1
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Allerton CMN, Arcari JT, Aschenbrenner LM, Avery M, Bechle BM, Behzadi MA, Boras B, Buzon LM, Cardin RD, Catlin NR, Carlo AA, Coffman KJ, Dantonio A, Di L, Eng H, Farley KA, Ferre RA, Gernhardt SS, Gibson SA, Greasley SE, Greenfield SR, Hurst BL, Kalgutkar AS, Kimoto E, Lanyon LF, Lovett GH, Lian Y, Liu W, Martínez Alsina LA, Noell S, Obach RS, Owen DR, Patel NC, Rai DK, Reese MR, Rothan HA, Sakata S, Sammons MF, Sathish JG, Sharma R, Steppan CM, Tuttle JB, Verhoest PR, Wei L, Yang Q, Yurgelonis I, Zhu Y. A Second-Generation Oral SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitor Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of COVID-19. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38687966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite the record-breaking discovery, development and approval of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics such as Paxlovid, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remained the fourth leading cause of death in the world and third highest in the United States in 2022. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of PF-07817883, a second-generation, orally bioavailable, SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with improved metabolic stability versus nirmatrelvir, the antiviral component of the ritonavir-boosted therapy Paxlovid. We demonstrate the in vitro pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and off-target selectivity profile of PF-07817883. PF-07817883 also demonstrated oral efficacy in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model at plasma concentrations equivalent to nirmatrelvir. The preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies in human matrices are suggestive of improved oral pharmacokinetics for PF-07817883 in humans, relative to nirmatrelvir. In vitro inhibition/induction studies against major human drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters suggest a low potential for perpetrator drug-drug interactions upon single-agent use of PF-07817883.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel T Arcari
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Melissa Avery
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce M Bechle
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Britton Boras
- Pfizer Research & Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Leanne M Buzon
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Pfizer Research & Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Natasha R Catlin
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anthony A Carlo
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen J Coffman
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alyssa Dantonio
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen A Farley
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rose Ann Ferre
- Pfizer Research & Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Scott A Gibson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | | | | | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gabrielle H Lovett
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yajing Lian
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Pfizer Research & Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dafydd R Owen
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nandini C Patel
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hussin A Rothan
- Pfizer Research & Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Sylvie Sakata
- Pfizer Research & Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew F Sammons
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jean G Sathish
- Pfizer Research & Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R Verhoest
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Irina Yurgelonis
- Pfizer Research & Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Yuao Zhu
- Pfizer Research & Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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2
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Honda-Okubo Y, Bart Tarbet E, Hurst BL, Petrovsky N. An Advax-CpG adjuvanted recombinant H5 hemagglutinin vaccine protects mice against lethal influenza infection. Vaccine 2023; 41:5730-5741. [PMID: 37567799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a major unmet need for strategies to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza strains with pandemic potential. This study tested the ability of adjuvants based on delta inulin (Advax™) alone or combined with a TLR9 agonist (Advax-CpG™) to enhance the immunogenicity of recombinant H5 hemagglutinin antigen expressed in insect cells (rH5HA) to protect mice against lethal influenza infection. The Advax-adjuvanted rH5HA induced high serum hemagglutination inhibition activity, as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokine secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells. Immunization protected mice against a lethal heterosubtypic H5N1 virus challenge. Mice immunized with an Advax-adjuvanted rHA2 stem antigen prepared by enzymatic cleavage of rH5HA produced serum antibodies devoid of hemagglutination inhibition activity, but these anti-HA2 antibodies were nevertheless able to transfer protection against lethal H1N1 or H3N2 infections to naïve mice. We hypothesize that the enhanced protection afforded by Advax-adjuvanted rH5HA may be mediated by the combination of neutralizing antibodies directed at the HA head, anti-HA2 stem antibodies plus memory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. This outcome supports further development of the Advax-adjuvanted rH5 pandemic influenza vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Adelaide, SA 5046, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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3
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Honda-Okubo Y, Sakala IG, André G, Tarbet EB, Hurst BL, Petrovsky N. An Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine provides immunity against H7N9 influenza in adult and neonatal mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:5592-5602. [PMID: 37532610 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a major unmet need for strategies to improve the immunogenicity and effectiveness of pandemic influenza vaccines, particularly in poor responder populations such as neonates. Recombinant protein approaches to pandemic influenza offer advantages over more traditional inactivated virus approaches, as they are free of problems such as egg adaptation or need for high level biosecurity containment for manufacture. However, a weakness of recombinant proteins is their low immunogenicity. We asked whether the use of an inulin polysaccharide adjuvant (Advax) alone or combined with a TLR9 agonist (CpG55.2) would enhance the immunogenicity and protection of a recombinant hemagglutinin vaccine against H7N9 influenza (rH7HA), including in neonatal mice. Advax adjuvant induced predominantly IgG1 responses against H7HA, whereas Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant also induced IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 responses, consistent with the TLR9 agonist component inducing a Th1 bias. Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted rH7HA induced high serum neutralizing antibody titers in adult mice. In newborns it similarly overcame immune hypo-responsiveness and enhanced serum anti-rH7HA IgG levels in 7-day-old BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice. Immunized adult mice were protected against a lethal H7N9 virus challenge. When formulated with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant, greater protection was seen with rH7HA than with inactivated H7 whole virus antigen. Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted rH7HA represents a promising influenza vaccine platform for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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4
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Lane TR, Fu J, Sherry B, Tarbet B, Hurst BL, Riabova O, Kazakova E, Egorova A, Clarke P, Leser JS, Frost J, Rudy M, Tyler KL, Klose T, Volobueva AS, Belyaevskaya SV, Zarubaev VV, Kuhn RJ, Makarov V, Ekins S. Efficacy of an isoxazole-3-carboxamide analog of pleconaril in mouse models of Enterovirus-D68 and Coxsackie B5. Antiviral Res 2023; 216:105654. [PMID: 37327878 PMCID: PMC10527014 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) cause a number of life-threatening infectious diseases. EV-D68 is known to cause respiratory illness in children that can lead to acute flaccid myelitis. Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) is commonly associated with hand-foot-mouth disease. There is no antiviral treatment available for either. We have developed an isoxazole-3-carboxamide analog of pleconaril (11526092) which displayed potent inhibition of EV-D68 (IC50 58 nM) as well as other enteroviruses including the pleconaril-resistant Coxsackievirus B3-Woodruff (IC50 6-20 nM) and CVB5 (EC50 1 nM). Cryo-electron microscopy structures of EV-D68 in complex with 11526092 and pleconaril demonstrate destabilization of the EV-D68 MO strain VP1 loop, and a strain-dependent effect. A mouse respiratory model of EV-D68 infection, showed 3-log decreased viremia, favorable cytokine response, as well as statistically significant 1-log reduction in lung titer reduction at day 5 after treatment with 11526092. An acute flaccid myelitis neurological infection model did not show efficacy. 11526092 was tested in a mouse model of CVB5 infection and showed a 4-log TCID50 reduction in the pancreas. In summary, 11526092 represents a potent in vitro inhibitor of EV with in vivo efficacy in EV-D68 and CVB5 animal models suggesting it is worthy of further evaluation as a potential broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutic against EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Egorova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Smith Leser
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua Frost
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Medicine and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 Mira Street, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33-1 Leninsky prospect, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA.
