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Song IW, Washington M, Leynes C, Hsu J, Rayavara K, Bae Y, Haelterman N, Chen Y, Jiang MM, Drelich A, Tat V, Lanza DG, Lorenzo I, Heaney JD, Tseng CTK, Lee B, Marom R. Generation of a humanized mAce2 and a conditional hACE2 mouse models permissive to SARS-COV-2 infection. Mamm Genome 2024:10.1007/s00335-024-10033-8. [PMID: 38488938 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-024-10033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health concern and a subject of active research effort. Development of pre-clinical animal models is critical to study viral-host interaction, tissue tropism, disease mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and long-term sequelae of infection. Here, we report two mouse models for studying SARS-CoV-2: A knock-in mAce2F83Y,H353K mouse that expresses a mouse-human hybrid form of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor under the endogenous mouse Ace2 promoter, and a Rosa26 conditional knock-in mouse carrying the human ACE2 allele (Rosa26hACE2). Although the mAce2F83Y,H353K mice were susceptible to intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2, they did not show gross phenotypic abnormalities. Next, we generated a Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mouse line that ubiquitously expresses the human ACE2 receptor. By day 3 post infection with SARS-CoV-2, Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mice showed significant weight loss, a variable degree of alveolar wall thickening and reduced survival rates. Viral load measurements confirmed inoculation in lung and brain tissues of infected Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mice. The phenotypic spectrum displayed by our different mouse models translates to the broad range of clinical symptoms seen in the human patients and can serve as a resource for the community to model and explore both treatment strategies and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Wen Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megan Washington
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carolina Leynes
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kempaiah Rayavara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yangjin Bae
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nele Haelterman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Denise G Lanza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Isabel Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chien-Te Kent Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ronit Marom
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Westberg M, Su Y, Zou X, Huang P, Rustagi A, Garhyan J, Patel PB, Fernandez D, Wu Y, Hao C, Lo CW, Karim M, Ning L, Beck A, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Tat V, Drelich A, Peng BH, Einav S, Tseng CTK, Blish C, Lin MZ. An orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor exhibits improved affinity and reduced sensitivity to mutations. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0979. [PMID: 38478629 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) such as nirmatrelvir (NTV) and ensitrelvir (ETV) have proven effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19, but the presence of resistance-conferring mutations in sequenced viral genomes raises concerns about future drug resistance. Second-generation oral drugs that retain function against these mutants are thus urgently needed. We hypothesized that the covalent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir (BPV) could serve as the basis for orally bioavailable drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro more efficiently than existing drugs. Performing structure-guided modifications of BPV, we developed a picomolar-affinity inhibitor, ML2006a4, with antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy similar or superior to those of NTV. A crucial feature of ML2006a4 is a derivatization of the ketoamide reactive group that improves cell permeability and oral bioavailability. Last, ML2006a4 was found to be less sensitive to several mutations that cause resistance to NTV or ETV and occur in the natural SARS-CoV-2 population. Thus, anticipatory design can preemptively address potential resistance mechanisms to expand future treatment options against coronavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Puja Bhavesh Patel
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Program in Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Yu B, Drelich A, Hsu J, Tat V, Peng BH, Wei Q, Wang J, Wang H, Wages J, Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW, Tseng CT. Protective Efficacy of Novel Engineered Human ACE2-Fc Fusion Protein Against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16646-16657. [PMID: 38100534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Enduring occurrence of severe COVID-19 for unvaccinated, aged, or immunocompromised individuals remains an urgent need. Soluble human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been used as a decoy receptor to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is limited by moderate affinity. We describe an engineered, high-affinity ACE2 that is consistently effective in tissue cultures in neutralizing all strains tested, including Delta and Omicron. We also found that treatment of AC70 hACE2 transgenic mice with hACE2-Fc receptor decoys effectively reduced viral infection, attenuated tissue histopathology, and delayed the onset of morbidity and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We believe that using this ACE2-Fc protein would be less likely to promote the escape mutants of SARS-CoV-2 as frequently as did those neutralizing antibody therapies. Together, our results emphasize the suitability of our newly engineered hACE2-Fc fusion protein for further development as a potent antiviral agent against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Qisheng Wei
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Jianming Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - John Wages
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | | | - James W Larrick
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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4
