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Jia H, Hu L, Zhang J, Huang X, Jiang Y, Dong G, Liu C, Liu X, Kim M, Zhan P. Recent advances of phenotypic screening strategies in the application of anti-influenza virus drug discovery. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:70-80. [PMID: 38283223 PMCID: PMC10809416 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00513e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections not only pose a serious threat to human health but also cause tremendous economic losses and social burdens. However, due to the inherent high variability of influenza virus RNA genomes, the existing anti-influenza virus drugs have been frequently faced with the clinical issue of emerging drug-resistant mutants. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and broad-spectrum antiviral agents against wild-type and drug-resistant mutant strains. Phenotypic screening has been widely employed as a reliable strategy to evaluate antiviral efficacy of novel agents independent of their modes of action, either directly targeting viral proteins or regulating cellular factors involved in the virus life cycle. Here, from the point of view of medicinal chemistry, we review the research progress of phenotypic screening strategies by focusing direct acting antivirals against influenza virus. It could provide scientific insights into discovery of a distinctive class of therapeutic candidates that ensure high efficiency but low cytotoxicity, and address issues from circulation of drug-resistant influenza viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Yuanmin Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Guanyu Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
- Suzhou Research Institute of Shandong University Room 607, Building B of NUSP, No. 388 Ruoshui Road, SIP Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Daejeon 34114 Korea
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong P.R. China
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Martinez-Gzegozewska Y, Rasmussen L, McKellip S, Manuvakhova A, Nebane NM, Reece AJ, Ruiz P, Sosa M, Bostwick R, Vinson P. High-Throughput cell-based immunofluorescence assays against influenza. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:66-76. [PMID: 37925159 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid drug discovery response to influenza outbreaks with the potential to reach pandemic status could help minimize the virus's impact by reducing the time to identify anti-influenza drugs. Although several anti-influenza strategies have been considered in the search for new drugs, only a few therapeutic agents are approved for clinical use. The cytopathic effect induced by the influenza virus in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells has been widely used for high-throughput anti-influenza drug screening, but the fact that the MDCK cells are not human cells constitutes a disadvantage when searching for new therapeutic agents for human use. We have developed a highly sensitive cell-based imaging assay for the identification of inhibitors of influenza A and B virus that is high-throughput compatible using the A549 human cell line. The assay has also been optimized for the assessment of the neutralizing effect of anti-influenza antibodies in the absence of trypsin, which allows testing of purified antibodies and serum samples. This assay platform can be applied to full high-throughput screening campaigns or later stages requiring quantitative potency determinations for structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanka Martinez-Gzegozewska
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Sara McKellip
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Anna Manuvakhova
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - N Miranda Nebane
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Andrew J Reece
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Pedro Ruiz
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Melinda Sosa
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Paige Vinson
- Scientific Platforms Division, Southern Research, High-Throughput Screening Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Abuelizz HA, Bakheit AH, Marzouk M, El-Senousy WM, Abdellatif MM, Ali EE, Mostafa GAE, Al-Salahi R. Biological Investigation of 2-Thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolines against Adenovirus Type 7 and Bacteriophage Phi X174: An In Vitro Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3787-3800. [PMID: 37232713 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity caused by viruses are a global health problems. Therefore, there is always a need to create novel therapeutic agents and refine existing ones to maximize their efficacy. Our lab has produced benzoquinazolines derivatives that have proven effective activity as antiviral compounds against herpes simplex (HSV 1 and 2), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and hepatitis viruses (HAV and HCV). This in vitro study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of benzoquinazoline derivatives 1-16 against adenovirus type 7 and bacteriophage phiX174 using a plaque assay. The cytotoxicity against adenovirus type 7 was also performed in vitro, using a MTT assay. Most of the compounds exhibited antiviral activity against bacteriophage phiX174. However, compounds 1, 3, 9, and 11 showed statistically significant reductions of 60-70% against bacteriophage phiX174. By contrast, compounds 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, and 15 were ineffective against adenovirus type 7, and compounds 6 and 16 had remarkable efficacy (50%). Using the MOE-Site Finder Module, a docking study was carried out in order to create a prediction regarding the orientation of the lead compounds (1, 9, and 11). This was performed in order to investigate the activity of the lead compounds 1, 9, and 11 against the bacteriophage phiX174 by locating the ligand-target protein binding interaction active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Chemistry of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, Organic Chemicals Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Waled M El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdellatif
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Essam E Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Significant pharmacological activities of benzoquinazolines scaffold. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:223-235. [PMID: 36740656 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzoquinazolines, the essential constituents of numerous well-known heterocyclic systems, have occupied a prominent position and played a significant part in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds. The wide range of pharmacological effects attributed to benzoquinazolines has been the subject of extensive study. These include their roles as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-monoamine oxidase, anticonvulsant, antiviral, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antineoplastic, antituberculosis, antiplatelet, and antiphlogistic agents. This work provides an attempt at a literature review of the pharmacological activities of benzoquinazoline derivatives, including an up-to-date account of recent research findings, and suggests avenues for future exploration in the pursuit of more potent and specific analogues for a wide range of biological targets using this platform.