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5
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Sparrow K, Shrestha R, Wood JM, Clinch K, Hurst BL, Wang H, Gowen BB, Julander JG, Tarbet EB, McSweeney AM, Ward VK, Evans GB, Harris LD. An Isomer of Galidesivir That Potently Inhibits Influenza Viruses and Members of the Bunyavirales Order. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:506-513. [PMID: 37077387 PMCID: PMC10108398 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the antiviral activities of two iminovirs (antiviral imino-C-nucleosides) 1 and 2, structurally related to galidesivir (Immucillin A, BCX4430). An iminovir containing the 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4-triazine] nucleobase found in remdesivir exhibited submicromolar inhibition of multiple strains of influenza A and B viruses, as well as members of the Bunyavirales order. We also report the first syntheses of ProTide prodrugs of iminovir monophosphates, which unexpectedly displayed poorer viral inhibition than their parent nucleosides in vitro. An efficient synthesis of the 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4-triazine]-containing iminovir 2 was developed to enable preliminary in vivo studies, wherein it displayed significant toxicity in BALB/c mice and limited protection against influenza. Further modification of this anti-influenza iminovir will therefore be required to improve its therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
J. Sparrow
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Rinu Shrestha
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James M. Wood
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Keith Clinch
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Brian B. Gowen
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Justin G. Julander
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - E. Bart Tarbet
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5600, United States
| | - Alice M. McSweeney
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, University
of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence. D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- The
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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6
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Sanders BC, Pokhrel S, Labbe AD, Mathews II, Cooper CJ, Davidson RB, Phillips G, Weiss KL, Zhang Q, O'Neill H, Kaur M, Schmidt JG, Reichard W, Surendranathan S, Parvathareddy J, Phillips L, Rainville C, Sterner DE, Kumaran D, Andi B, Babnigg G, Moriarty NW, Adams PD, Joachimiak A, Hurst BL, Kumar S, Butt TR, Jonsson CB, Ferrins L, Wakatsuki S, Galanie S, Head MS, Parks JM. Potent and selective covalent inhibition of the papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1733. [PMID: 36977673 PMCID: PMC10044120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals are needed to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of Nsp3 from SARS-CoV-2 is essential for viral replication. In addition, PLpro dysregulates the host immune response by cleaving ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein from host proteins. As a result, PLpro is a promising target for inhibition by small-molecule therapeutics. Here we design a series of covalent inhibitors by introducing a peptidomimetic linker and reactive electrophile onto analogs of the noncovalent PLpro inhibitor GRL0617. The most potent compound inhibits PLpro with kinact/KI = 9,600 M-1 s-1, achieves sub-μM EC50 values against three SARS-CoV-2 variants in mammalian cell lines, and does not inhibit a panel of human deubiquitinases (DUBs) at >30 μM concentrations of inhibitor. An X-ray co-crystal structure of the compound bound to PLpro validates our design strategy and establishes the molecular basis for covalent inhibition and selectivity against structurally similar human DUBs. These findings present an opportunity for further development of covalent PLpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Sanders
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Audrey D Labbe
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Connor J Cooper
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Gwyndalyn Phillips
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kevin L Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Hugh O'Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Manat Kaur
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jurgen G Schmidt
- B-11 Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Walter Reichard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Surekha Surendranathan
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jyothi Parvathareddy
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lexi Phillips
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Desigan Kumaran
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Babak Andi
- Center for BioMolecular Structure, National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Nigel W Moriarty
- Molecular Biosciences and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Molecular Biosciences and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Stephanie Galanie
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Martha S Head
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Computing and Computational Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Computational and Data Sciences, Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Amgen, Inc., Thosand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jerry M Parks
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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7
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Peterson CJ, Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Van Wettere AJ, Gibson SA, Smee DF, Tarbet EB. Human IVIG treatment in a neurological disease model for Enterovirus A71 infection in 28-day-old AG129 mice. Virology 2023; 580:62-72. [PMID: 36780728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 can cause serious neurological disease in young children. Animal models for EV-A71 are needed to evaluate potential antiviral therapies. Existing models have limitations, including lack of lethality or crucial disease signs. Here we report the development of an EV-A71 model in 28-day-old mice. Virus was serially passaged until it produced consistent lethality and rear-limb paralysis. Onset of disease occurred between days 6-9 post-infection, with mortality following weight loss and neurological signs on days 9-14. In addition, a single administration of human intravenous immunoglobulin at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg at 4h post-infection was evaluated in the model. Protection from weight loss, neurological signs, and mortality (between 50 and 89%) were observed at doses of 400 mg/kg or greater. Based on these results, IVIG was selected for use as a positive control in this acute model, and suggest that IVIG is a potential therapeutic for EV-A71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Peterson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Carilion Clinic-Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Scott A Gibson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
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8
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Boytz R, Słabicki M, Ramaswamy S, Patten J, Zou C, Meng C, Hurst BL, Wang J, Nowak RP, Yang PL, Sattler M, Stone RM, Griffin JD, Gray NS, Gummuluru S, Davey RA, Weisberg E. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of targeted kinase inhibitors: Repurposing clinically available drugs for COVID-19 therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28157. [PMID: 36117402 PMCID: PMC9538324 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major public health concern, and vaccine unavailability, hesitancy, or failure underscore the need for discovery of efficacious antiviral drug therapies. Numerous approved drugs target protein kinases associated with viral life cycle and symptoms of infection. Repurposing of kinase inhibitors is appealing as they have been vetted for safety and are more accessible for COVID-19 treatment. However, an understanding of drug mechanism is needed to improve our understanding of the factors involved in pathogenesis. We tested the in vitro activity of three kinase inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including inhibitors of AXL kinase, a host cell factor that contributes to successful SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using multiple cell-based assays and approaches, gilteritinib, nintedanib, and imatinib were thoroughly evaluated for activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Each drug exhibited antiviral activity, but with stark differences in potency, suggesting differences in host dependency for kinase targets. Importantly, for gilteritinib, the amount of compound needed to achieve 90% infection inhibition, at least in part involving blockade of spike protein-mediated viral entry and at concentrations not inducing phospholipidosis (PLD), approached a clinically achievable concentration. Knockout of AXL, a target of gilteritinib and nintedanib, impaired SARS-CoV-2 variant infectivity, supporting a role for AXL in SARS-CoV-2 infection and supporting further investigation of drug-mediated AXL inhibition as a COVID-19 treatment. This study supports further evaluation of AXL-targeting kinase inhibitors as potential antiviral agents and treatments for COVID-19. Additional mechanistic studies are needed to determine underlying differences in virus response.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuthMabel Boytz
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mikołaj Słabicki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sita Ramaswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - J.J. Patten
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Charles Zou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chengcheng Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radosław P. Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla L. Yang
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MA, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; current address Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard M. Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Maio N, Cherry S, Schultz DC, Hurst BL, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. TEMPOL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and development of lung disease in the Syrian hamster model. iScience 2022; 25:105074. [PMID: 36093377 PMCID: PMC9444323 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide outbreak, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Alongside vaccines, antiviral therapeutics is an important part of the healthcare response to COVID-19. We previously reported that TEMPOL, a small molecule stable nitroxide, inactivated the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 by causing the oxidative degradation of its iron-sulfur cofactors. Here, we demonstrate that TEMPOL is effective in vivo in inhibiting viral replication in the Syrian hamster model. The inhibitory effect of TEMPOL on SARS-CoV-2 replication was observed in animals when the drug was administered 2 h before infection in a high-risk exposure model. These data support the potential application of TEMPOL as a highly efficacious antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. TEMPOL’s IC90 in human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells is 2.89 μM and CC50 > 10 mM TEMPOL has potent antiviral activity against highly pathogenic SARS- and MERS-Co-Vs TEMPOL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and lung pathology in the Syrian hamster Fe-S cofactor insertion can be targeted to interfere with coronavirus replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chemogenomic Discovery Program. University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, High-throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Puhl AC, Gomes GF, Damasceno S, Fritch EJ, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Scholle F, Premkumar L, Hurst BL, Lee-Montiel F, Veras FP, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Moorman NJ, Yount BL, Dickmander RJ, Baric RS, Pearce KH, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Ekins S. Vandetanib Blocks the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Mice. ACS Omega 2022; 7:31935-31944. [PMID: 36097511 PMCID: PMC9454268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 small molecule drugs is currently limited to a handful that are either approved (remdesivir), emergency approved (dexamethasone, baricitinib, paxlovid, and molnupiravir), or in advanced clinical trials. Vandetanib is a kinase inhibitor which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as the RET-tyrosine kinase. In the current study, it was tested in different cell lines and showed promising results on inhibition versus the toxic effect on A549-hACE2 cells (IC50 0.79 μM) while also showing a reduction of >3 log TCID50/mL for HCoV-229E. The in vivo efficacy of vandetanib was assessed in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and statistically significantly reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α and mitigated inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lungs of infected animals but did not reduce viral load. Vandetanib also decreased CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 compared to the infected animals. Vandetanib additionally rescued the decreased IFN-1β caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice to levels similar to that in uninfected animals. Our results indicate that the FDA-approved anticancer drug vandetanib is worthy of further assessment as a potential therapeutic candidate to block the COVID-19 cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Giovanni F. Gomes
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James A. Levi
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department
of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7001, United States
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-1400, United States
- Department
of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-1400, United States
| | - Felipe Lee-Montiel
- PhenoVista
Biosciences, 6195 Cornerstone
Ct E. #114, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Flavio P. Veras
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S. Batah
- Department
of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T. Fabro
- Department
of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090900, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging
Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department
of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Rebekah J. Dickmander
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging
Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging
Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C. Alves-Filho
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Center for
Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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11