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Carter B, Huang P, Liu G, Liang Y, Lin PJC, Peng BH, McKay LGA, Dimitrakakis A, Hsu J, Tat V, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Chen J, Kaseke C, Gaiha GD, Xu Q, Griffiths A, Tam YK, Tseng CTK, Gifford DK. A pan-variant mRNA-LNP T cell vaccine protects HLA transgenic mice from mortality after infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135815. [PMID: 36969239 PMCID: PMC10033589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Licensed COVID-19 vaccines ameliorate viral infection by inducing production of neutralizing antibodies that bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and inhibit viral cellular entry. However, the clinical effectiveness of these vaccines is transitory as viral variants escape antibody neutralization. Effective vaccines that solely rely upon a T cell response to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection could be transformational because they can utilize highly conserved short pan-variant peptide epitopes, but a mRNA-LNP T cell vaccine has not been shown to provide effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis. Here we show a mRNA-LNP vaccine (MIT-T-COVID) based on highly conserved short peptide epitopes activates CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses that attenuate morbidity and prevent mortality in HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 Beta (B.1.351). We found CD8+ T cells in mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID vaccine significantly increased from 1.1% to 24.0% of total pulmonary nucleated cells prior to and at 7 days post infection (dpi), respectively, indicating dynamic recruitment of circulating specific T cells into the infected lungs. Mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID had 2.8 (2 dpi) and 3.3 (7 dpi) times more lung infiltrating CD8+ T cells than unimmunized mice. Mice immunized with MIT-T-COVID had 17.4 times more lung infiltrating CD4+ T cells than unimmunized mice (7 dpi). The undetectable specific antibody response in MIT-T-COVID-immunized mice demonstrates specific T cell responses alone can effectively attenuate the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results suggest further study is merited for pan-variant T cell vaccines, including for individuals that cannot produce neutralizing antibodies or to help mitigate Long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Carter
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ge Liu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | | | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Dimitrakakis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panatda Saenkham-Huntsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gaurav D. Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chien-Te K. Tseng, ; David K. Gifford,
| | - David K. Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chien-Te K. Tseng, ; David K. Gifford,
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5
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Zhu J, Li L, Drelich A, Chenna BC, Mellott DM, Taylor ZW, Tat V, Garcia CZ, Katzfuss A, Tseng CTK, Meek TD. Self-Masked Aldehyde Inhibitors of Human Cathepsin L Are Potent Anti-CoV-2 Agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:867928. [PMID: 35860632 PMCID: PMC9291521 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.867928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases comprise an important class of drug targets, especially for infectious diseases such as Chagas disease (cruzain) and COVID-19 (3CL protease, cathepsin L). Peptide aldehydes have proven to be potent inhibitors for all of these proteases. However, the intrinsic, high electrophilicity of the aldehyde group is associated with safety concerns and metabolic instability, limiting the use of aldehyde inhibitors as drugs. We have developed a novel class of compounds, self-masked aldehyde inhibitors (SMAIs) which are based on the dipeptide aldehyde inhibitor (Cbz-Phe-Phe-CHO, 1), for which the P1 Phe group contains a 1′-hydroxy group, effectively, an o-tyrosinyl aldehyde (Cbz-Phe-o-Tyr-CHO, 2; (Li et al. (2021) J. Med. Chem. 64, 11,267–11,287)). Compound 2 and other SMAIs exist in aqueous mixtures as stable δ-lactols, and apparent catalysis by the cysteine protease cruzain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, results in the opening of the lactol ring to afford the aldehydes which then form reversible thiohemiacetals with the enzyme. These SMAIs are also potent, time-dependent inhibitors of human cathepsin L (Ki = 11–60 nM), an enzyme which shares 36% amino acid identity with cruzain. As inactivators of cathepsin L have recently been shown to be potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents in infected mammalian cells (Mellott et al. (2021) ACS Chem. Biol. 16, 642–650), we evaluated SMAIs in VeroE6 and A549/ACE2 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. These SMAIs demonstrated potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with values of EC50 = 2–8 μM. We also synthesized pro-drug forms of the SMAIs in which the hydroxyl groups of the lactols were O-acylated. Such pro-drug SMAIs resulted in significantly enhanced anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity (EC50 = 0.3–0.6 μM), demonstrating that the O-acylated-SMAIs afforded a level of stability within infected cells, and are likely converted to SMAIs by the action of cellular esterases. Lastly, we prepared and characterized an SMAI in which the sidechain adjacent to the terminal aldehyde is a 2-pyridonyl-alanine group, a mimic of both phenylalanine and glutamine. This compound (9) inhibited both cathepsin L and 3CL protease at low nanomolar concentrations, and also exerted anti-CoV-2 activity in an infected human cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bala C. Chenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Drake M. Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zane W. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher Z. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ardala Katzfuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, John Sealy School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas D. Meek,
