for example, of the mRNA binding protein ZBP1, and a comparative evaluation of the neuron segmentation results proves the high quality of the quantitative data and proves its practical utility for biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Misiak
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Stefan Posch
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Marcell Lederer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Reinke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06099 Halle, Germany
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Krug AK, Balmer NV, Matt F, Schönenberger F, Merhof D, Leist M. Evaluation of a human neurite growth assay as specific screen for developmental neurotoxicants. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2215-31. [PMID: 23670202 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific in vitro toxicity assays are often highly sensitive, but they lack specificity. We evaluated here examples of assay features that can affect test specificity, and some general procedures are suggested on how positive hits in complex biological assays may be defined. Differentiating human LUHMES cells were used as potential model for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Forty candidate toxicants were screened, and several hits were obtained and confirmed. Although the cells had a definitive neuronal phenotype, the use of a general cell death endpoint in these cultures did not allow specific identification of neurotoxicants. As alternative approach, neurite growth was measured as an organ-specific functional endpoint. We found that neurite extension of developing LUHMES was specifically inhibited by diverse compounds such as colchicine, vincristine, narciclasine, rotenone, cycloheximide, or diquat. These compounds reduced neurite growth at concentrations that did not compromise cell viability, and neurite growth was affected more potently than the integrity of developed neurites of mature neurons. A ratio of the EC50 values of neurite growth inhibition and cell death of >4 provided a robust classifier for compounds associated with a developmental neurotoxic hazard. Screening of unspecific toxicants in the test system always yielded ratios <4. The assay identified also compounds that accelerated neurite growth, such as the rho kinase pathway modifiers blebbistatin or thiazovivin. The negative effects of colchicine or rotenone were completely inhibited by a rho kinase inhibitor. In summary, we suggest that assays using functional endpoints (neurite growth) can specifically identify and characterize (developmental) neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Krug
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Box 657, 78457, Constance, Germany,
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Weber S, Fernández-Cachón ML, Nascimento JM, Knauer S, Offermann B, Murphy RF, Boerries M, Busch H. Label-free detection of neuronal differentiation in cell populations using high-throughput live-cell imaging of PC12 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56690. [PMID: 23451069 PMCID: PMC3579923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of neuronal cell differentiation is essential to study cell fate decisions under various stimuli and/or environmental conditions. Many tools exist that quantify differentiation by neurite length measurements of single cells. However, quantification of differentiation in whole cell populations remains elusive so far. Because such populations can consist of both proliferating and differentiating cells, the task to assess the overall differentiation status is not trivial and requires a high-throughput, fully automated approach to analyze sufficient data for a statistically significant discrimination to determine cell differentiation. We address the problem of detecting differentiation in a mixed population of proliferating and differentiating cells over time by supervised classification. Using nerve growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells, we monitor the changes in cell morphology over days by phase-contrast live-cell imaging. For general applicability, the classification procedure starts out with many features to identify those that maximize discrimination of differentiated and undifferentiated cells and to eliminate features sensitive to systematic measurement artifacts. The resulting image analysis determines the optimal post treatment day for training and achieves a near perfect classification of differentiation, which we confirmed in technically and biologically independent as well as differently designed experiments. Our approach allows to monitor neuronal cell populations repeatedly over days without any interference. It requires only an initial calibration and training step and is thereafter capable to discriminate further experiments. In conclusion, this enables long-term, large-scale studies of cell populations with minimized costs and efforts for detecting effects of external manipulation of neuronal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Weber
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María L. Fernández-Cachón
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliana M. Nascimento
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Knauer
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Offermann
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert F. Murphy
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Lane Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MB); (HB)
| | - Hauke Busch
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MB); (HB)
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Yamaguchi H, Takeuchi T, Okada M, Kobayashi M, Unno M, Abe T, Goto J, Hishinuma T, Shimada M, Mano N. Screening of Antibiotics That Interact with Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3 Using Fluorescent Probes. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:389-95. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Toshiko Takeuchi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Minako Kobayashi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Junichi Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Takanori Hishinuma