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Liu H, Iketani S, Zask A, Khanizeman N, Bednarova E, Forouhar F, Fowler B, Hong SJ, Mohri H, Nair MS, Huang Y, Tay NES, Lee S, Karan C, Resnick SJ, Quinn C, Li W, Shion H, Xia X, Daniels JD, Bartolo-Cruz M, Farina M, Rajbhandari P, Jurtschenko C, Lauber MA, McDonald T, Stokes ME, Hurst BL, Rovis T, Chavez A, Ho DD, Stockwell BR. Development of optimized drug-like small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease for treatment of COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1891. [PMID: 35393402 PMCID: PMC8989888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease is a critical drug target for small molecule COVID-19 therapy, given its likely druggability and essentiality in the viral maturation and replication cycle. Based on the conservation of 3CL protease substrate binding pockets across coronaviruses and using screening, we identified four structurally distinct lead compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. After evaluation of their binding specificity, cellular antiviral potency, metabolic stability, and water solubility, we prioritized the GC376 scaffold as being optimal for optimization. We identified multiple drug-like compounds with <10 nM potency for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 3CL and the ability to block SARS-CoV-2 replication in human cells, obtained co-crystal structures of the 3CL protease in complex with these compounds, and determined that they have pan-coronavirus activity. We selected one compound, termed coronastat, as an optimized lead and characterized it in pharmacokinetic and safety studies in vivo. Coronastat represents a new candidate for a small molecule protease inhibitor for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection for eliminating pandemics involving coronaviruses. Small molecule drugs promise to remain a valuable tool in controlling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Here the authors describe optimized drug-like small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease for potential treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Arie Zask
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nisha Khanizeman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Eva Bednarova
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Farhad Forouhar
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Seo Jung Hong
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Charles Karan
- Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Samuel J Resnick
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Colette Quinn
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Henry Shion
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jacob D Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Marcelo Farina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Presha Rajbhandari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas McDonald
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA, 01757, USA
| | - Michael E Stokes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Alejandro Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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12
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Puhl AC, Gomes GF, Damasceno S, Fritch EJ, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Scholle F, Premkumar L, Hurst BL, LeeMontiel F, Veras FP, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Moorman NJ, Yount BL, Dickmander R, Baric R, Pearce KH, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Ekins S. Vandetanib Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines and Ameliorates COVID-19 in Infected Mice. bioRxiv 2021:2021.12.16.472155. [PMID: 34981062 PMCID: PMC8722599 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.16.472155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 small molecule drugs is currently limited to a handful that are either approved (remdesivir), emergency approved (dexamethasone, baricitinib) or in advanced clinical trials. We have tested 45 FDA-approved kinase inhibitors in vitro against murine hepatitis virus (MHV) as a model of SARS-CoV-2 replication and identified 12 showing inhibition in the delayed brain tumor (DBT) cell line. Vandetanib, which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the RET-tyrosine kinase showed the most promising results on inhibition versus toxic effect on SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 and A549-hACE2 cells (IC50 0.79 μM) while also showing a reduction of > 3 log TCID50/mL for HCoV-229E. The in vivo efficacy of vandetanib was assessed in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and statistically significantly reduced the levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and mitigated inflammatory cell infiltrates in the lungs of infected animals but did not reduce viral load. Vandetanib rescued the decreased IFN-1β caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice to levels similar to that in uninfected animals. Our results indicate that the FDA-approved vandetanib is a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 positioned for follow up in clinical trials either alone or in combination with other drugs to address the cytokine storm associated with this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Giovanni F. Gomes
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Damasceno
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - James A. Levi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Felipe LeeMontiel
- PhenoVista Biosciences, 6195 Cornerstone Ct E. #114 San Diego CA 92121
| | - Flavio P. Veras
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S. Batah
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T. Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebekah Dickmander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C. Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900 ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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13
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Konduri KS, Pattisapu R, Pattisapu J, Konduri GG, Zwetchkenbaum J, Roy B, Barman M, Frazier A, Hurst BL, Düzgüneş N. ProLung™-budesonide Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Reduces Lung Inflammation. Arch Pharmacol Ther 2021; 3:52-65. [PMID: 34766166 PMCID: PMC8580381 DOI: 10.33696/pharmacol.3.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inhaled budesonide benefits patients with COVID-19. ProLung™-budesonide enables the sustained, low dose administration of budesonide within a delivery vehicle similar to lung surfactant. ProLung™-budesonide may offer anti-inflammatory and protective effects to the lung in COVID-19, yet it’s effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication is unknown. Objective: To determine the efficacy of ProLung™-budesonide against SARS-CoV-2-infection in vitro, evaluate its ability to decrease inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in an animal model of lung inflammation. Methods: SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero 76 cells were treated with ProLung™-budesonide ([0.03–100 µg/ml]) for 3 days, and virus yield in the supernatant was measured. Ovalbumin-sensitized C57BL/6 mice received aerosolized (a) ProLung™-budesonide weekly, (b) only budesonide, either daily or weekly, or (c) weekly empty ProLung™ carrier (without budesonide). All treatment groups were compared to sensitized untreated, or normal mice using histopathologic examination, electron microscopy (EM), airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to Methacholine (Mch) challenge, and eosinophil peroxidase activity (EPO) measurements in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL). Results: ProLung™-budesonide showed significant inhibition of viral replication of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells with the selectivity index (SI) value >24. Weekly ProLung™-budesonide and daily budesonide therapy significantly decreased lung inflammation and EPO in BAL. ProLung™-budesonide localized in type II pneumocytes, and was the only group to significantly decrease AHR, and EPO in BAL with Mch challenge Conclusions: ProLung™-budesonide significantly inhibited viral replication in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. It localized into type II pneumocytes, decreased lung inflammation, AHR and EPO activity with Mch challenge. This novel drug formulation may offer a potential inhalational treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adria Frazier
- University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Nejat Düzgüneş
- University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA USA
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14
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Owen DR, Allerton CMN, Anderson AS, Aschenbrenner L, Avery M, Berritt S, Boras B, Cardin RD, Carlo A, Coffman KJ, Dantonio A, Di L, Eng H, Ferre R, Gajiwala KS, Gibson SA, Greasley SE, Hurst BL, Kadar EP, Kalgutkar AS, Lee JC, Lee J, Liu W, Mason SW, Noell S, Novak JJ, Obach RS, Ogilvie K, Patel NC, Pettersson M, Rai DK, Reese MR, Sammons MF, Sathish JG, Singh RSP, Steppan CM, Stewart AE, Tuttle JB, Updyke L, Verhoest PR, Wei L, Yang Q, Zhu Y. An oral SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. Science 2021; 374:1586-1593. [PMID: 34726479 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 301.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafydd R Owen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Avery
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Simon Berritt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Britton Boras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Karen J Coffman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Alyssa Dantonio
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - RoseAnn Ferre
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ketan S Gajiwala
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Scott A Gibson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University; Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University; Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jack C Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jisun Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jonathan J Novak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nandini C Patel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Matthew F Sammons
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jean G Sathish
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Al E Stewart
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lawrence Updyke
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patrick R Verhoest
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuao Zhu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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15
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Stasko N, Kocher JF, Annas A, Henson I, Seitz TS, Miller JM, Arwood L, Roberts RC, Womble TM, Keller EG, Emerson S, Bergmann M, Sheesley ANY, Strong RJ, Hurst BL, Emerson D, Tarbet EB, Bradrick SS, Cockrell AS. Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20595. [PMID: 34663881 PMCID: PMC8523529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of safe, visible wavelengths of light can be an effective, pathogen-agnostic, countermeasure that would expand the current portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 intervention strategies beyond the conventional approaches of vaccine, antibody, and antiviral therapeutics. Employing custom biological light units, that incorporate optically engineered light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, we harnessed monochromatic wavelengths of light for uniform delivery across biological surfaces. We demonstrated that primary 3D human tracheal/bronchial-derived epithelial tissues tolerated high doses of a narrow spectral band of visible light centered at a peak wavelength of 425 nm. We extended these studies to Vero E6 cells to understand how light may influence the viability of a mammalian cell line conventionally used for assaying SARS-CoV-2. The exposure of single-cell monolayers of Vero E6 cells to similar doses of 425 nm blue light resulted in viabilities that were dependent on dose and cell density. Doses of 425 nm blue light that are well-tolerated by Vero E6 cells also inhibited infection and replication of cell-associated SARS-CoV-2 by > 99% 24 h post-infection after a single five-minute light exposure. Moreover, the 425 nm blue light inactivated cell-free betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 up to 99.99% in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, clinically applicable doses of 425 nm blue light dramatically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in primary human 3D tracheal/bronchial tissue. Safe doses of visible light should be considered part of the strategic portfolio for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic countermeasures to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stasko
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Abigail Annas
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ibrahim Henson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Theresa S Seitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Joy M Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Leslee Arwood
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Rachel C Roberts
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Thomas M Womble
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Emily G Keller
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Soren Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Michael Bergmann
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ashley N Y Sheesley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Rebecca J Strong
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - David Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Adam S Cockrell
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA.
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16
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Ortega-Rivera O, Shin MD, Chen A, Beiss V, Moreno-Gonzalez MA, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Reynoso M, Wang H, Hurst BL, Wang J, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Trivalent Subunit Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19 and Their Delivery Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14748-14765. [PMID: 34490778 PMCID: PMC8442557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for platform technologies enabling rapid development of vaccines for emerging viral diseases. The current vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and thus far have shown tremendous efficacy. However, the need for cold-chain distribution, a prime-boost administration schedule, and the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) call for diligence in novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approaches. We studied 13 peptide epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 and identified three neutralizing epitopes that are highly conserved among the VOCs. Monovalent and trivalent COVID-19 vaccine candidates were formulated by chemical conjugation of the peptide epitopes to cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Efficacy of this approach was validated first using soluble vaccine candidates as solo or trivalent mixtures and subcutaneous prime-boost injection. The high thermal stability of our vaccine candidates allowed for formulation into single-dose injectable slow-release polymer implants, manufactured by melt extrusion, as well as microneedle (MN) patches, obtained through casting into micromolds, for prime-boost self-administration. Immunization of mice yielded high titers of antibodies against the target epitope and S protein, and data confirms that antibodies block receptor binding and neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 against infection of human cells. We present a nanotechnology vaccine platform that is stable outside the cold-chain and can be formulated into delivery devices enabling single administration or self-administration. CPMV or Qβ VLPs could be stockpiled, and epitopes exchanged to target new mutants or emergent diseases as the need arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar
