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Jahed Z, Yang Y, Tsai CT, Foster EP, McGuire AF, Yang H, Liu A, Forro C, Yan Z, Jiang X, Zhao MT, Zhang W, Li X, Li T, Pawlosky A, Wu JC, Cui B. Nanocrown electrodes for parallel and robust intracellular recording of cardiomyocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2253. [PMID: 35474069 PMCID: PMC9042818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity arises primarily when a compound alters the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes. Features of intracellular action potentials (iAPs) are powerful biomarkers that predict proarrhythmic risks. In the last decade, a number of vertical nanoelectrodes have been demonstrated to achieve parallel and minimally-invasive iAP recordings. However, the large variability in success rate and signal strength have hindered nanoelectrodes from being broadly adopted for proarrhythmia drug assessment. In this work, we develop vertically-aligned nanocrown electrodes that are mechanically robust and achieve > 99% success rates in obtaining intracellular access through electroporation. We validate the accuracy of nanocrown electrode recordings by simultaneous patch clamp recording from the same cell. Finally, we demonstrate that nanocrown electrodes enable prolonged iAP recording for continual monitoring of the same cells upon the sequential addition of four incremental drug doses. Our technology development provides an advancement towards establishing an iAP screening assay for preclinical evaluation of drug-induced arrhythmogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Jahed
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, Jacobs school of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92039, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ethan P Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allister F McGuire
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huaxiao Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Aofei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Csaba Forro
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zen Yan
- Cyion Technologies, LLC, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- Cyion Technologies, LLC, Pleasanton, CA, 94566, USA
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Li
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Annalisa Pawlosky
- Google Accelerated Sciences, Google LLC, Mountain View, 94043, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford Wu-Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Ridley J, Manyweathers S, Tang R, Goetze T, Becker N, Rinke-Weiß I, Kirby R, Obergrussberger A, Rogers M. Development of ASIC1a ligand-gated ion channel drug screening assays across multiple automated patch clamp platforms. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:982689. [PMID: 36340694 PMCID: PMC9629855 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.982689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are ligand-gated ionotropic receptors expressed widely in peripheral tissues as well as sensory and central neurons and implicated in detection of inflammation, tissue injury, and hypoxia-induced acidosis. This makes ASIC channels promising targets for drug discovery in oncology, pain and ischemia, and several modulators have progressed into clinical trials. We describe the use of hASIC1a as a case study for the development and validation of low, medium and high throughput automated patch clamp (APC) assays suitable for the screening and mechanistic profiling of new ligands for this important class of ligand-gated ion channel. Initial efforts to expand on previous manual patch work describing an endogenous hASIC1a response in HEK cells were thwarted by low current expression and unusual pharmacology, so subsequent work utilized stable hASIC1a CHO cell lines. Ligand-gated application protocols and screening assays on the Patchliner, QPatch 48, and SyncroPatch 384 were optimized and validated based on pH activation and nM-μM potency of reference antagonists (e.g., Amiloride, Benzamil, Memantine, Mambalgin-3, A-317567, PcTx1). By optimizing single and stacked pipette tip applications available on each APC platform, stable pH-evoked currents during multiple ligand applications enabled cumulative EC50 and IC50 determinations with minimized receptor desensitization. Finally, we successfully demonstrated for the first time on an APC platform the ability to use current clamp to implement the historical technique of input resistance tracking to measure ligand-gated changes in membrane conductance on the Patchliner platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ridley
- Metrion Biosciences Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raymond Tang
- Metrion Biosciences Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Goetze
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Kirby
- Metrion Biosciences Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Rogers
- Metrion Biosciences Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marc Rogers,
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Gong Y, Yang L, Tang J, Zheng J, Witman N, Jakob P, Tan Y, Liu M, Chen Y, Wang H, Fu W, Wang W. Yohimbine Directly Induces Cardiotoxicity on Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 22:141-151. [PMID: 34817810 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yohimbine is a highly selective and potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, which is usually treated as an adjunction for impotence, as well for weight loss and natural bodybuilding aids. However, it was recently reported that Yohimbine causes myocardial injury and controversial results were reported in the setting of cardiac diseases. Here, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as a model system to explore electrophysiologic characterization after exposure to Yohimbine. HiPSC-CMs were differentiated by employment of inhibitory Wnt compounds. For analysis of electrophysiological properties, conventional whole-cell patch-clamp recording was used. Specifically, spontaneous action potentials, pacemaker currents (If), sodium (Na+) channel (INa), and calcium (Ca++) channel currents (ICa) were assessed in hiPSC-CMs after exposure to Yohimbine. HiPSC-CMs expressed sarcomeric-α-actinin and MLC2V proteins, as well as exhibited ventricular-like spontaneous action potential waveform. Yohimbine inhibited frequency of hiPSC-CMs spontaneous action potentials and significantly prolonged action potential duration in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rest potential, threshold potential, amplitude, and maximal diastolic potential were decreased, whereas APD50/APD90 was prolonged. Yohimbine inhibited the amplitude of INa in low doses (IC50 = 14.2 μM, n = 5) and inhibited ICa in high doses (IC50 = 139.7 μM, n = 5). Whereas Yohimbine did not affect the activation curves, treatment resulted in left shifts in inactivation curves of both Na+ and Ca++ channels. Here, we show that Yohimbine induces direct cardiotoxic effects on spontaneous action potentials of INa and ICa in hiPSC-CMs. Importantly, these effects were not mediated by α2-adrenoceptor signaling. Our results strongly suggest that Yohimbine directly and negatively affects electrophysiological properties of human cardiomyocytes. These findings are highly relevant for potential application of Yohimbine in patients with atrioventricular conduction disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jijian Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Nevin Witman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Jakob