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Hazra T, Tapryal N, Chakraborty A, Rayavara K, Wakamiya M, Islam A, Pan L, Hsu J, Tat V, Maruyama J, Hosoki K, Sayed I, Alcantara J, Castillo V, Tindle C, Sarker A, Cardenas V, Sharma G, Alexander LC, Sur S, Ghosh G, Paessler S, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Das S, Boldogh I, Tseng CT. The DNA glycosylase NEIL2 plays a vital role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1690354. [PMID: 35665009 PMCID: PMC9164514 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1690354/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compromised DNA repair capacity of individuals could play a critical role in the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced COVID-19. We therefore analyzed the expression of DNA repair genes in publicly available transcriptomic datasets of COVID-19 patients and found that the level of NEIL2, an oxidized base specific mammalian DNA glycosylase, is particularly low in the lungs of COVID-19 patients displaying severe symptoms. Downregulation of pulmonary NEIL2 in CoV-2-permissive animals and postmortem COVID-19 patients validated these results. To investigate the potential roles of NEIL2 in CoV-2 pathogenesis, we infected Neil2-null (Neil2-/-) mice with a mouse-adapted CoV-2 strain and found that Neil2-/- mice suffered more severe viral infection concomitant with increased expression of proinflammatory genes, which resulted in an enhanced mortality rate of 80%, up from 20% for the age matched Neil2+/+ cohorts. We also found that infected animals accumulated a significant amount of damage in their lung DNA. Surprisingly, recombinant NEIL2 delivered into permissive A549-ACE2 cells significantly decreased viral replication. Toward better understanding the mechanistic basis of how NEIL2 plays such a protective role against CoV-2 infection, we determined that NEIL2 specifically binds to the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA and blocks protein synthesis. Together, our data suggest that NEIL2 plays a previously unidentified role in regulating CoV-2-induced pathogenesis, via inhibiting viral replication and preventing exacerbated proinflammatory responses, and also via its well-established role of repairing host genome damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Hazra
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lang Pan
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Jason Hsu
- The University of Texas Medical Branch
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7
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Yap TF, Hsu JC, Liu Z, Rayavara K, Tat V, Tseng CTK, Preston DJ. Efficacy and self-similarity of SARS-CoV-2 thermal decontamination. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:127709. [PMID: 35086724 PMCID: PMC8572375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dry heat decontamination has been shown to effectively inactivate viruses without compromising the integrity of delicate personal protective equipment (PPE), allowing safe reuse and helping to alleviate shortages of PPE that have arisen due to COVID-19. Unfortunately, current thermal decontamination guidelines rely on empirical data which are often sparse, limited to a specific virus, and unable to provide fundamental insight into the underlying inactivation reaction. In this work, we experimentally quantified dry heat decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 on disposable masks and validated a model that treats the inactivation reaction as thermal degradation of macromolecules. Furthermore, upon nondimensionalization, all of the experimental data collapse onto a unified curve, revealing that the thermally driven decontamination process exhibits self-similar behavior. Our results show that heating surgical masks to 70 °C for 5 min inactivates over 99.9% of SARS-CoV-2. We also characterized the chemical and physical properties of disposable masks after heat treatment and did not observe degradation. The model presented in this work enables extrapolation of results beyond specific temperatures to provide guidelines for safe PPE decontamination. The modeling framework and self-similar behavior are expected to extend to most viruses-including yet-unencountered novel viruses-while accounting for a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Faye Yap
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jason C Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kempaiah Rayavara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Daniel J Preston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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8
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Kempaiah KR, Drelich A, Hsu JC, Tat V, Tseng CTK. Endogenous Type I interferon signaling plays a pivotal role in restricted SARS-CoV-2 infection in human ACE2 transgenic mice. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.20.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality around the world. COVID-19 pathogenesis includes lung inflammation, cytokine storm and organ failures, but the mechanism underlying the disease remains to be studied. To determine what role(s) the well-characterized type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated innate antiviral responses might play against SARS-CoV-2 infection, we treated hACE2 transgenic (Tg) mice, AC70 line, with mouse IFN-I receptor-specific monoclonal antibody prior to challenge with 106TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 (US-WA-1/2020). Both IFN-blocked and-unblocked animals developed clinical signs of disease with body weight loss from day 3 and 100% mortality between 4 and 5 days post-infection with SARS-CoV-2 at high dose (106 TCID50). Although live virus was detected in the lungs and brain of both groups, live virus was detected only in the kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and gastrointestinal tract of the IFN-blocked group. Elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons including IFN-λ were detected in all organs tested in both groups. Immunostaining for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein along with profound histopathological observations in the lungs and brain of both groups show severe COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. Our results show that AC70 Tg mice are highly permissive to SARS-COV-2 infection and develop severe COVID-19. Furthermore, we show type I IFN-mediated signaling pathways play a critical role in restricting viral spread and are ideal for development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Jason C Hsu