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Miki Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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Yeyeodu ST, Witherspoon SM, Gilyazova N, Ibeanu GC. A rapid, inexpensive high throughput screen method for neurite outgrowth. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2010; 4:74-83. [PMID: 21347208 PMCID: PMC3040990 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301004010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth assays are the most common phenotypic screen to assess chemical effects on neuronal cells. Current automated assays involve expensive equipment, lengthy sample preparation and handling, costly reagents and slow rates of data acquisition and analysis. We have developed a high throughput screen (HTS) for neurite outgrowth using a robust neuronal cell model coupled to fast and inexpensive visualization methods, reduced data volume and rapid data analysis. Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) cell, a subclone of PC12, possessing rapid growth and enhanced sensitivity to NGF was used as a model neuron. This method reduces preparation time by using cells expressing GFP or native cells stained with HCS CellMask(™) Red in a multiplexed 30 min fixation and staining step. A 2x2 camera binning process reduced both image data files and analysis times by 75% and 60% respectively, compared to current protocols. In addition, eliminating autofocus steps during montage generation reduced data collection time. Pharmacological profiles for stimulation and inhibition of neurite outgrowth by NGF and SU6656 were comparable to current standard method utilizing immunofluorescence detection of tubulin. Potentiation of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by members of a 1,120-member Prestwick compound library as assayed using this method identified six molecules, including etoposide, isoflupredone acetate, fludrocortisone acetate, thioguanosine, oxyphenbutazone and gibberellic acid, that more than doubled the neurite mass primed by 2 ng/ml NGF. This simple procedure represents an important routine approach in high throughput screening of large chemical libraries using the neurite outgrowth phenotype as a measure of the effects of chemical molecules on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Yeyeodu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC. 27707, USA
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Alworth SV, Watanabe H, Lee JSJ. Teachable, high-content analytics for live-cell, phase contrast movies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:968-77. [PMID: 20639505 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110373546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CL-Quant is a new solution platform for broad, high-content, live-cell image analysis. Powered by novel machine learning technologies and teach-by-example interfaces, CL-Quant provides a platform for the rapid development and application of scalable, high-performance, and fully automated analytics for a broad range of live-cell microscopy imaging applications, including label-free phase contrast imaging. The authors used CL-Quant to teach off-the-shelf universal analytics, called standard recipes, for cell proliferation, wound healing, cell counting, and cell motility assays using phase contrast movies collected on the BioStation CT and BioStation IM platforms. Similar to application modules, standard recipes are intended to work robustly across a wide range of imaging conditions without requiring customization by the end user. The authors validated the performance of the standard recipes by comparing their performance with truth created manually, or by custom analytics optimized for each individual movie (and therefore yielding the best possible result for the image), and validated by independent review. The validation data show that the standard recipes' performance is comparable with the validated truth with low variation. The data validate that the CL-Quant standard recipes can provide robust results without customization for live-cell assays in broad cell types and laboratory settings.
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15
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Götte M, Hofmann G, Michou-Gallani AI, Glickman JF, Wishart W, Gabriel D. An imaging assay to analyze primary neurons for cellular neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 192:7-16. [PMID: 20620166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-content screening technologies including automated immunostaining, automated image acquisition and automated image analysis have enabled higher throughput of cellular imaging-based assays. Here we used high-content imaging to thoroughly characterize the cultures of primary rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We describe procedures to isolate and cultivate the CGNs in 96-well and 384-well format, as well as a procedure to freeze and thaw the CGNs. These methods allow the use of CGNs in 96-well format analyzing 2500 samples per experiment using freshly isolated cells. Down-scaling to 384-well format and freezing and thawing of the CGNs allow even higher throughput. A cellular assay with rat CGN cultures was established to study the neurotoxicity of compounds in order to filter out toxic compounds at an early phase of drug development. The imaging-based toxicity assay was able to reveal adverse effects of compounds on primary neurons which were not detected in neuroblastoma or other cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Götte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland.