A. Ortega-Rivera
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Matthew D. Shin
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Angela Chen
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Miguel A. Lopez-Ramirez
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Maria Reynoso
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department
of NanoEngineering, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, Institute for Materials
Discovery and Design, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
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17
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Stinson JA, Boopathy AV, Cieslewicz BM, Zhang Y, Hartman NW, Miller DP, Dirckx M, Hurst BL, Tarbet EB, Kluge JA, Kosuda KM. Enhancing influenza vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy through infection mimicry using silk microneedles. Vaccine 2021; 39:5410-5421. [PMID: 34391593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional bolus vaccine administration leads to rapid clearance of vaccine from lymphoid tissue. However, there is increasing evidence suggesting that the kinetics of antigen delivery can impact immune responses to vaccines, particularly when tailored to mimic natural infections. Here, we present the specific enhancements sustained release immunization confers to seasonal influenza vaccine, including the magnitude, durability, and breadth of humoral responses. To achieve sustained vaccine delivery kinetics, we have developed a microneedle array patch (MIMIX), with silk fibroin-formulated vaccine tips designed to embed in the dermis after a short application to the skin and release antigen over 1-2 weeks, mimicking the time course of a natural influenza infection. In a preclinical murine model, a single influenza vaccine administration via MIMIX led to faster seroconversion, response-equivalence to prime-boost bolus immunization, higher HAI titers against drifted influenza strains, and improved protective efficacy upon lethal influenza challenge when compared with intramuscular injection. These results highlight infection mimicry, achieved through sustained release silk microneedles, as a powerful approach to improve existing seasonal influenza vaccines, while also suggesting the broader potential of this platform technology to enable more efficacious next-generation vaccines and vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Stinson
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Archana V Boopathy
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian M Cieslewicz
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nickolas W Hartman
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David P Miller
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Dirckx
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kluge
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kosuda
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Choi R, Zhou M, Shek R, Wilson JW, Tillery L, Craig JK, Salukhe IA, Hickson SE, Kumar N, James RM, Buchko GW, Wu R, Huff S, Nguyen TT, Hurst BL, Cherry S, Barrett LK, Hyde JL, Van Voorhis WC. High-throughput screening of the ReFRAME, Pandemic Box, and COVID Box drug repurposing libraries against SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 endoribonuclease to identify small-molecule inhibitors of viral activity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250019. [PMID: 33886614 PMCID: PMC8062000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, and has taken over 1.7 million lives as of mid-December, 2020. Although great progress has been made in the development of effective countermeasures, with several pharmaceutical companies approved or poised to deliver vaccines to market, there is still an unmet need of essential antiviral drugs with therapeutic impact for the treatment of moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Towards this goal, a high-throughput assay was used to screen SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 uracil-dependent endonuclease (endoU) function against 13 thousand compounds from drug and lead repurposing compound libraries. While over 80% of initial hit compounds were pan-assay inhibitory compounds, three hits were confirmed as nsp15 endoU inhibitors in the 1-20 μM range in vitro. Furthermore, Exebryl-1, a ß-amyloid anti-aggregation molecule for Alzheimer's therapy, was shown to have antiviral activity between 10 to 66 μM, in Vero 76, Caco-2, and Calu-3 cells. Although the inhibitory concentrations determined for Exebryl-1 exceed those recommended for therapeutic intervention, our findings show great promise for further optimization of Exebryl-1 as an nsp15 endoU inhibitor and as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Roger Shek
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jesse W. Wilson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Logan Tillery
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Justin K. Craig
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Indraneel A. Salukhe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Hickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Rhema M. James
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Ruilian Wu
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Sydney Huff
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Tu-Trinh Nguyen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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19
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Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, Fajtová P, Chenna BC, Kostomiris DH, Hsu J, Zhu J, Taylor ZW, Kocurek KI, Tat V, Katzfuss A, Li L, Giardini MA, Skinner D, Hirata K, Yoon MC, Beck S, Carlin AF, Clark AE, Beretta L, Maneval D, Hook V, Frueh F, Hurst BL, Wang H, Raushel FM, O’Donoghue AJ, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Meek TD, McKerrow JH. A Clinical-Stage Cysteine Protease Inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human and Monkey Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:642-650. [PMID: 33787221 PMCID: PMC8029441 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host-cell cysteine proteases play an essential role in the processing of the viral spike protein of SARS coronaviruses. K777, an irreversible, covalent inactivator of cysteine proteases that has recently completed phase 1 clinical trials, reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral infectivity in several host cells: Vero E6 (EC50< 74 nM), HeLa/ACE2 (4 nM), Caco-2 (EC90 = 4.3 μM), and A549/ACE2 (<80 nM). Infectivity of Calu-3 cells depended on the cell line assayed. If Calu-3/2B4 was used, EC50 was 7 nM, but in the ATCC Calu-3 cell line without ACE2 enrichment, EC50 was >10 μM. There was no toxicity to any of the host cell lines at 10-100 μM K777 concentration. Kinetic analysis confirmed that K777 was a potent inhibitor of human cathepsin L, whereas no inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases (papain-like and 3CL-like protease) was observed. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with a propargyl derivative of K777 as an activity-based probe identified human cathepsin B and cathepsin L as the intracellular targets of this molecule in both infected and uninfected Vero E6 cells. However, cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was only carried out by cathepsin L. This cleavage was blocked by K777 and occurred in the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a different site from that previously observed for the SARS-CoV-1 spike protein. These data support the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of K777 is mediated through inhibition of the activity of host cathepsin L and subsequent loss of cathepsin L-mediated viral spike protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake M. Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague,
Czech Republic
| | - Bala C. Chenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Demetrios H. Kostomiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Jiyun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Zane W. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Klaudia I. Kocurek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Ardala Katzfuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Ken Hirata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Laura Beretta
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Daniel Maneval
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Felix Frueh
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Hong Wang
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Jair Lage de Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
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20
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Puhl AC, Fritch EJ, Lane TR, Tse LV, Yount BL, Sacramento CQ, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, Tavella TA, Maranhão Costa FT, Weston S, Logue J, Frieman M, Premkumar L, Pearce KH, Hurst BL, Andrade CH, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Kisthardt SC, Scholle F, Souza TML, Moorman NJ, Baric RS, Madrid PB, Ekins S. Repurposing the Ebola and Marburg Virus Inhibitors Tilorone, Quinacrine, and Pyronaridine: In Vitro Activity against SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Mechanisms. ACS Omega 2021; 6:7454-7468. [PMID: 33778258 PMCID: PMC7992063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified virus that has resulted in over 2.5 million deaths globally and over 116 million cases globally in March, 2021. Small-molecule inhibitors that reverse disease severity have proven difficult to discover. One of the key approaches that has been widely applied in an effort to speed up the translation of drugs is drug repurposing. A few drugs have shown in vitro activity against Ebola viruses and demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. Most notably, the RNA polymerase targeting remdesivir demonstrated activity in vitro and efficacy in the early stage of the disease in humans. Testing other small-molecule drugs that are active against Ebola viruses (EBOVs) would appear a reasonable strategy to evaluate their potential for SARS-CoV-2. We have previously repurposed pyronaridine, tilorone, and quinacrine (from malaria, influenza, and antiprotozoal uses, respectively) as inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro in HeLa cells and mouse-adapted EBOV in mice in vivo. We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7, and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines. We found that tilorone and pyronaridine inhibited the virus replication in A549-ACE2 cells with IC50 values of 180 nM and IC50 198 nM, respectively. We used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein, and tilorone and pyronaridine bind to the spike receptor binding domain protein with K d values of 339 and 647 nM, respectively. Human Cmax for pyronaridine and quinacrine is greater than the IC50 observed in A549-ACE2 cells. We also provide novel insights into the mechanism of these compounds which is likely lysosomotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carolina Q. Sacramento
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - James Logue
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute
for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory
of Tropical Diseases—Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department
of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- LabMol—Laboratory of Molecular Modeling
and Drug Design, Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade Federal
de Goiás, Goiânia,
GO 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James A. Levi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Samantha C. Kisthardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Laboratório
de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
- Centro
De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel John Moorman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Center
for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology
and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery
Initiative, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery
Initiative, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter B. Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| |
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21
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Hurst BL, Dickinson D, Hsu S. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Primate Epithelial Cells: (A Short Communication). Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 5. [PMID: 35291211 DOI: 10.33425/2639-9458.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, caused >26 million cases in the United States and >437,000 deaths as of Jan 30, 2020. Worldwide by that date, there had been 102 million cases of infections, and deaths had climbed to 2.21 million. Mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have emerged from the United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Africa are associated with higher transmission rates and associated deaths. Therefore, novel therapeutic and prophylactic methods against SARS-CoV-2 are in urgent need. While some antiviral drugs, such as Remdesivir, provide relief to certain patient populations, other existing antiviral drugs or combinations of FDA approved pharmaceuticals have yet to show clinical efficacy against COVID-19. Compounds that possess strong and broad antiviral properties with different mechanisms of action against respiratory viruses may provide novel approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, especially if the compounds are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). A large body of evidence indicates a promising potential for the use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives as effective agents against infections from a wide range of pathogenic viruses. However, EGCG or its derivatives have not been tested directly against SARS-CoV-2. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential antiviral activity of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2 infection in primate epithelial cells. Methods applied in the study include cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays using Vero 76 (green monkey epithelial cells) and Caco-2 (human epithelial cells) cell lines, respectively. The results demonstrated that EGCG at 0.27 μg/ml (0.59 μM) inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero 76 cells by 50% (i.e., EC50=0.27 μg/ml). EGCG also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in Caco-2 cells with EC90=28 μg/ml (61 μM). These results, to the best of our knowledge, are the first observations on the antiviral activities of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2, and suggest that EGCG and its derivatives could be used to combat COVID-19 and other respiratory viral infection-induced illness, pending in vivo and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Hurst