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Antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulatory potential of new quinazolines bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:275-290. [PMID: 36891994 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides are privileged candidates with potent anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity and could replenish the MRSA antibiotic pipeline. The initial screening of a series of quinazolinone benzenesulfonamide derivatives 5-18 against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal strains revealed their potent activity. The promising compounds were conjugated with ZnONPs to study the effect of nanoparticle formation on the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity. Compounds 5, 11, 16 and 18 revealed promising antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities with superior safety profiles and enhanced activity upon nanoformulation. The immunomodulatory potential of compounds 5, 11, 16 and 18 was assessed. Compounds 5 and 11 demonstrated an increase in spleen and thymus weight and boosted the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, confirming their promising antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity.
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Zubair MS, Khairunisa SQ, Sulastri E, Ihwan, Widodo A, Nasronudin, Pitopang R. Antioxidant and antiviral potency of Begonia medicinalis fractions. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:845-851. [PMID: 34214356 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and antiviral potency of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and, water fractions of Begonia medicinalis Ardi & D.C.Thomas as well as to identify the chemical constituents. METHODS Assays for antioxidant and antiviral activity (HIV-1) were carried out on MT-4 cells infected with HIV using the DPPH method and the determination of the cytopathic effect. Meanwhile, GC-MS was used to identify the chemical compounds. RESULTS The determination of antioxidants showed that all fractions possessed potent activity with the IC50 ranging from 2.61 to 8.26 μg/mL. From the antiviral activity of MT-4 cells infected by HIV, the n-hexane fraction of B. medicinalis showed the most potency with the IC50 of 0.04 ± 0.05 μg/mL. It has less cytotoxicity (11.08 ± 4.60 μg/mL) affording the high selectivity index of 238.80. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of n-hexane fraction found the major compound of carboxylic acid derivate with the area percentage of 76.4% and the presence of phenolic compounds (8.38%). Meanwhile, in water fraction, terpenoids were found in a higher concentration (10.05%) than others. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study supports the application of B. medicinalis as a herbal medicine for antioxidant and antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evi Sulastri
- Department of Pharmacy, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
| | - Ihwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
| | | | - Nasronudin
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Antiviral screening on Alpinia eremochlamys, Etlingera flexuosa, and Etlingera acanthoides extracts against HIV-infected MT-4 cells. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06710. [PMID: 33869876 PMCID: PMC8045043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum, Etlingera flexuosa A.D. Poulsen, and Etlingera acanthoides A.D. Poulsen are endemic Zingiberaceae plants from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study is the first report on screening the potential antiviral activity of ethanol extracts of the leaves, pseudostems, and rhizomes parts on HIV-infected MT-4 cells and identifying chemical constituents by GC-MS. The plants were extracted by the maceration method using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The antiviral activity was measured using Viral-ToxGlo colorimetric method and using the extracts at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1000 μg/mL. GC-MS was used to identify the secondary metabolites of potential extracts. The results showed that ethanol extract of E. acanthoides rhizome was the most potent antiviral activity (IC50 of 1.74 ± 2.46 μg/mL) and less toxic on lymphocyte (MT-4) cells (CC50 of 204.90 ± 106.35 μg/mL), affording the highest value of selectivity index (SI) of 117.76. A. eremochlamys rhizomes also showed promising antiviral activity with IC50 of 64.18 ± 2.58 μg/mL and no toxicity on MT-4 cells affording a high SI value 19.05. Preliminary GC-MS identification showed the presence of terpenoids and fatty acids as major compounds. Zerumbone, ar-turmerone, caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were also detected. Chemical constituents identified by GC-MS might be responsible for the antiviral activity of extracts, suggesting further isolation and antiviral testing of the purified compounds.