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16
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Gensel JC, Schonberg DL, Alexander JK, McTigue DM, Popovich PG. Semi-automated Sholl analysis for quantifying changes in growth and differentiation of neurons and glia. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 190:71-9. [PMID: 20438758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop therapies that promote growth or remyelination of mammalian CNS axons. Although the feasibility of pre-clinical treatment strategies should be tested in animal models, in vitro assays are usually faster and less expensive. As a result, in vitro models are ideal for screening large numbers of potential therapeutics prior to use in more complex in vivo systems. In 1953, Sholl introduced a technique that is a reliable and sensitive method for quantifying indices of neurite outgrowth. However, application of the technique is limited because it is labor-intensive. Several methods have been developed to reduce the analysis time for the Sholl technique; but these methods require extensive pre-processing of digital images, they introduce user bias or they have not been compared to manual analysis to ensure accuracy. Here we describe a new, semi-automated Sholl technique for quantifying neuronal and glial process morphology. Using MetaMorph, we developed an unbiased analysis protocol that can be performed approximately 3x faster than manual quantification with a comparable level of accuracy regardless of cell morphology. The laborious image processing typical of most computer-aided analysis is avoided by embedding image correction functions into the automated portion of the analysis. The sensitivity and validity of the technique was confirmed by quantifying neuron growth treated with growth factors or oligodendroglial maturation in the presence or absence of thyroid hormone. Thus, this technique provides a rapid and sensitive method for quantifying changes in cell morphology and screening for treatment effects in multiple cell types in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Gensel
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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17
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Frimat JP, Sisnaiske J, Subbiah S, Menne H, Godoy P, Lampen P, Leist M, Franzke J, Hengstler JG, van Thriel C, West J. The network formation assay: a spatially standardized neurite outgrowth analytical display for neurotoxicity screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:701-709. [PMID: 20221557 DOI: 10.1039/b922193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a rapid, reproducible and sensitive neurotoxicity testing platform that combines the benefits of neurite outgrowth analysis with cell patterning. This approach involves patterning neuronal cells within a hexagonal array to standardize the distance between neighbouring cellular nodes, and thereby standardize the length of the neurite interconnections. This feature coupled with defined assay coordinates provides a streamlined display for rapid and sensitive analysis. We have termed this the network formation assay (NFA). To demonstrate the assay we have used a novel cell patterning technique involving thin film poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microcontact printing. Differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells colonized the array with high efficiency, reliably producing pattern occupancies above 70%. The neuronal array surface supported neurite outgrowth, resulting in the formation of an interconnected neuronal network. Exposure to acrylamide, a neurotoxic reference compound, inhibited network formation. A dose-response curve from the NFA was used to determine a 20% network inhibition (NI(20)) value of 260 microM. This concentration was approximately 10-fold lower than the value produced by a routine cell viability assay, and demonstrates that the NFA can distinguish network formation inhibitory effects from gross cytotoxic effects. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI-3K) signaling pathways also produced a dose-dependent reduction in network formation at non-cytotoxic concentrations. To further refine the assay a simulation was developed to manage the impact of pattern occupancy variations on network formation probability. Together these developments and demonstrations highlight the potential of the NFA to meet the demands of high-throughput applications in neurotoxicology and neurodevelopmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Frimat
- ISAS-Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany
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18
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SUN C, VALLOTTON P. Fast linear feature detection using multiple directional non-maximum suppression. J Microsc 2009; 234:147-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Abstract
High-content analysis (HCA) combines automated microscopy and automated image analysis to quantify complex cellular anatomy and biochemistry objectively, accurately and quickly. High-content assays that are applicable to neuroscience include those that can quantify various aspects of dendritic trees, protein aggregation, transcription factor translocation, neurotransmitter receptor internalization, neuron and synapse number, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. The data that are generated by HCA are rich and multiplexed. HCA thus provides a powerful high-throughput tool for neuroscientists.