- 2Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Vivian Tat
- 3Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX
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9
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Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, Fajtová P, Chenna BC, Kostomiris DH, Hsu J, Zhu J, Taylor ZW, Kocurek KI, Tat V, Katzfuss A, Li L, Giardini MA, Skinner D, Hirata K, Yoon MC, Beck S, Carlin AF, Clark AE, Beretta L, Maneval D, Hook V, Frueh F, Hurst BL, Wang H, Raushel FM, O’Donoghue AJ, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Meek TD, McKerrow JH. A Clinical-Stage Cysteine Protease Inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human and Monkey Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:642-650. [PMID: 33787221 PMCID: PMC8029441 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host-cell cysteine proteases play an essential role in the processing of the viral spike protein of SARS coronaviruses. K777, an irreversible, covalent inactivator of cysteine proteases that has recently completed phase 1 clinical trials, reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral infectivity in several host cells: Vero E6 (EC50< 74 nM), HeLa/ACE2 (4 nM), Caco-2 (EC90 = 4.3 μM), and A549/ACE2 (<80 nM). Infectivity of Calu-3 cells depended on the cell line assayed. If Calu-3/2B4 was used, EC50 was 7 nM, but in the ATCC Calu-3 cell line without ACE2 enrichment, EC50 was >10 μM. There was no toxicity to any of the host cell lines at 10-100 μM K777 concentration. Kinetic analysis confirmed that K777 was a potent inhibitor of human cathepsin L, whereas no inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases (papain-like and 3CL-like protease) was observed. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with a propargyl derivative of K777 as an activity-based probe identified human cathepsin B and cathepsin L as the intracellular targets of this molecule in both infected and uninfected Vero E6 cells. However, cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was only carried out by cathepsin L. This cleavage was blocked by K777 and occurred in the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a different site from that previously observed for the SARS-CoV-1 spike protein. These data support the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of K777 is mediated through inhibition of the activity of host cathepsin L and subsequent loss of cathepsin L-mediated viral spike protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake M. Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague,
Czech Republic
| | - Bala C. Chenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Demetrios H. Kostomiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Jiyun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Zane W. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Klaudia I. Kocurek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University
Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77755-1001, United States
| | - Ardala Katzfuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Ken Hirata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Michael C. Yoon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Laura Beretta
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Daniel Maneval
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Felix Frueh
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Hong Wang
- Selva Therapeutics and Institute for Antiviral
Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State
University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United
States
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Jair Lage de Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
| | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M
University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843,
United States
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
92093, United States
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10
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Ye G, Gallant JP, Massey C, Shi K, Tai W, Zheng J, Odle AE, Vickers MA, Shang J, Wan Y, Drelich A, Kempaiah KR, Tat V, Perlman S, Du L, Tseng CT, Aihara H, LeBeau AM, Li F. The Development of a Novel Nanobody Therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33236012 PMCID: PMC7685322 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.17.386532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires potent and low-cost therapeutics. We identified a novel series of single-domain antibodies (i.e., nanobody), Nanosota-1, from a camelid nanobody phage display library. Structural data showed that Nanosota-1 bound to the oft-hidden receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, blocking out viral receptor ACE2. The lead drug possessing an Fc tag ( Nanosota-1C-Fc ) bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD with a K d of 15.7picomolar (∼3000 times more tightly than ACE2 did) and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with an ND 50 of 0.16microgram/milliliter (∼6000 times more potently than ACE2 did). Administered at a single dose, Nanosota-1C-Fc demonstrated preventive and therapeutic efficacy in hamsters subjected to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unlike conventional antibody drugs, Nanosota-1C-Fc was produced at high yields in bacteria and had exceptional thermostability. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Nanosota-1C-F c documented a greater than 10-day in vivo half-life efficacy and high tissue bioavailability. Nanosota-1C-Fc is a potentially effective and realistic solution to the COVID-19 pandemic. Impact statement Potent and low-cost Nanosota-1 drugs block SARS-CoV-2 infections both in vitro and in vivo and act both preventively and therapeutically.