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Yu Y, Tazeem, Xu Z, Du L, Jin M, Dong C, Zhou HB, Wu S. Design and synthesis of heteroaromatic-based benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent inhibitors of H5N1 influenza A virus. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:89-100. [PMID: 31559005 PMCID: PMC6735340 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00474a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an enveloped negative single-stranded RNA virus that causes febrile respiratory infection and represents a clinically challenging threat to human health and even lives worldwide. Even more alarming is the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains such as H5N1, which possess much higher mortality rate (60%) than seasonal influenza strains in human infection. In this study, a novel series of heteroaromatic-based benzenesulfonamide derivatives were identified as M2 proton channel inhibitors. A systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationships and a molecular docking study demonstrated that the sulfonamide moiety and 2,5-dimethyl-substituted thiophene as the core structure played significant roles in the anti-influenza activity. Among the derivatives, compound 11k exhibited excellent antiviral activity against H5N1 virus with an EC50 value of 0.47 μM and selectivity index of 119.9, which are comparable to those of the reference drug amantadine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Tazeem
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
- Department of Chemistry , Shia P. G. College (University of Lucknow) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 226020 , India
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Liaoqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
| | - Mengyu Jin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Chune Dong
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Hai-Bing Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals , Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China .
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , College of Life Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China .
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Xu W, Xia S, Pu J, Wang Q, Li P, Lu L, Jiang S. The Antihistamine Drugs Carbinoxamine Maleate and Chlorpheniramine Maleate Exhibit Potent Antiviral Activity Against a Broad Spectrum of Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2643. [PMID: 30459739 PMCID: PMC6232386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) comprise some of the most common infectious pathogens in humans, and they cause significant mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised people as well as children and the elderly. After screening an FDA-approved drug library containing 1280 compounds by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using the Cell Counting Kit-8, we found two antihistamines, carbinoxamine maleate (CAM) and S-(+)-chlorpheniramine maleate (SCM) with potent antiviral activity against A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9) infection with IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 3.56 and 11.84 μM, respectively. Further studies showed that CAM and SCM could also inhibit infection by other influenza A viruses, including A/Shanghai/37T/2009(H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1), A/Guizhou/54/1989(H3N2), and one influenza B virus, B/Shanghai/2017(BY). Mice were challenged intranasally with A/H7N9/4664T/2013 (H7N9) virus and intraperitoneally injected with CAM (10 mg/kg per day) or SCM (1 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. CAM or SCM (10 mg/kg per day) were fully protected against challenge with A/Shanghai/4664T/2013(H7N9). The results from mechanistic studies indicate that both could inhibit influenza virus infection by blocking viral entry into the target cell, the early stage of virus life cycle. However, CAM and SCM neither blocked virus attachment, characteristic of HA activity, nor virus release, characteristic of NA activity. Such data suggest that these two compounds may interfere with the endocytosis process. Thus, we have identified two FDA-approved antihistamine drugs, CAM and SCM, which can be repurposed for inhibiting infection by divergent influenza A strains and one influenza B strain with potential to be used for treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Pu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Clyde N, Wright S, Peterson C, Jung KH, Day CW. Evaluation of cell viability dyes in antiviral assays with RNA viruses that exhibit different cytopathogenic properties. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:51-57. [PMID: 28359770 PMCID: PMC5479350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the performance of four dyes in assessing antiviral activities of compounds against three RNA viruses with differing cytopathogenic properties. Dyes included alamarBlue® measured by absorbance (ALB-A) and fluorescence (ALB-F), neutral red (NR), Viral ToxGlo™ (VTG), and WST-1. Viruses were chikungunya, dengue type 2, and Junin, which generally cause 100, 80-90, and 50% maximal cytopathic effect (CPE), respectively, in Vero or Vero 76 cells Compounds evaluated were 6-azauridine, BCX-4430, 3-deazaguanine, EICAR, favipiravir, infergen, mycophenolic acid (MPA), ribavirin, and tiazofurin. The 50% virus-inhibitory (EC50) values for each inhibitor and virus combination did not vary significantly based on the dye used. However, dyes varied in distinguishing the vitality of virus-infected cultures when not all cells were killed by virus infection. For example, VTG uptake into dengue-infected cells was nearly 50% when visual examination showed only 10-20% cell survival. ALB-A measured infected cell viability differently than ALB-F as follows: 16% versus 32% (dengue-infected), respectively, and 51% versus 72% (Junin-infected), respectively. Cytotoxicity (CC50) assays with dyes in uninfected proliferating cells produced similar CC50 values for EICAR (1.5-8.9μM) and MPA (0.8-2.5μM). 