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20
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Krausz E, Korn K. High-content siRNA screening for target identification and validation. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:551-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.5.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Radio NM, Mundy WR. Developmental neurotoxicity testing in vitro: models for assessing chemical effects on neurite outgrowth. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:361-76. [PMID: 18403021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models may be useful for the rapid toxicological screening of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to produce toxicity. Such screening could facilitate prioritization of resources needed for in vivo toxicity testing towards those chemicals most likely to result in adverse health effects. Cell cultures derived from nervous system tissue have proven to be powerful tools for elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms of nervous system development and function, and have been used to understand the mechanism of action of neurotoxic chemicals. Recently, it has been suggested that in vitro models could be used to screen for chemical effects on critical cellular events of neurodevelopment, including differentiation and neurite growth. This review examines the use of neuronal cell cultures as an in vitro model of neurite outgrowth. Examples of the cell culture systems that are commonly used to examine the effects of chemicals on neurite outgrowth are provided, along with a description of the methods used to quantify this neurodevelopmental process in vitro. Issues relating to the relevance of the methods and models currently used to assess neurite outgrowth are discussed in the context of hazard identification and chemical screening. To demonstrate the utility of in vitro models of neurite outgrowth for the evaluation of large numbers of chemicals, efforts should be made to: (1) develop a set of reference chemicals that can be used as positive and negative controls for comparing neurite outgrowth between model systems, (2) focus on cell cultures of human origin, with emphasis on the emerging area of neural progenitor cells, and (3) use high-throughput methods to quantify endpoints of neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Radio
- Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protections Agency (USEPA), B105-06 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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22
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Yamaguchi H, Kobayashi M, Okada M, Takeuchi T, Unno M, Abe T, Goto J, Hishinuma T, Mano N. Rapid screening of antineoplastic candidates for the human organic anion transporter OATP1B3 substrates using fluorescent probes. Cancer Lett 2007; 260:163-9. [PMID: 18082941 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid screening system has been established to extract novel candidates that exhibit potent inhibition of the transport of fluorescent substrate by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3. OATP1B3 is abundantly expressed in solid digestive organ cancers. Thus, the identification of new substrates leads to novel strategies for effective cancer chemotherapy with minimal adverse effects. We used an automated image acquisition and analysis system (IN Cell Analyzer 1000) to visualize the transport and subsequent accumulation of the fluorescent substrate chenodeoxycholyl-(Nepsilon-NBD)-lysine (CDCA-NBD). Antineoplastic screening demonstrated that five candidates agents, docetaxel, actinomycin D, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, and SN-38, exhibited potent inhibitory effects on OATP1B3-mediated transport of CDCA-NBD. To clarify if these antineoplastic drugs are substrates for OATP1B3, we performed transport assays in OATP1B3-expressing cells. We determined that SN-38 is a novel substrate for OATP1B3. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the screening system established in this study is a useful method for the rapid extraction of candidate therapeutic agents from the large numbers of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Winter K, Metz LHW, Kuska JP, Frerich B. Characteristic quantities of microvascular structures in CLSM volume datasets. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2007; 26:1103-14. [PMID: 17695130 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2007.900379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for fully automated morphological and topological quantification of microvascular structures in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) volume datasets is presented. Several characteristic morphological and topological quantities are calculated in a series of image-processing steps and can be used to compare single components as well as whole networks of microvascular structures to each other. The effect of the individual image-processing steps is illustrated and characteristic quantities of measured volume datasets are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Winter
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Starkuviene V, Pepperkok R. The potential of high-content high-throughput microscopy in drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:62-71. [PMID: 17603554 PMCID: PMC1978277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful method to study protein function in its natural habitat, the living cell. With the availability of the green fluorescent protein and its spectral variants, almost any gene of interest can be fluorescently labelled in living cells opening the possibility to study protein localization, dynamics and interactions. The emergence of automated cellular systems allows rapid visualization of large groups of cells and phenotypic analysis in a quantitative manner. Here, we discuss recent advances in high-content high-throughput microscopy and its potential application to several steps of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Starkuviene
- Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Berlage T. Analyzing and mining automated imaging experiments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:561-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.4.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Rickardson L, Wickström M, Larsson R, Lövborg H. Image-Based Screening for the Identification of Novel Proteasome Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:203-10. [PMID: 17208922 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106297115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is a new, interesting target in cancer drug therapy, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has shown an effect in myeloma patients. It is of interest to efficiently discover and evaluate new proteasome inhibitors. The authors describe the development of an image-based screening assay for the identification of compounds with proteasome-inhibiting activity. The stably transfected human embryo kidney cell line HEK 293 ZsGreen Proteasome Sensor Cell Line expressing the ZsProSensor-1 fusion protein was used for screening and evaluation of proteasome inhibitors. Inhibition of the proteasome leads to accumulation of the green fluorescent protein ZsGreen, which is measured in the ArrayScan® High Content Screening system, in which cell morphology is studied simultaneously. When screening the LOPAC1280 substance library, several compounds with effect on the proteasome were found; among the hits were disulfiram and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC). Cytotoxic analysis of disulfiram and PDTC showed that the compounds induced cytotoxicity in the myeloma cell line RPMI 8226. The average Z' value for the assay was 0.66. The results indicate that the assay rapidly identifies new proteasome-inhibiting substances, and it will be further used as a tool for image-based screening of other chemically diverse compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rickardson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Williams RG, Kandasamy R, Nickischer D, Trask OJ, Laethem C, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Generation and characterization of a stable MK2-EGFP cell line and subsequent development of a high-content imaging assay on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform to screen for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:364-89. [PMID: 17110203 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the generation and characterization of a stable MK2-EGFP expressing HeLa cell line and the subsequent development of a high-content imaging assay on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform to screen for p38 MAPK inhibitors. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activating protein kinase-2 (MK2) is a substrate of p38 MAPK kinase, and p38-induced phosphorylation of MK-2 induces a nucleus to cytoplasm translocation (Engel et al., 1998; Neininger et al., 2001; Zu et al., 1995). Through a process of heterologous expression of a MK2-EGFP fusion protein in HeLa cells using retroviral infection, antibiotic selection, and flow sorting, we were able to isolate a cell line in which the MK2-EGFP translocation response could be robustly quantified on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform using the nuclear translocation algorithm. A series of assay development experiments using the A4-MK2-EGFP-HeLa cell line are described to optimize the assay with respect to cell seeding density, length of anisomycin stimulation, dimethyl sulfoxide tolerance, assay signal window, and reproducibility. The resulting MK2-EGFP translocation assay is compatible with high-throughput screening and was shown to be capable of identifying p38 inhibitors. The MK2-EGF translocation response is susceptible to other classes of inhibitors, including nonselective kinase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors that inhibit upstream kinases in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and kinases involved in cross talk between different modules (ERKs, JNKs, and p38s) of the MAPK signaling pathways. An example of mining "high-content" image-based multiparameter data to extract additional information on the effects of compound treatment of cells is presented.
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Laketa V, Simpson JC, Bechtel S, Wiemann S, Pepperkok R. High-content microscopy identifies new neurite outgrowth regulators. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:242-52. [PMID: 17093056 PMCID: PMC1751310 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons, with their long axons and elaborate dendritic arbour, establish the complex circuitry that is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Whereas a catalogue of structural, molecular, and functional differences between axons and dendrites is accumulating, the mechanisms involved in early events of neuronal differentiation, such as neurite initiation and elongation, are less well understood, mainly because the key molecules involved remain elusive. Here we describe the establishment and application of a microscopy-based approach designed to identify novel proteins involved in neurite initiation and/or elongation. We identified 21 proteins that affected neurite outgrowth when ectopically expressed in cells. Complementary time-lapse microscopy allowed us to discriminate between early and late effector proteins. Localization experiments with GFP-tagged proteins in fixed and living cells revealed a further 14 proteins that associated with neurite tips either early or late during neurite outgrowth. Coexpression experiments of the new effector proteins provide a first glimpse on a possible functional relationship of these proteins during neurite outgrowth. Altogether, we demonstrate the potential of the systematic microscope-based screening approaches described here to tackle the complex biological process of neurite outgrowth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibor Laketa