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11
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Mellott DM, Tseng CT, Drelich A, Fajtová P, Chenna BC, Kostomiris DH, Hsu J, Zhu J, Taylor ZW, Tat V, Katzfuss A, Li L, Giardini MA, Skinner D, Hirata K, Beck S, Carlin AF, Clark AE, Beretta L, Maneval D, Frueh F, Hurst BL, Wang H, Kocurek KI, Raushel FM, O’Donoghue AJ, de Siqueira-Neto JL, Meek TD, McKerrow JH. A cysteine protease inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of human and monkey cells. bioRxiv 2020:2020.10.23.347534. [PMID: 33140046 PMCID: PMC7605553 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.23.347534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
K777 is a di-peptide analog that contains an electrophilic vinyl-sulfone moiety and is a potent, covalent inactivator of cathepsins. Vero E6, HeLa/ACE2, Caco-2, A549/ACE2, and Calu-3, cells were exposed to SARS-CoV-2, and then treated with K777. K777 reduced viral infectivity with EC50 values of inhibition of viral infection of: 74 nM for Vero E6, <80 nM for A549/ACE2, and 4 nM for HeLa/ACE2 cells. In contrast, Calu-3 and Caco-2 cells had EC50 values in the low micromolar range. No toxicity of K777 was observed for any of the host cells at 10-100 μM inhibitor. K777 did not inhibit activity of the papain-like cysteine protease and 3CL cysteine protease, encoded by SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations of ≤ 100 μM. These results suggested that K777 exerts its potent anti-viral activity by inactivation of mammalian cysteine proteases which are essential to viral infectivity. Using a propargyl derivative of K777 as an activity-based probe, K777 selectively targeted cathepsin B and cathepsin L in Vero E6 cells. However only cathepsin L cleaved the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and K777 blocked this proteolysis. The site of spike protein cleavage by cathepsin L was in the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 , differing from the cleavage site observed in the SARS CoV-1 spike protein. These data support the hypothesis that the antiviral activity of K777 is mediated through inhibition of the activity of host cathepsin L and subsequent loss of viral spike protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake M. Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bala C. Chenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Demetrios H. Kostomiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Jiyun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zane W. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
- Current address: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99353
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, 3000 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77755-1001
| | - Ardala Katzfuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Miriam A. Giardini
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ken Hirata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura Beretta
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Maneval
- Selva Therapeutics, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Felix Frueh
- Selva Therapeutics, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, 5600 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322
| | - Klaudia I. Kocurek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Frank M. Raushel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Aditya I, Tat V, Sawana A, Mohamed A, Tuffner R, Mondal T. Use of Doppler velocimetry in diagnosis and prognosis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): A Review. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2017; 9:117-26. [PMID: 27197939 DOI: 10.3233/npm-16915132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition which has been difficult to assess at an early stage, resulting in the delivery of children who have poor genetic growth potential. Currently, IUGR classification is based upon the system of ultrasound biometry. Doppler velocimetry allows the measurement of hemodynamic flow of major fetal vessels, comparing the flow indices and patterns of normal and IUGR cases. In this review, the effectiveness of Doppler velocimetry in assessing blood flow in major vessels including the umbilical artery, ductus venosus, and middle cerebral artery was studied for both diagnostic and prognostic screening of IUGR. The umbilical artery is the most frequently studied vessel in Doppler velocimetry due to its accessibility and the strength of its associations with fetal outcomes. Abnormalities in the ductus venosus waveform can be indicative of increased resistance in the right atrium due to placental abnormalities. The middle cerebral artery is the most studied fetal cerebral artery and can detect cerebral blood flow and direction, which is why these three vessels were selected to be examined in this context. A potential mathematical model could be developed to incorporate these Doppler measurements which are indicative of IUGR, in order to reduce perinatal mortality. The purpose of the proposed algorithm is to integrate Doppler velocimetry with biophysical profiling in order to determine the optimal timing of delivery, thus reducing the risks of adverse perinatal outcomes.