6-Azauridine toxicity was 6.1-17.5μM with NR, VTG, and WST-1, compared to 48-92μM with ALB-A and ALB-F (P<0.001). Curiously, the CC50 values for 3-deazaguanine were 83-93μM with ALB-F versus 2.4-7.0μM with all other dyes including ALB-A (P<0.001). Overall, ALB minimized the toxicities detected with these two inhibitors. Because the choice of dyes affected CC50 values, this impacted on the resulting in vitro selectivity indexes (calculated as CC50/EC50 ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Nathan Clyde
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Sean Wright
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Christopher Peterson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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Al-Salahi R, Abuelizz HA, Ghabbour HA, El-Dib R, Marzouk M. Molecular docking study and antiviral evaluation of 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 27099618 PMCID: PMC4837545 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistent appearance of viral strains that causes a resistant viral infection has led to continuous trials for the design and development of novel antiviral compounds. Benzoquinazoline compounds have been reported to exhibit an interesting antiviral activity. This work aims to study and evaluate the antiviral activity of a newly prepared 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one series against herpes simplex (HSV-1 & 2) and coxsackievirus (CVB4). METHODS The antiviral activity was performed using the MTT assay, in which Vero cells (obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) were propagated in fresh Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and challenged with 10(4) doses of the virus. Thereafter, the cultures were treated simultaneously with two-fold serial dilutions of the tested compound and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Molecular docking studies were done on the CVB4 2A proteinase enzyme using Molegro Virtual Docker software. RESULTS The cytotoxicity (CC50), effective concentration (EC50) and the selectivity index (SI) values were determined. Based on their EC50 values, a number of the investigated compounds demonstrated weak to moderate activity relative to their parents. Accordingly, compounds 5-9, 11, 15-18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 were active against CVB4, and compounds 5 and 24 were active against HSV-1 and 2 in comparison to ribavirin and acyclovir, which were used as reference drugs. CONCLUSION The obtained results gave us some useful insights about the characteristic requirements for future trials to build up and design more active and selective antiviral 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one agents.Graphical abstractCompound 24 superimposed with Ribavirin in CV B4 2A Proteinase enzyme (PDB: 1Z8R) active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab El-Dib
- />Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495 Saudi Arabia
- />Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- />Chemistry of Natural Products Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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12
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Nowak M, Malinowski Z, Fornal E, Jóźwiak A, Parfieniuk E, Gajek G, Kontek R. Substituted benzoquinazolinones. Part 2: Synthesis of amino-, and sulfanyl-derivatives of benzo[f]- and benzo[h]quinazolinones. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Rasmussen L, Tigabu B, White EL, Bostwick R, Tower N, Bukreyev A, Rockx B, LeDuc JW, Noah JW. Adapting high-throughput screening methods and assays for biocontainment laboratories. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:44-54. [PMID: 25710545 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) has been integrated into the drug discovery process, and multiple assay formats have been widely used in many different disease areas but with limited focus on infectious agents. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of HTS campaigns using infectious wild-type pathogens rather than surrogates or biochemical pathogen-derived targets. Concurrently, enhanced emerging pathogen surveillance and increased human mobility have resulted in an increase in the emergence and dissemination of infectious human pathogens with serious public health, economic, and social implications at global levels. Adapting the HTS drug discovery process to biocontainment laboratories to develop new drugs for these previously uncharacterized and highly pathogenic agents is now feasible, but HTS at higher biosafety levels (BSL) presents a number of unique challenges. HTS has been conducted with multiple bacterial and viral pathogens at both BSL-2 and BSL-3, and pilot screens have recently been extended to BSL-4 environments for both Nipah and Ebola viruses. These recent successful efforts demonstrate that HTS can be safely conducted at the highest levels of biological containment. This review outlines the specific issues that must be considered in the execution of an HTS drug discovery program for high-containment pathogens. We present an overview of the requirements for HTS in high-level biocontainment laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rasmussen
- 1 Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, Alabama