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory-Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Traditional screening paradigms often focus on single targets. To facilitate drug discovery in the more complex physiological environment of a cell or organism, powerful cellular imaging systems have been developed. The emergence of these detection technologies allows the quantitative analysis of cellular events and visualization of relevant cellular phenotypes. Cellular imaging facilitates the integration of complex biology into the screening process, and addresses both high-content and high-throughput needs. This review describes how cellular imaging technologies contribute to the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lang
- Department of Molecular Screening & Cellular Pharmacology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
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31
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Trask OJ, Baker A, Williams RG, Nickischer D, Kandasamy R, Laethem C, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Assay Development and Case History of a 32K‐Biased Library High‐Content MK2‐EGFP Translocation Screen to Identify p38 Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors on the ArrayScan 3.1 Imaging Platform. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:419-39. [PMID: 17110205 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the conversion and assay development of a 96-well MK2-EGFP translocation assay into a higher density 384-well format high-content assay to be screened on the ArrayScan 3.1 imaging platform. The assay takes advantage of the well-substantiated hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinase-activating protein kinase-2 (MK2) is a substrate of p38 MAPK kinase and that p38-induced phosphorylation of MK-2 induces a nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation. This chapter also presents a case history of the performance of the MK2-EGFP translocation assay, run as a "high-content" screen of a 32K kinase-biased library to identify p38 inhibitors. The assay performed very well and a number of putative p38 inhibitor hits were identified. Through the use of multiparameter data provided by the nuclear translocation algorithm and by checking images, a number of compounds were identified that were potential artifacts due to interference with the imaging format. These included fluorescent compounds, or compounds that dramatically reduced cell numbers due to cytotoxicity or by disrupting cell adherence. A total of 145 compounds produced IC(50) values <50.0 muM in the MK2-EGFP translocation assay, and a cross target query of the Lilly-RTP HTS database confirmed their inhibitory activity against in vitro kinase targets, including p38a. Compounds were confirmed structurally by LCMS analysis and profiled in cell-based imaging assays for MAPK signaling pathway selectivity. Three of the hit scaffolds identified in the MK2-EGFP translocation HCS run on the ArrayScan were selected for a p38a inhibitor hit-to-lead structure activity relationship (SAR) chemistry effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Trask
- Sphinx RTP Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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32
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Price RD, Oe T, Yamaji T, Matsuoka N. A Simple, Flexible, Nonfluorescent System for the Automated Screening of Neurite Outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:155-64. [PMID: 16361696 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105283344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of neurite outgrowth is a common assay of neurotrophic activity. However, currently available techniques for measuring neurite outgrowth are either time or resource intensive. The authors established a system in which chronic treatment of a subcloned SH-SY5Y cell line with aphidicolin and various concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) induced discernable alterations in proliferation and differentiation. Cells were fixed, labeled with a nonfluorescent dye, and evaluated both manually and with an automated analysis system. NGF increased multiple parameters of differentiation, including neurite length, the proportion of cells extending neurites, and branching, as well as promoting cellular survival/proliferation. Interestingly, although NGF treatment increased the total number of branches, it actually decreased the proportion of branches per neurite length. The authors observed no differences in results obtained using the manual and automated systems, but the automated system was orders of magnitude faster. To demonstrate the flexibility of the system, the authors also show that they could measure changes in differentiation induced by a small-molecule Rho kinase inhibitor, as well as by retinoic acid cotreatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In addition to this flexibility, this system does not require specialized equipment or fluorescent antibodies for analysis and therefore provides a less resource-intensive alternative to fluorescence-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
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Abstract
Image mining is the application of computer-based techniques that extract and exploit information from large image sets to support human users in generating knowledge from these sources. This review focuses on biomedical applications, in particular automated imaging at the cellular level. An image database is an interactive software application that combines data management, image analysis and visual data mining. The main characteristic of such a system is a layer that represents objects within an image, and that represents a large spectrum of quantitative and semantic object features. The image analysis needs to be adapted to each particular experiment, so 'end-user programming' will be desirable to make the technology more widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berlage
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany.