- Institute of Antiviral Research, Utah State University. Logan, UT. USA
| | | | - Stephen Hsu
- Camellix Research Laboratory, Augusta, GA. USA.,Department of Oral Biology & Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA. USA
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22
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Puhl AC, Fritch EJ, Lane TR, Tse LV, Yount BL, Sacramento CQ, Tavella TA, Costa FTM, Weston S, Logue J, Frieman M, Premkumar L, Pearce KH, Hurst BL, Andrade CH, Levi JA, Johnson NJ, Kisthardt SC, Scholle F, Souza TML, Moorman NJ, Baric RS, Madrid P, Ekins S. Repurposing the Ebola and Marburg Virus Inhibitors Tilorone, Quinacrine and Pyronaridine: In vitro Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Mechanisms. bioRxiv 2020:2020.12.01.407361. [PMID: 33299990 PMCID: PMC7724658 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.01.407361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly identified virus that has resulted in over 1.3 M deaths globally and over 59 M cases globally to date. Small molecule inhibitors that reverse disease severity have proven difficult to discover. One of the key approaches that has been widely applied in an effort to speed up the translation of drugs is drug repurposing. A few drugs have shown in vitro activity against Ebola virus and demonstrated activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo . Most notably the RNA polymerase targeting remdesivir demonstrated activity in vitro and efficacy in the early stage of the disease in humans. Testing other small molecule drugs that are active against Ebola virus would seem a reasonable strategy to evaluate their potential for SARS-CoV-2. We have previously repurposed pyronaridine, tilorone and quinacrine (from malaria, influenza, and antiprotozoal uses, respectively) as inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg virus in vitro in HeLa cells and of mouse adapted Ebola virus in mouse in vivo . We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7 and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines. We found that tilorone and pyronaridine inhibited the virus replication in A549-ACE2 cells with IC 50 values of 180 nM and IC 50 198 nM, respectively. We have also tested them in a pseudovirus assay and used microscale thermophoresis to test the binding of these molecules to the spike protein. They bind to spike RBD protein with K d values of 339 nM and 647 nM, respectively. Human C max for pyronaridine and quinacrine is greater than the IC 50 hence justifying in vivo evaluation. We also provide novel insights into their mechanism which is likely lysosomotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Ethan James Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Carol Queiroz Sacramento
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Tatyana Almeida Tavella
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases - Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacinto da Silva, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- LabMol - Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James A. Levi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicole J. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samantha C. Kisthardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thiago Moreno L. Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nathaniel John Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Discovery Initiative, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Madrid
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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23
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Tosh DK, Toti KS, Hurst BL, Julander JG, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationship of novel antiviral nucleosides against Enterovirus A71. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127599. [PMID: 33031923 PMCID: PMC7534897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various (North)-methanocarba adenosine derivatives, containing rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ribose substitution, were screened for activity against representative viruses, and inhibition was observed after treatment of Enterovirus A71 with a 2-chloro-N6-1-cyclopropyl-2-methylpropan-1-yl derivative (17). µM activity was also seen when testing 17 against other enteroviruses in the Picornaviridae family. Based on this hit, structural congeners of 17, containing other N6-alkyl groups and 5' modifications, were synthesized and tested. The structure activity relationship is relatively narrow, with most modifications of the adenine or the methanocarba ring reducing or abolishing the inhibitory potency. 4'-Truncated 31 (MRS5474), 4'-fluoromethyl 48 (MRS7704) and 4'-chloromethyl 49 nucleosides displayed EC50 ~3-4 µM, and 31 and 48 achieved SI ≥10. However, methanocarba analogues of ribavirin and N6-benzyladenosine, shown previously to have anti-EV-A71 activity, were inactive. Thus, we identified methanocarba nucleosides as a new scaffold for enterovirus inhibition with a narrow structure activity relationship and no similarity to previously published anti-enteroviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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24
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Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, Fajtová P, Chenna BC, Kostomiris DH, Hsu J, Zhu J, Taylor ZW, Tat V, Katzfuss A, Li L, Giardini MA, Skinner D, Hirata K, Beck S, Carlin AF, Clark AE, Beretta L, Maneval D, Frueh F, Hurst BL, Wang H, Kocurek KI, Raushel FM, O’Donoghue AJ, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Meek TD, McKerrow JH. A cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells. bioRxiv 2020:2020.10.23.347534. [PMID: 33140046 PMCID: PMC7605553 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.23.347534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
K777 is a di-peptide analog that contains an electrophilic vinyl-sulfone moiety and is a potent, covalent inactivator of cathepsins. Vero E6, HeLa/ACE2, Caco-2, A549/ACE2, and Calu-3, cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2, and then treated with K777. K777 reduced viral infectivity with EC50 values of inhibition of viral infection of: 74 nM for Vero E6, <80 nM for A549/ACE2, and 4 nM for HeLa/ACE2 cells. In contrast, Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells had EC50 values in the low micromolar range. No toxicity of K777 was observed for any of the host cells at 10-100 μM inhibitor. K777 did not inhibit activity of the papain-like cysteine protease and 3CL cysteine protease, encoded by SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations of ≤ 100 μM. These results suggested that K777 exerts its potent anti-viral activity by inactivation of mammalian cysteine proteases which are essential to viral infectivity. Using a propargyl derivative of K777 as an activity-based probe, K777 selectively targeted cathepsin B and cathepsin L in Vero E6 cells. However only cathepsin L cleaved the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and K777 blocked this proteolysis. The site of spike protein cleavage by cathepsin L was in the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 , differing from the cleavage site observed in the SARS CoV-1 spike protein. These data support the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of K777 is mediated through inhibition of the activity of host cathepsin L and subsequent loss of viral spike protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake M. Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bala C. Chenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Demetrios H. Kostomiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Jiyun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zane W. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
- Current address: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99353
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Ardala Katzfuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ken Hirata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura Beretta
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Maneval
- Selva Therapeutics, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Felix Frueh
- Selva Therapeutics, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Klaudia I. Kocurek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Vogt MR, Fu J, Kose N, Williamson LE, Bombardi R, Setliff I, Georgiev IS, Klose T, Rossmann MG, Hurst BL, Tarbet EB, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Kuhn RJ, Crowe JE. Erratum for Research Article "Human antibodies neutralize enterovirus D68 and protect against infection and paralytic disease," by Matthew R. Vogt, Jianing Fu, Nurgun Kose, Lauren E. Williamson, Robin Bombardi, Ian Setliff, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Thomas Klose, Michael G. Rossmann, Yury A. Bochkov, James E. Gern, Richard J. Kuhn, James E. Crowe Jr. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eabe5512. [PMID: 32948673 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of
Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ian Setliff
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of
Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
| | - Michael G. Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of
Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal,
Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - E. Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal,
Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Yury A. Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Purdue Institute of
Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
IN, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN, USA
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26
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Westover JB, Hickerson BT, Van Wettere AJ, Hurst BL, Kurz JP, Dagley A, Wülfroth P, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Steiner T, Gowen BB. Vascular Leak and Hypercytokinemia Associated with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040158. [PMID: 31546590 PMCID: PMC6963364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) endemic to China, South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Here we characterize the pathogenesis and natural history of disease in IFNAR-/- mice challenged with the HB29 strain of SFTS virus (SFTSV) and demonstrate hallmark features of VHF such as vascular leak and high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in blood and tissues. Treatment with FX06, a natural plasmin digest product of fibrin in clinical development as a treatment for vascular leak, reduced vascular permeability associated with SFTSV infection but did not significantly improve survival outcome. Further studies are needed to assess the role of vascular compromise in the SFTS disease process modeled in IFNAR-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Brady T Hickerson
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Jacqueline P Kurz
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Ashley Dagley
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | | | - Takashi Komeno
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Toyama 930-8508, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Furuta
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Toyama 930-8508, Japan.
| | | | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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27
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Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Smee DF, Van Wettere AJ, Tarbet EB. Evaluation of antiviral therapies in respiratory and neurological disease models of Enterovirus D68 infection in mice. Virology 2018; 526:146-154. [PMID: 30390563 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is unique among enteroviruses because of the ability to cause severe respiratory disease as well as neurological disease. We developed separate models of respiratory and neurological disease following EV-D68 infection in AG129 mice that respond to antiviral treatment with guanidine. In four-week-old mice infected intranasally, EV-D68 replicates to high titers in lung tissue increasing the proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and IL-6. The respiratory infection also produces an acute viremia. In 10-day-old mice infected intraperitoneally, EV-D68 causes a neurological disease with weight-loss, paralysis, and mortality. In our respiratory model, treatment with guanidine provides a two-log reduction in lung virus titers, reduces MCP-1 and IL-6, and prevents histological lesions in the lungs. Importantly, viremia is prevented by early treatment with guanidine. In our neurological model, guanidine treatment protects mice from weight-loss, paralysis, and mortality. These results demonstrate the utility of these models for evaluation of antiviral therapies for EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan, UT, United States
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan, UT, United States.
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28
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Morrey JD, Wang H, Hurst BL, Zukor K, Siddharthan V, Van Wettere AJ, Sinex DG, Tarbet EB. Causation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis by Myelitis and Myositis in Enterovirus-D68 Infected Mice Deficient in Interferon αβ/γ Receptor Deficient Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:E33. [PMID: 29329211 PMCID: PMC5795446 DOI: 10.3390/v10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused a large outbreak in the summer and fall of 2014 in the United States. It causes serious respiratory disease, but causation of associated paralysis is controversial, because the virus is not routinely identified in cerebrospinal fluid. To establish clinical correlates with human disease, we evaluated EV-D68 infection in non-lethal paralysis mouse models. Ten-day-old mice lacking interferon responses were injected intraperitoneally with the virus. Paralysis developed in hindlimbs. After six weeks of paralysis, the motor neurons were depleted due to viral infection. Hindlimb muscles were also infected and degenerating. Even at the earliest stage of paralysis, muscles were still infected and were degenerating, in addition to presence of virus in the spinal cord. To model natural respiratory infection, five-day-old mice were infected intranasally with EV-D68. Two of the four infected mice developed forelimb paralysis. The affected limbs had muscle disease, but no spinal cord infection was detected. The unique contributions of this study are that EV-D68 causes paralysis in mice, and that causation by muscle disease, with or without spinal cord disease, may help to resolve the controversy that the virus can cause paralysis, even if it cannot be identified in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Morrey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Katherine Zukor
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Venkatraman Siddharthan
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Arnaud J Van Wettere
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 950 East 1400 North, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA.