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14
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Liu S, Wang W, Jiang L, Wan S, Zhang L, Yu R, Jiang T. 2-Pyridinyl-4(3H)-Quinazolinone: A Scaffold for Anti-influenza A Virus Compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1221-5. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Long Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
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15
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Al-Salahi R, Marzouk M, A. El Dib R. Synthesis and in vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of New 2-Thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Preclinical activity of VX-787, a first-in-class, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1569-82. [PMID: 25547360 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04623-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
VX-787 is a novel inhibitor of influenza virus replication that blocks the PB2 cap-snatching activity of the influenza viral polymerase complex. Viral genetics and X-ray crystallography studies provide support for the idea that VX-787 occupies the 7-methyl GTP (m(7)GTP) cap-binding site of PB2. VX-787 binds the cap-binding domain of the PB2 subunit with a KD (dissociation constant) of 24 nM as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The cell-based EC50 (the concentration of compound that ensures 50% cell viability of an uninfected control) for VX-787 is 1.6 nM in a cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, with a similar EC50 in a viral RNA replication assay. VX-787 is active against a diverse panel of influenza A virus strains, including H1N1pdm09 and H5N1 strains, as well as strains with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). VX-787 was highly efficacious in both prophylaxis and treatment models of mouse influenza and was superior to the neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir, including in delayed-start-to-treat experiments, with 100% survival at up to 96 h postinfection and partial survival in groups where the initiation of therapy was delayed up to 120 h postinfection. At different doses, VX-787 showed a 1-log to >5-log reduction in viral load (relative to vehicle controls) in mouse lungs. Overall, these favorable findings validate the PB2 subunit of the viral polymerase as a drug target for influenza therapy and support the continued development of VX-787 as a novel antiviral agent for the treatment of influenza infection.
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17
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Kelesidis T, Mastoris I, Metsini A, Tsiodras S. How to approach and treat viral infections in ICU patients. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:321. [PMID: 25431007 PMCID: PMC4289200 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe viral infections are often hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) and recent studies underline the frequency of viral detection in ICU patients. Viral infections in the ICU often involve the respiratory or the central nervous system and can cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. The mainstay of therapy of viral infections is supportive care and antiviral therapy when available. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral infection has provided great potential for the discovery of new antiviral agents that target viral proteins or host proteins that regulate immunity and are involved in the viral life cycle. These novel treatments need to be further validated in animal and human randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 1 Rimini Street, GR-12462 Haidari, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Patil P, Khoury K, Herdtweck E, Dömling A. A universal isocyanide for diverse heterocycle syntheses. Org Lett 2014; 16:5736-9. [PMID: 25351886 PMCID: PMC4227542 DOI: 10.1021/ol5024882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Novel scaffolds are
of uttermost importance for the discovery of
functional material. Three different heterocyclic scaffolds easily
accessible from isocyanoacetaldehyde dimethylacetal 1 by multicomponent reaction (MCR) are described. They can
be efficiently synthesized by a Ugi tetrazole multicomponent reaction
of 1. We discuss the synthesis, 3D structures, and other
physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patil
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Beyleveld G, White KM, Ayllon J, Shaw ML. New-generation screening assays for the detection of anti-influenza compounds targeting viral and host functions. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:120-32. [PMID: 23933115 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current options for influenza antiviral therapy are limited to the neuraminidase inhibitors, and knowledge that high levels of oseltamivir resistance have been seen among previously circulating H1N1 viruses increases the urgency to find new influenza therapeutics. To feed this pipeline, assays that are appropriate for use in high-throughput screens are being developed and are discussed in this review. Particular emphasis is placed on cell-based assays that capture both inhibitors of viral functions as well as the host functions that facilitate optimal influenza virus replication. Success in this area has been fueled by a greater understanding of the genome structure of influenza viruses and the ability to generate replication-competent recombinant viruses that carry a reporter gene, allowing for easy monitoring of viral infection in a high-throughput setting. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Treatment of influenza: targeting the virus or the host."