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Arrasate M, Finkbeiner S. Automated microscope system for determining factors that predict neuronal fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3840-5. [PMID: 15738408 PMCID: PMC553329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409777102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling cause-and-effect relationships in the nervous system is challenging because some biological processes begin stochastically, take a significant amount of time to unfold, and affect small neuronal subpopulations that can be difficult to isolate and measure. Single-cell approaches are slow, subject to user bias, and sometimes too laborious to achieve sample sizes large enough to detect important effects. Here, we describe an automated imaging and analysis system that enables us to follow the fates of individual cells and intracellular proteins over time. Observations can be quantified in a high-throughput manner with minimal user bias. We have adapted survival analysis methods to determine whether and how factors measured during longitudinal analysis predict a particular biological outcome. The ability to monitor complex processes at single-cell resolution quickly, quantitatively, and over long intervals should have wide applications for biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Arrasate
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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35
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Abstract
Image-based screening (IBS) has proven itself with whole-well assays in which throughput and assay miniaturization are priorities. Recent interest, however, has centered upon the use of automated imaging technology to conduct assays at subcellular resolution. These in vitro assays have the potential to increase lead quality at early stages in drug discovery. Subcellular IBS is not yet mature and, although some assays provide reliable data at reasonable throughput, many others have yet to demonstrate robust application. Developments in image acquisition, analysis and informatics technologies are ongoing and are expected to broaden the usefulness of subcellular IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ramm
- Invicta Research Inc., 290 Riverview Boulevard, St Catharines, ON L2T 3N4, Canada.
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36
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Bani-Yaghoub M, Tremblay R, Voicu R, Mealing G, Monette R, Py C, Faid K, Sikorska M. Neurogenesis and neuronal communication on micropatterned neurochips. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:336-45. [PMID: 16094670 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks are formed by accurate connectivity of neurons and glial cells in the brain. These networks employ a three-dimensional bio-surface that both assigns precise coordinates to cells during development and facilitates their connectivity and functionality throughout life. Using specific topographic and chemical features, we have taken steps towards the development of poly(dimethylsiloxane; PDMS) neurochips that can be used to generate and study synthetic neural networks. These neurochips have micropatterned structures that permit adequate cell positioning and support cell survival. Within days of plating, cells differentiate into neurons displaying excitability and communication, as evidenced by intracellular calcium oscillations and action potentials. The structural and functional capacities of such simple neural networks open up new opportunities to study synaptic communication and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub
- Neurogenesis & Brain Repair Group, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Evans DM, Azorsa DO, Mousses S. Genome scale cytometry: High content analysis for high throughput RNAi phenotype profiling. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2005; 2:141-147. [PMID: 24981841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combination of RNAi-mediated knockdown of gene expression and high content screening (HCS) allows the determination of the contribution of single genes to a variety of cellular effects varying between growth and survival to subtle alterations in cellular morphology and phenotype. This review examines the current status of research in combining these tools.:
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Evans
- Cancer Drug Development Laboratory, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 20, Firstfield Rd, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - David O Azorsa
- Cancer Drug Development Laboratory, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 20, Firstfield Rd, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Spyro Mousses
- Cancer Drug Development Laboratory, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 20, Firstfield Rd, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Ramm P, Thomas N. Image-based screening of signal transduction assays. SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2003; 2003:PE14. [PMID: 12684527 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2003.177.pe14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Imaging techniques have played a vital role in signal transduction research over several decades. Recently, industrialized macro- and micro-imaging systems have found application in drug discovery laboratories, where they increase the throughput and efficiency of drug screening. Macro-imagers are used for primary screening, where they favor compound conservation (through assay miniaturization), and achieve unprecedented rates of throughput. Micro-imaging systems achieve relatively high throughput, at the same time providing sub-cellular resolution with fixed or living cells. These micro-imaging analyses were previously conducted at very low throughput and, typically, were the sole domain of the academic researcher. Although both macro and micro forms of image-based screening remain technologies in development, they have already made substantial contributions to screening programs and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ramm
- Imaging Research, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharine's, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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