| | - Donal G Sinex
- Department of Communication Disorders and Deaf Education, 2800 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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29
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Morçӧl T, Hurst BL, Tarbet EB. Calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CaPNP) for dose-sparing of inactivated whole virus pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4569-4577. [PMID: 28716554 PMCID: PMC5562532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of pandemic influenza strains, particularly the reemergence of the swine-derived influenza A (H1N1) in 2009, is reaffirmation that influenza viruses are very adaptable and influenza remains as a significant global public health treat. As recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the use of adjuvants is an attractive approach to improve vaccine efficacy and allow dose-sparing during an influenza emergency. In this study, we utilized CaPtivate Pharmaceutical's proprietary calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNP) vaccine adjuvant and delivery platform to formulate an inactivated whole virus influenza A/CA/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) vaccine as a potential dose-sparing strategy. We evaluated the relative immunogenicity and the efficacy of the formulation in BALB/c mice following single intramuscularly administration of three different doses (0.3, 1, or 3µg based on HA content) of the vaccine in comparison to non-adjuvanted or alum-adjuvant vaccines. We showed that, addition of CaPNP in vaccine elicited significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), virus neutralization (VN), and IgG antibody titers, at all dose levels, relative to the non-adjuvanted vaccine. In addition, the vaccine containing CaPNP provided equal protection with 1/3rd of the antigen dose as compared to the non-adjuvanted or alum-adjuvanted vaccines. Our data provided support to earlier studies indicating that CaPNP is an attractive vaccine adjuvant and delivery system and should play an important role in the development of safe and efficacious dose-sparing vaccines. Our findings also warrant further investigation to validate CaPNP's capacity as an alternative adjuvant to the ones currently licensed for influenza/pandemic influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülin Morçӧl
- CaPtivate Pharmaceuticals LLC, Doylestown, PA, USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logon, UT, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logon, UT, USA
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30
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Evans WJ, Clyde N, Wright S, Peterson C, Jung KH, Day CW. Evaluation of cell viability dyes in antiviral assays with RNA viruses that exhibit different cytopathogenic properties. J Virol Methods 2017; 246:51-57. [PMID: 28359770 PMCID: PMC5479350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the performance of four dyes in assessing antiviral activities of compounds against three RNA viruses with differing cytopathogenic properties. Dyes included alamarBlue® measured by absorbance (ALB-A) and fluorescence (ALB-F), neutral red (NR), Viral ToxGlo™ (VTG), and WST-1. Viruses were chikungunya, dengue type 2, and Junin, which generally cause 100, 80-90, and 50% maximal cytopathic effect (CPE), respectively, in Vero or Vero 76 cells Compounds evaluated were 6-azauridine, BCX-4430, 3-deazaguanine, EICAR, favipiravir, infergen, mycophenolic acid (MPA), ribavirin, and tiazofurin. The 50% virus-inhibitory (EC50) values for each inhibitor and virus combination did not vary significantly based on the dye used. However, dyes varied in distinguishing the vitality of virus-infected cultures when not all cells were killed by virus infection. For example, VTG uptake into dengue-infected cells was nearly 50% when visual examination showed only 10-20% cell survival. ALB-A measured infected cell viability differently than ALB-F as follows: 16% versus 32% (dengue-infected), respectively, and 51% versus 72% (Junin-infected), respectively. Cytotoxicity (CC50) assays with dyes in uninfected proliferating cells produced similar CC50 values for EICAR (1.5-8.9μM) and MPA (0.8-2.5μM). 6-Azauridine toxicity was 6.1-17.5μM with NR, VTG, and WST-1, compared to 48-92μM with ALB-A and ALB-F (P<0.001). Curiously, the CC50 values for 3-deazaguanine were 83-93μM with ALB-F versus 2.4-7.0μM with all other dyes including ALB-A (P<0.001). Overall, ALB minimized the toxicities detected with these two inhibitors. Because the choice of dyes affected CC50 values, this impacted on the resulting in vitro selectivity indexes (calculated as CC50/EC50 ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - W Joseph Evans
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Nathan Clyde
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Sean Wright
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Christopher Peterson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
| | - Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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31
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Tao W, Hurst BL, Shakya AK, Uddin MJ, Ingrole RSJ, Hernandez-Sanabria M, Arya RP, Bimler L, Paust S, Tarbet EB, Gill HS. Consensus M2e peptide conjugated to gold nanoparticles confers protection against H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 influenza A viruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:62-72. [PMID: 28161578 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular domain of influenza A ion channel membrane matrix protein 2 (M2e) is considered to be a potential candidate to develop a universal influenza A vaccine. However poor immunogenicity of M2e presents a significant roadblock. We have developed a vaccine formulation comprising of the consensus M2e peptide conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with CpG as a soluble adjuvant (AuNP-M2e + sCpG). We demonstrate that intranasal delivery of AuNP-M2e + sCpG in mice induces lung B cell activation and robust serum anti-M2e immunoglobulin G (IgG) response, with stimulation of both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) pandemic strain, or A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), or the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) as immunosorbants we further show that the antibodies generated are also capable of binding to the homotetrameric form of M2 expressed on infected cells. Lethal challenge of vaccinated mice with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) pandemic strain, A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) led to 100%, 92%, and 100% protection, respectively. Overall, this study helps to lay the foundation of a potential universal influenza A vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences and the School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Rohan S J Ingrole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mayra Hernandez-Sanabria
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ravi P Arya
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lynn Bimler
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Silke Paust
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences and the School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Swanson MD, Boudreaux DM, Salmon L, Chugh J, Winter HC, Meagher JL, André S, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, King S, Kaplan MH, Goldstein IJ, Tarbet EB, Hurst BL, Smee DF, de la Fuente C, Hoffmann HH, Xue Y, Rice CM, Schols D, Garcia JV, Stuckey JA, Gabius HJ, Al-Hashimi HM, Markovitz DM. Engineering a therapeutic lectin by uncoupling mitogenicity from antiviral activity. Cell 2015; 163:746-58. [PMID: 26496612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A key effector route of the Sugar Code involves lectins that exert crucial regulatory controls by targeting distinct cellular glycans. We demonstrate that a single amino-acid substitution in a banana lectin, replacing histidine 84 with a threonine, significantly reduces its mitogenicity, while preserving its broad-spectrum antiviral potency. X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and glycocluster assays reveal that loss of mitogenicity is strongly correlated with loss of pi-pi stacking between aromatic amino acids H84 and Y83, which removes a wall separating two carbohydrate binding sites, thus diminishing multivalent interactions. On the other hand, monovalent interactions and antiviral activity are preserved by retaining other wild-type conformational features and possibly through unique contacts involving the T84 side chain. Through such fine-tuning, target selection and downstream effects of a lectin can be modulated so as to knock down one activity, while preserving another, thus providing tools for therapeutics and for understanding the Sugar Code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and UNC AIDS Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel M Boudreaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Loïc Salmon
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeetender Chugh
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Harry C Winter
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer L Meagher
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Steven King
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Irwin J Goldstein
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | | | - Yi Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and UNC AIDS Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Hashim M Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - David M Markovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Tarbet EB, Hamilton S, Vollmer AH, Luttick A, Ng WC, Pryor M, Hurst BL, Crawford S, Smee DF, Tucker SP. A zanamivir dimer with prophylactic and enhanced therapeutic activity against influenza viruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2164-74. [PMID: 24777908 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging drug resistance to antiviral therapies is an increasing challenge for the treatment of influenza virus infections. One new antiviral compound, BTA938, a dimeric derivative of the viral neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, contains a 14-carbon linker bridging two zanamivir moieties. In these studies, we evaluated antiviral efficacy in cell cultures infected with influenza virus and in mouse models of lethal influenza using H1N1pdm09, H3N2 and oseltamivir-resistant (H275Y) viruses. METHODS In vitro activity was evaluated against 22 strains of influenza virus. Additionally, in vivo studies compared the efficacy of BTA938 or zanamivir after intranasal treatment. We also tested the hypothesis of a dual mode of action for BTA938 using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS BTA938 inhibited the viruses at nanomolar concentrations in vitro with a median 50% effective concentration value of 0.5 nM. In mouse models, the dimer provided ∼10-fold greater protection than zanamivir. The data also showed that a single low dose (3 mg/kg) protected 100% of mice from an otherwise lethal oseltamivir-resistant (H275Y) influenza virus infection. Remarkably, a single prophylactic treatment (10 mg/kg) administered 7 days before the challenge protected 70% of mice and when administered 1 or 3 days before the challenge it protected 90% of mice. Additionally, SEM provides evidence that the increased antiviral potency may be mediated by an enhanced aggregation of virus on the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS In vitro and in vivo experiments showed the high antiviral activity of BTA938 for the treatment of influenza virus infections. Moreover, we demonstrated that a single dose of BTA938 is sufficient for prophylactic and therapeutic protection in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Almut H Vollmer
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - Wy Ching Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Simon Crawford
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Day CW, Geiben-Lynn R. Influenza Virus H1N1 inhibition by serine protease inhibitor (serpin) antithrombin III. Int Trends Immun 2014; 2:83-86. [PMID: 24883334 PMCID: PMC4037146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are anti-inflammatory mediators with multiple biologic functions. Serpins are also part of the early innate immune response to viral infection that includes mannose binding lectins, soluble CD14, defensins and antimicrobial peptides. Recently, serpin antithrombin III (ATIII) was shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity against HIV, HSV and HCV. We tested ATIII's antiviral activity against a variety of influenza virus strains. In our studies we found strong in vitro inhibition of influenza virus A H1N1 isolates. Our data also demonstrate that ATIII potency was more than 100-fold that of ribavirin. We also found that inhibition was dependent on viral hemagglutinin with decreasing efficacy in the order of H1N1 > H3N2 > H5N1 >> Flu B. In vivo efficacy is currently still lacking demonstrating need for more advanced delivery methods for this biomolecule. Understanding how ATIII regulates influenza virus inhibition may reveal new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Craig W. Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Krajczyk A, Kulinska K, Kulinski T, Hurst BL, Day CW, Smee DF, Ostrowski T, Januszczyk P, Zeidler J. Antivirally active ribavirin analogues--4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole nucleosides: biological evaluation against certain respiratory viruses and computational modelling. Antivir Chem Chemother 2014; 23:161-71. [PMID: 23538746 DOI: 10.3851/imp2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent that derives some of its activity from inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), resulting in lower guanosine triphosphate (GTP) levels. Here we report the biological activities of three ribavirin analogues. METHODS Antiviral activities of test compounds were performed by in vitro cytopathic effect inhibition assays against influenza A (H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1), influenza B, measles, parainfluenza type 3 (PIV-3) and respiratory syncytial viruses. Compounds were modelled into the ribavirin 5'-monophosphate binding site of the crystallographic structure of the human type II IMPDH (hIMPDH2) ternary complex. Effects of compounds on intracellular GTP levels were performed by strong anion exchange HPLC analysis. RESULTS Of the three compounds evaluated, the 5-ethynyl nucleoside (ETCAR) exhibited virus-inhibitory activities (at 1.2-20 μM, depending upon the virus) against most of the viruses, except for weak activity against PIV-3 (62 μM). Antiviral activity of ETCAR was similar to ribavirin; however, cytotoxicity of ETCAR was greater than ribavirin. Replacing the 5-ethynyl group with a 5-propynyl or bromo substituent (BrCAR) considerably reduced antiviral activity. Computational studies of ternary complexes of hIMPDH2 enzyme with 5'-monophosphates of the compounds helped rationalize the observed differences in biological activity. All compounds suppressed GTP levels in cells; additionally, BrCAR suppressed adenosine triphosphate and elevated uridine triphosphate levels. CONCLUSIONS Three compounds related to ribavirin inhibited IMPDH and had weak to moderate antiviral activity. Cytotoxicity adversely affected the antiviral selectivity of ETCAR. As with ribavirin, reduction in intracellular GTP may play a role in virus inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krajczyk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Tarbet EB, Vollmer AH, Hurst BL, Barnard DL, Furuta Y, Smee DF. In vitro activity of favipiravir and neuraminidase inhibitor combinations against oseltamivir-sensitive and oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1279-91. [PMID: 24311151 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few anti-influenza drugs are licensed in the United States for the prevention and therapy of influenza A and B virus infections. This shortage, coupled with continuously emerging drug resistance, as detected through a global surveillance network, seriously limits our anti-influenza armamentarium. Combination therapy appears to offer several advantages over traditional monotherapy in not only delaying development of resistance but also potentially enhancing single antiviral activity. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral drug susceptibilities of fourteen pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus isolates in MDCK cells. In addition, we evaluated favipiravir (T-705), an investigational drug with a broad antiviral spectrum and a unique mode of action, alone and in dual combination with the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir, peramivir, or zanamivir, against oseltamivir-sensitive pandemic influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) and oseltamivir-resistant A/Hong Kong/2369/2009 (H1N1) virus. Mean inhibitory values showed that the tested virus isolates remained sensitive to commonly used antiviral drugs, with the exception of the Hong Kong virus isolate. Drug dose-response curves confirmed complete drug resistance to oseltamivir, partial sensitivity to peramivir, and retained susceptibility to zanamivir and favipiravir against the A/Hong Kong/2369/2009 virus. Three-dimensional analysis of drug interactions using the MacSynergy(TM) II program indicated an overall synergistic interaction when favipiravir was combined with the NAIs against the oseltamivir-sensitive influenza virus, and an additive effect against the oseltamivir-resistant virus. Although the clinical relevance of these drug combinations remains to be evaluated, results obtained from this study support the use of combination therapy with favipiravir and NAIs for treatment of human influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA,
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Smee DF, Wong MH, Hurst BL, Ennis J, Turner JD. Effects of nasal or pulmonary delivered treatments with an adenovirus vectored interferon (mDEF201) on respiratory and systemic infections in mice caused by cowpox and vaccinia viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68685. [PMID: 23874722 PMCID: PMC3706414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An adenovirus 5 vector encoding for mouse interferon alpha, subtype 5 (mDEF201) was evaluated for efficacy against lethal cowpox (Brighton strain) and vaccinia (WR strain) virus respiratory and systemic infections in mice. Two routes of mDEF201 administration were used, nasal sinus (5-µl) and pulmonary (50-µl), to compare differences in efficacy, since the preferred treatment of humans would be in a relatively small volume delivered intranasally. Lower respiratory infections (LRI), upper respiratory infections (URI), and systemic infections were induced by 50-µl intranasal, 10-µl intranasal, and 100-µl intraperitoneal virus challenges, respectively. mDEF201 treatments were given prophylactically either 24 h (short term) or 56d (long-term) prior to virus challenge. Single nasal sinus treatments of 10(6) and 10(7) PFU/mouse of mDEF201 protected all mice from vaccinia-induced LRI mortality (comparable to published studies with pulmonary delivered mDEF201). Systemic vaccinia infections responded significantly better to nasal sinus delivered mDEF201 than to pulmonary treatments. Cowpox LRI infections responded to 10(7) mDEF201 treatments, but a 10(6) dose was only weakly protective. Cowpox URI infections were equally treatable by nasal sinus and pulmonary delivered mDEF201 at 10(7) PFU/mouse. Dose-responsive prophylaxis with mDEF201, given one time only 56 d prior to initiating a vaccinia virus LRI infection, was 100% protective from 10(5) to 10(7) PFU/mouse. Improvements in lung hemorrhage score and lung weight were evident, as were decreases in liver, lung, and spleen virus titers. Thus, mDEF201 was able to treat different vaccinia and cowpox virus infections using both nasal sinus and pulmonary treatment regimens, supporting its development for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America.
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Sefing EJ, Wong MH, Larson DP, Hurst BL, Van Wettere AJ, Schneller SW, Gowen BB. Vascular leak ensues a vigorous proinflammatory cytokine response to Tacaribe arenavirus infection in AG129 mice. Virol J 2013; 10:221. [PMID: 23816343 PMCID: PMC3707785 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tacaribe virus (TCRV) is a less biohazardous relative of the highly pathogenic clade B New World arenaviruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever syndromes and require handling in maximum containment facilities not readily available to most researchers. AG129 type I and II interferon receptor knockout mice have been shown to be susceptible to TCRV infection, but the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the lethal disease are unclear. Methods To gain insights into the pathogenesis of TCRV infection in AG129 mice, we assessed hematologic and cytokine responses during the course of infection, as well as changes in the permeability of the vascular endothelium. We also treated TCRV-challenged mice with MY-24, a compound that prevents mortality without affecting viral loads during the acute infection, and measured serum and tissue viral titers out to 40 days post-infection to determine whether the virus is ultimately cleared in recovering mice. Results We found that the development of viremia and splenomegaly precedes an elevation in white blood cells and the detection of high levels of proinflammatory mediators known to destabilize the endothelial barrier, which likely contributes to the increased vascular permeability and weight loss that was observed several days prior to when the mice generally succumb to TCRV challenge. In surviving mice treated with MY-24, viremia and liver virus titers were not cleared until 2–3 weeks post-infection, after which the mice began to recover lost weight. Remarkably, substantial viral loads were still present in the lung, spleen, brain and kidney tissues at the conclusion of the study. Conclusions Our findings suggest that vascular leak may be a contributing factor in the demise of TCRV-infected mice, as histopathologic findings are generally mild to moderate in nature, and as evidenced with MY-24 treatment, animals can survive in the face of high viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Sefing
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Day CW. D282, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of influenza virus infection that interferes with de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antivir Chem Chemother 2012; 22:263-72. [PMID: 22516927 DOI: 10.3851/imp2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of novel influenza virus inhibitors remains an important priority in light of the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Toward this end, a library of over 6,000 compounds was tested for antiviral activity. METHODS Strains of influenza virus were evaluated by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and virus yield reduction assays. Intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pools were analysed by strong anion exchange HPLC. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibition assays were conducted. Influenza virus-infected mice were treated for 5 days with D282. RESULTS A non-nucleoside, 4-[(4-butylphenyl)amino]-2-methylene-4-oxo-butanoic acid (D282), was discovered that inhibited influenza A and B virus CPE by 50% at 6-31 μM (giving selectivity indices of >13 to >67, based on cytotoxicity of >400 µM in stationary cell cultures). Ribavirin (positive control) was active at 14-44 µM (yielding selectivity indices of >9 to >29, with >400 µM toxicity). D282 and ribavirin inhibited virus yield by 90% at 9.5 ±3.3 and 10.8 ±3.2 µM, respectively. The antiviral activity of D282 in vitro was reversed by addition of uridine, cytidine and orotic acid. D282 exhibited an uncompetitive inhibition of mouse liver dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (inhibitor constant [Ki] of 2.3 ±0.9 µM, Michaelis constant [Km] of 150 ±16 µM). Because cellular pyrimidine biosynthesis was inhibited, D282-treated cells had decreased uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate levels. D282 (≤100 mg/kg/day) failed to prevent death of mice infected with influenza. CONCLUSIONS D282 was active against influenza A and B viruses by inhibiting de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Although effective in vitro, the compound, like others in its class, was devoid of antiviral activity in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited in vivo studies in the scientific literature suggest that components of green tea and elderberry may be beneficial in treating influenza virus infections. They are thought to act by blocking virus adsorption to cells. TheraMax(®) is a proprietary medication administered by nasal spray that contains both green tea and elderberry extracts that was evaluated for antiviral activity. METHODS TheraMax was tested by dilution in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures in standard viral cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition and virucidal assays against eight influenza A and B strains. It was also administered intranasally to mice to determine protective activity compared to oral oseltamivir against an influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) infection. RESULTS In cell culture assays, TheraMax was found to inhibit viral CPE by 50% at a 1:20 dilution for seven of the eight virus strains, with no virucidal activity at 1:2 dilution. The undiluted product was administered to anaesthetized mice twice daily for 4 days starting 2 h before or 12 h after infection. Alternatively, TheraMax and virus were combined for treatment and infection. Oseltamivir was given orally twice daily for 5 days at 10 mg/kg/day starting at -2 h. TheraMax (combined directly with virus) and oseltamivir each prevented death and curtailed weight loss during the infection, and improved lung haemorrhage scores on day 6. TheraMax starting at -2 h or 12 h significantly delayed death by >2 days and reduced lung haemorrhage scores, but most animals died. CONCLUSIONS These combined results indicate that TheraMax delayed symptoms during animal infections, likely through blocking of virus adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Tarbet EB, Babu YS, Klumpp K, Morrey JD. Combinations of oseltamivir and peramivir for the treatment of influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:38-44. [PMID: 20633577 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oseltamivir and peramivir are being considered for combination treatment of serious influenza virus infections in humans. Both compounds are influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, and since peramivir binds tighter to the enzyme than oseltamivir carboxylate (the active form of oseltamivir), the possibility exists that antagonistic interactions might result when using the two compounds together. To study this possibility, combination chemotherapy experiments were conducted in vitro and in mice infected with influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) virus. Treatment of infected MDCK cells was performed with combinations of oseltamivir carboxylate and peramivir at 0.32-100μM for 3 days, followed by virus yield determinations. Additive drug interactions with a narrow region of synergy were found using the MacSynergy method. In a viral neuraminidase assay with combinations of inhibitors at 0.01-10nM, no significant antagonistic or synergistic interactions were observed across the range of concentrations. Infected mice were treated twice daily for 5 days starting 2h prior to virus challenge using drug doses of 0.05-0.4mg/kg/day. Consistent and statistically significant increases in the numbers of survivors were seen when twice daily oral oseltamivir (0.4mg/kg/day) was combined with twice daily intramuscular peramivir (0.1 and 0.2mg/kg/day) compared to single drug treatments. The data demonstrate that combinations of oseltamivir and peramivir perform better than suboptimal doses of each compound alone to treat influenza infections in mice. Treatment with these two compounds should be considered as an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5600, United States.