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Beyleveld
- Department of Microbiology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Dai JP, Zhao XF, Zeng J, Wan QY, Yang JC, Li WZ, Chen XX, Wang GF, Li KS. Drug screening for autophagy inhibitors based on the dissociation of Beclin1-Bcl2 complex using BiFC technique and mechanism of eugenol on anti-influenza A virus activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61026. [PMID: 23613775 PMCID: PMC3628889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in many human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and virus infection, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), influenza A virus (IAV) and coxsackievirus B3/B4 (CVB3/B4), so a drug screening model targeting autophagy may be very useful for the therapy of these diseases. In our study, we established a drug screening model based on the inhibition of the dissociation of Beclin1-Bcl2 heterodimer, an important negative regulator of autophagy, using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technique for developing novel autophagy inhibitors and anti-IAV agents. From 86 examples of traditional Chinese medicines, we found Syzygium aromaticum L. had the best activity. We then determined the anti-autophagy and anti-IAV activity of eugenol, the major active compound of Syzygium aromaticum L., and explored its mechanism of action. Eugenol could inhibit autophagy and IAV replication, inhibited the activation of ERK, p38MAPK and IKK/NF-κB signal pathways and antagonized the effects of the activators of these pathways. Eugenol also ameliorated the oxidative stress and inhibited the expressions of autophagic genes. We speculated that the mechanism underlying might be that eugenol inhibited the oxidative stress and the activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK and IKK/NF-κB pathways, subsequently inhibited the dissociation of Beclin1-Bcl2 heterodimer and autophagy, and finally impaired IAV replication. These results might conversely display the reasonableness of the design of our screening model. In conclusion, we have established a drug screening model for developing novel autophagy inhibitor, and find eugenol as a promising inhibitor for autophagy and IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-Ying Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Cai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (G-FW); (K-SL)
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (G-FW); (K-SL)
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21
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Huang S, Yu C, Cheng G, Chen Y. Detection of single influenza viral RNA in cells using a polymeric sequence probe. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8118-21. [PMID: 22978816 DOI: 10.1021/ac3023873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A polynucleotide probe, call a polymeric sequence probe (PSP), was used to detect influenza A (Influenza A/WSN/33) NA (Neuraminidase) viral RNA in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The PSP is a single-stranded DNA molecule with ~2,000 tandem repeat fluorescence binding sites and target binding sites that can bind with multiple fluorescence complementary oligos and target viral RNA using a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) process. A single viral RNA labeled by PSP can be directly observed in MDCK cells. The simple FISH protocol enables the observation and quantitative analysis of the infectious process and drug effects with ultrahigh sensitivity and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxian Huang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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22
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Day CW. D282, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of influenza virus infection that interferes with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antivir Chem Chemother 2012; 22:263-72. [PMID: 22516927 DOI: 10.3851/imp2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of novel influenza virus inhibitors remains an important priority in light of the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Toward this end, a library of over 6,000 compounds was tested for antiviral activity. METHODS Strains of influenza virus were evaluated by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and virus yield reduction assays. Intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pools were analysed by strong anion exchange HPLC. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibition assays were conducted. Influenza virus-infected mice were treated for 5 days with D282. RESULTS A non-nucleoside, 4-[(4-butylphenyl)amino]-2-methylene-4-oxo-butanoic acid (D282), was discovered that inhibited influenza A and B virus CPE by 50% at 6-31 μM (giving selectivity indices of >13 to >67, based on cytotoxicity of >400 µM in stationary cell cultures). Ribavirin (positive control) was active at 14-44 µM (yielding selectivity indices of >9 to >29, with >400 µM toxicity). D282 and ribavirin inhibited virus yield by 90% at 9.5 ±3.3 and 10.8 ±3.2 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of D282 in vitro was reversed by addition of uridine, cytidine and orotic acid. D282 exhibited an uncompetitive inhibition of mouse liver dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (inhibitor constant [Ki] of 2.3 ±0.9 µM, Michaelis constant [Km] of 150 ±16 µM). Because cellular pyrimidine biosynthesis was inhibited, D282-treated cells had decreased uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate levels. D282 (≤100 mg/kg/day) failed to prevent death of mice infected with influenza. CONCLUSIONS D282 was active against influenza A and B viruses by inhibiting de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Although effective in vitro, the compound, like others in its class, was devoid of antiviral activity in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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23