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13
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Holme JA, Nyvold HE, Tat V, Arlt VM, Bhargava A, Gutzkow KB, Solhaug A, Låg M, Becher R, Schwarze PE, Ask K, Ekeren L, Øvrevik J. Mechanisms linked to differences in the mutagenic potential of 1,3-dinitropyrene and 1,8-dinitropyrene. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:459-473. [PMID: 28962260 PMCID: PMC4547165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores and characterizes the toxicity of two closely related carcinogenic dinitro-pyrenes (DNPs), 1,3-DNP and 1,8-DNP, in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells and mouse hepatoma Hepa1c1c7 cells. Neither 1,3-DNP nor 1,8-DNP (3–30 μM) induced cell death in BEAS-2B cells. In Hepa1c1c7 cells only 1,3-DNP (10–30 μM) induced a mixture of apoptotic and necrotic cell death after 24 h. Both compounds increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BEAS-2B as measured by CM-H2DCFDA-fluorescence. A corresponding increase in oxidative damage to DNA was revealed by the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (fpg)-modified comet assay. Without fpg, DNP-induced DNA damage detected by the comet assay was only found in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Only 1,8-DNP formed DNA adduct measured by 32P-postlabelling. In Hepa1c1c cells, 1,8-DNP induced phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX) and p53 at a lower concentration than 1,3-DNP and there was no direct correlation between DNA damage/DNA damage response (DR) and induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand, 1,3-DNP-induced apoptosis was inhibited by pifithrin-α, an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, 1,3-DNP triggered an unfolded protein response (UPR), as measured by an increased expression of CHOP, ATF4 and XBP1. Thus, other types of damage possibly linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and/or UPR could be involved in the induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that the stronger carcinogenic potency of 1,8-DNP compared to 1,3-DNP is linked to its higher genotoxic effects. This in combination with its lower potency to induce cell death may increase the probability of causing mutations.
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Key Words
- 1,3-DNP, 1,3-dinitropyrene
- 1,3-Dinitropyrene
- 1,8-DNP, 1,8-dinitropyrene
- 1,8-Dinitropyrene
- 1-NP, 1-nitropyrene
- 3-NBA, 3-nitrobenzanthrone
- AhR, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor
- Apoptosis
- B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene
- CM-H2DCFDA or H2DCFDA, 5-(and 6-)chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Chk, checkpoint kinases
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA damage
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- Hoechst 33258, 2(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-benzimidazole-6-(1-methyl-4-piperazyl)benzimidazole hydrochloride)
- Hoechst 33342, 2′-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2′,5′-bis-1H-benzimidazole hydrochloride)
- NR, nitro-reductasesnitro-PAHnitro substituted-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- Nitro-PAHs
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- PFT, pifithrin
- PI, propidium iodide
- PM, particular matter
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SSB, single strand breaks
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- fpg, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase
- zVAD-FMK, benzyolcarbonayl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone
- γH2AX, phosphorylated H2AX
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Holme
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - H E Nyvold
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - V Tat
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - V M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Bhargava
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K B Gutzkow
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Låg
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Becher
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - P E Schwarze
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - K Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Ekeren
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Øvrevik
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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