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH. Lack of efficacy of aurintricarboxylic acid and ethacrynic acid against vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 20:201-5. [PMID: 20413827 DOI: 10.3851/imp1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and ethacrynic acid (ECA) have been reported to exhibit antiviral activity against vaccinia virus infections in cell culture by inhibiting early and late gene transcription, respectively. The purpose of this work was to determine if these inhibitors would effectively treat vaccinia virus infections in mice, which has not previously been studied. METHODS ECA was investigated by cell culture plaque reduction assay for the inhibition of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections to clarify issues regarding its potency and selectivity. Mice infected intranasally with vaccinia virus were treated by intraperitoneal route twice daily for 5 days with ATA (10 and 30 mg/kg/day) and ECA (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) or once daily for 2 days with cidofovir (100 mg/kg/day). RESULTS ECA caused 50% inhibition of virus plaque formation at 20-79 muM in four cultured cell lines, with 50% cytotoxicity at 84-173 muM, giving low (1.3-4.2) selectivity index values. Preliminary toxicity tests in uninfected mice indicated that ATA and ECA were both overtly toxic at 100 mg/kg/day. No protection from mortality was afforded by treatment of vaccinia virus infections with ATA or ECA, but 100% survival was achieved in the cidofovir group. ATA- and ECA-treated mice died significantly sooner than placebo-treated animals, indicating that these compounds exacerbated the infection. CONCLUSIONS Both ATA and ECA lack antiviral potency and selectivity in cell culture. The compounds were ineffective in treating mice at intraperitoneal doses of <or=30 mg/kg/day. These compounds do not appear to have potential for the treatment of poxvirus infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Selvam P, Chandramohan M, Hurst BL, Smee DF. Activity of Isatine-sulphadimidine Derivatives Against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Cell Culture. Antiviral Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Selvam P, Chandramohan M, Hurst BL, Smee DF. Activity of Isatine-Sulfadimidine Derivatives against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:143-6. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The development of antiviral drugs has provided crucial new means to mitigate or relieve the debilitating effects of many viral pathogens. New classes of inhibitors are essential to combat swine influenza viral infection. Methods: A series of isatine-sulfadimidine derivatives were screened for antiviral activity against swine influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was also tested in uninfected MDCK cells. Results: All the compounds inhibit the influenza A (H1N1) in MDCK cells. The most active compounds, SPIII-5Br and SPIII-5H, inhibited virus-induced cytopathology by 50% at 27 and 30 μM, respectively, with 50% cytotoxicity occurring at a much higher dose (975–1,000 μM). The positive control compound ribavirin inhibits the replication of the virus at 18 μM and cytotoxic concentration was found to be >1,000 μM. Conclusions: SPIII-5Br and SPIII-5H exhibited potency in the same range as ribavirin and are suitable candidate molecules for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Egawa H, Takahashi K, Kadota T, Furuta Y. Intracellular metabolism of favipiravir (T-705) in uninfected and influenza A (H5N1) virus-infected cells. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:741-6. [PMID: 19643775 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the metabolism of favipiravir (T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) to its ribosylated, triphosphorylated form (T-705 RTP) in uninfected and influenza A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus-infected cells. Effects of treatment on intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools and influenza virus-inhibitory activity were also assessed. METHODS A strong anion exchange HPLC separation method with UV detection was used to quantify T-705 RTP and GTP levels in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Antiviral activity was determined by virus yield reduction assay. RESULTS Accumulation of T-705 RTP in uninfected cells increased linearly from 3 to 320 pmol/10(6) cells in cells exposed to 1-1000 microM extracellular T-705 for 24 h, approaching maximum levels by 9 h. Virus infection did not result in greater T-705 RTP accumulation compared with uninfected cells. Catabolism of T-705 RTP occurred after removal of T-705 from the extracellular medium, with a half-life of decay of 5.6 +/- 0.6 h. Based upon these results, short-term incubation of T-705 with H5N1 virus-infected cells was predicted to provide an antiviral benefit. Indeed, 4-8 h 10-100 microM T-705 treatment of cells resulted in virus yield reductions, but less than continuous exposure. A 100-fold higher extracellular concentration of T-705 was required to inhibit intracellular GTP levels compared with ribavirin, which helps explain ribavirin's greater toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The favourable intracellular metabolic properties of T-705 combined with its reduced cell-inhibitory properties make this compound an attractive candidate for treating human influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Smee DF, Humphreys DE, Hurst BL, Barnard DL. Antiviral activities and phosphorylation of 5-halo-2'-deoxyuridines and N-methanocarbathymidine in cells infected with vaccinia virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 2008; 19:15-24. [PMID: 18610554 DOI: 10.1177/095632020801900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antipoxviral activities and phosphorylation of N-methanocarbathymidine ([N]-MCT) and four 5-halo-2'-deoxyuridines, namely 5-fluoro-(FdU), 5-chloro-(CldU), 5-bromo-(BrdU), and 5-iodo-(IdU) derivatives, were explored. METHODS Antiviral activities and nucleoside metabolism were determined in C127I mouse, LLC-MK2 monkey, and A549 human cells infected with thymidine-kinase-containing and -deficient (TK+ and TK-) vaccinia (WR strain) viruses. RESULTS The antiviral potencies of CldU, BrdU and IdU were increased 16-26-fold in LLC-MK2 cells infected with TK+ compared with TK- virus infections, but enhancement of activity was much less in the other cell lines. (N)-MCT was nearly equally active against TK+ and TK- viruses in the three cell lines. Antiviral activity of FdU was associated with cytotoxicity. Uninfected and infected cells metabolized compounds to mono-, di- and triphosphates. The thymidine, BrdU and IdU triphosphate levels were higher in C127I and LLC-MK2 cells infected with TK+ than with TK- virus. (N)-MCT monophosphate levels were much higher in TK+ virus-infected cells, but without corresponding increases in (N)-MCT triphosphate. Furthermore, TK+ virus infections did not appreciably alter (N)-MCT triphosphate levels in other mouse (L929), monkey (MA-104 and Vero) and human cell lines (A549). Antiviral potency of the compounds was greater in C127I than in LLC-MK2 cells, yet lower intracellular triphosphate levels were found in C127I cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that viral TK plays an important role in increasing the antiviral potencies of these compounds in some cell lines, but minimally in others. These findings may have implications in treating infected animals with compounds that are dependent upon poxvirus TK for their activation, because viral TK activity may vary greatly due to cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Glazer RI, Rahman A, Sidwell RW. Efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine in treating mice infected intranasally with the IHD and WR strains of vaccinia virus. Antiviral Res 2007; 76:124-9. [PMID: 17658623 PMCID: PMC2268765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Methanocarbathymidine [(N)-MCT] is a newly identified inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication in cell culture and in mice. Limited published animal studies indicated the compound is effective by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at 10-100 mg/(kg day). More extensive studies using different treatment regimens in intranasally infected mice were conducted in order to further explore the potential of this compound compared to cidofovir in treating vaccinia virus infections. (N)-MCT was given twice a day for 7 days, whereas cidofovir was administered once a day for 2 days, each starting 24h after virus exposure for most experiments. (N)-MCT was not toxic up to 1000 mg/(kg day) by the i.p. treatment route. Oral and i.p. treatment regimens with (N)-MCT were directly compared during a vaccinia virus (IHD strain) infection, indicating that the nucleoside has good oral bioavailability in mice. Treatments by i.p. route with (N)-MCT (100 mg/(kg day)) reduced lung, nasal, and brain virus titers during an IHD virus infection, but not nearly to the same extent as i.p. cidofovir (100 mg/(kg day)). Treatment with both compounds decreased liver, spleen, and kidney virus titers, as well as reduced lung consolidation scores and lung weights. Onset of treatment could be delayed by 2 days with (N)-MCT and by 3 days with cidofovir, providing significant survival benefit during the IHD virus infection. Against a vaccinia virus (WR strain) infection in mice, i.p. (N)-MCT treatment prevented death at 500 mg/(kg day), which was comparable in activity to i.p. cidofovir (100 mg/(kg day)). Significant reductions in tissue virus titers occurred with both treatment regimens. (N)-MCT could be further pursued for its potential to treat orthopoxvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
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