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Bliu A, Lemieux M, Li C, Li X, Wang J, Farnsworth A. Modifying the thermostability of inactivated influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:5506-11. [PMID: 22749603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses spread rapidly, resulting in significant annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, the most effective public health measure against infection is immunisation with an influenza vaccine matching the relevant circulating influenza strains. Although a number of developments in terms of influenza vaccine production, safety and immunogenicity have been reported, limitations in our understanding of vaccine stability still exist. In this report we seek to identify compounds that increase influenza vaccine thermostability. METHODS We use plaque inhibition on confluent MDCK cells to identify compounds which inhibit the entry of various seed strain viruses. The effect of these compounds on vaccine thermal lability is evaluated through SRID analysis. The significance of these results is tested by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. RESULTS We identify two compounds which selectively inhibit entry of different group I or group II influenza strains through prevention of the neutral-pH to low-pH conformational change of hemagglutinin. Compounds which were able to inhibit virus entry were also able to limit thermally induced potency loss in matched influenza vaccines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect is independent of product formulation or the presence of multiple HA types. CONCLUSIONS This work provides further evidence for a link between HA conformational stability in the virus and thermostability of the corresponding vaccine preparation. It also suggests straightforward approaches to improve the stability and predictability of influenza vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bliu
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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24
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Atkins C, Evans CW, White EL, Noah JW. Screening methods for influenza antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:429-38. [PMID: 22435452 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.674510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza antiviral high-throughput screens have been extensive, and yet no approved influenza antivirals have been identified through high-throughput screening. This underscores the idea that development of successful screens should focus on the exploitation of the underrepresented viral targets and novel, therapeutic host targets. AREAS COVERED The authors review conventional screening applications and emerging technologies with the potential to enhance influenza antiviral discovery. Real-world examples from the authors' work in biocontained environments are also provided. Future innovations are discussed, including the use of targeted libraries, multiplexed assays, proximity-based endpoint methods, non-laboratory-adapted virus strains, and primary cells, for immediate physiological relevance and translational applications. EXPERT OPINION The lack of successful anti-influenza drug discovery using high-throughput screening should not deter future efforts. Increased understanding of the functions of viral targets and host-pathogen interactions has broadened the target reservoir. Future screening efforts should focus on identifying new drugs against unexploited viral and host targets using currently developed assays, and on the development of novel, innovative assays to discover new drugs with novel mechanisms. Innovative screens must be designed to identify compounds that specifically inhibit protein-protein or protein-RNA interactions or other virus/host factor interactions that are crucial for viral replication. Finally, the use of recent viral isolates, increased biocontainment (for highly-pathogenic strains), primary cell lines, and targeted compound libraries must converge in efficient high-throughput primary screens to generate high-content, physiologically-relevant data on compounds with robust antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Atkins
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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25
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Dai JP, Li WZ, Zhao XF, Wang GF, Yang JC, Zhang L, Chen XX, Xu YX, Li KS. A drug screening method based on the autophagy pathway and studies of the mechanism of evodiamine against influenza A virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42706. [PMID: 22900043 PMCID: PMC3416798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we have established a drug screening method based on the autophagy signal pathway using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BiFC-FRET) technique to develop novel anti-influenza A virus (IAV) drugs. We selected Evodia rutaecarpa Benth out of 83 examples of traditional Chinese medicine and explored the mechanisms of evodiamine, the major active component of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth, on anti-IAV activity. Our results showed that evodiamine could significantly inhibit IAV replication, as determined by a plaque inhibition assay, an IAV vRNA promoter luciferase reporter assay and the Sulforhodamine B method using cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction. Additionally, evodiamine could significantly inhibit the accumulation of LC3-II and p62, and the dot-like aggregation of EGFP-LC3. This compound also inhibited the formation of the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 heterotrimer, the expressions of Atg5, Atg7 and Atg12, and the cytokine release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 after IAV infection. Evodiamine inhibited IAV-induced autophagy was also dependent on its action on the AMPK/TSC2/mTOR signal pathway. In conclusion, we have established a new drug screening method, and selected evodiamine as a promising anti-IAV compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Feng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Cai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Xuan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Plasmid-based reverse genetics systems allow the artificial generation of viruses with cloned cDNA-derived genomes. Since the establishment of such systems for influenza virus, numerous attempts have been made to tame this pathogenic agent. In particular, several types of viruses expressing foreign genes have been generated and used to further our knowledge of influenza virus replication and pathogenicity and to develop novel influenza vaccines. Here, we review these achievements and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozawa
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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