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Minglu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Rotordam MG, Obergrussberger A, Brinkwirth N, Takasuna K, Becker N, Horváth A, Goetze TA, Rapedius M, Furukawa H, Hasegawa Y, Oka T, Fertig N, Stoelzle-Feix S. Reliable identification of cardiac conduction abnormalities in drug discovery using automated patch clamp II: Best practices for Nav1.5 peak current in a high throughput screening environment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 112:107125. [PMID: 34500078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For reliable identification of cardiac safety risk, compounds should be screened for activity on cardiac ion channels in addition to hERG, including NaV1.5 and CaV1.2. We identified different parameters that might affect IC50s of compounds on NaV1.5 peak and late currents recorded using automated patch clamp (APC) and suggest outlines for best practices. METHODS APC instruments SyncroPatch 384 and Patchliner were used to record NaV1.5 peak and late current. Up to 24 CiPA compounds were used to investigate effects of voltage protocol, holding potential (-80 mV or - 95 mV) and temperature (23 ± 1 °C or 36 ± 1 °C) on IC50 values on hNaV1.5 overexpressed in HEK or CHO cells either as frozen cells or running cultures. RESULTS The IC50s of 18 compounds on the NaV1.5 peak current recorded on the SyncroPatch 384 using the CiPA step-ramp protocol correlated well with the literature. The use of frozen or cultured cells did not affect IC50s but voltage protocol and holding potential did cause differences in IC50 values. Temperature can affect Vhalf of inactivation and also compound potency. A compound incubation time of 5-6 min was sufficient for most compounds, however slow acting compounds such as terfenadine required longer to reach maximum effect. DISCUSSION We conclude that holding potential, voltage protocol and temperature can affect IC50 values and recommend the use of the CiPA step-ramp protocol at physiological temperature to record NaV1.5 peak and late currents for cardiac safety. Further recommendations include: a minimum compound incubation time of 5 min, a replicate number of 4 and the use of positive and negative controls for reliable IC50s.
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Jayaram AK, Pappa AM, Ghosh S, Manzer ZA, Traberg WC, Knowles TPJ, Daniel S, Owens RM. Biomembranes in bioelectronic sensing. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:107-123. [PMID: 34229865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are integral to the functioning of the cell and are therefore key to drive fundamental understanding of biological processes for downstream applications. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art with respect to biomembrane systems and electronic substrates, with a view of how the field has evolved towards creating biomimetic conditions and improving detection sensitivity. Of particular interest are conducting polymers, a class of electroactive polymers, which have the potential to create the next step-change for bioelectronics devices. Lastly, we discuss the impact these types of devices could have for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Jayaram
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0JH, UK
| | - A M Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK
| | - S Ghosh
- RF Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Z A Manzer
- RF Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - W C Traberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK
| | - T P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0JH, UK
| | - S Daniel
- RF Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - R M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB30AS Cambridge, UK.
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Wang H, Li H, Wei X, Zhang T, Xiang Y, Fang J, Wu P, Xie X, Wang P, Hu N. Recognition of high-specificity hERG K+ channel inhibitor-induced arrhythmia in cardiomyocytes by automated template matching. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 34567738 PMCID: PMC8433465 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in humans. Arrhythmia induced by gene mutations, heart disease, or hERG K+ channel inhibitors is a serious CVD that can lead to sudden death or heart failure. Conventional cardiomyocyte-based biosensors can record extracellular potentials and mechanical beating signals. However, parameter extraction and examination by the naked eye are the traditional methods for analyzing arrhythmic beats, and it is difficult to achieve automated and efficient arrhythmic recognition with these methods. In this work, we developed a unique automated template matching (ATM) cardiomyocyte beating model to achieve arrhythmic recognition at the single beat level with an interdigitated electrode impedance detection system. The ATM model was established based on a rhythmic template with a data length that was dynamically adjusted to match the data length of the target beat by spline interpolation. The performance of the ATM model under long-term astemizole, droperidol, and sertindole treatment at different doses was determined. The results indicated that the ATM model based on a random rhythmic template of a signal segment obtained after astemizole treatment presented a higher recognition accuracy (100% for astemizole treatment and 99.14% for droperidol and sertindole treatment) than the ATM model based on arrhythmic multitemplates. We believe this highly specific ATM method based on a cardiomyocyte beating model has the potential to be used for arrhythmia screening in the fields of cardiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hongbo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Xinwei Wei
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Peiran Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Xi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050 China
| | - Ning Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Electronics and Information Technology, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050 China
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Ji X, Fang P, Xu B, Xie K, Yue H, Luo X, Wang Z, Zhao X, Shi P. Biohybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Label-Free Pharmacological Fingerprinting in Cardiomyocytes. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4043-4050. [PMID: 32338928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of new drugs requires high-throughput and cost-effective pharmacological assessment in relevant biological models. Here, we introduce a novel pharmacological screening platform that combines a biohybrid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and informatic analysis for self-powered, noninvasive, and label-free biosensing in cardiac cells. The cyclic mechanical activity of functional cardiomyocytes is dynamically captured by a specially designed biohybrid TENG device and is analyzed by a custom-made machine learning algorithm to reveal distinctive fingerprints in response to different pharmacological treatment. The core of the TENG device is a multilayer mesh substrate with microscale-gapped triboelectric layers, which are induced to generate electrical outputs by the characteristic motion of cardiomyocytes upon pharmaceutical treatment. Later bioinformatic extraction from the recorded TENG signal is sufficient to predict a drug's identity and efficacy, demonstrating the great potential of this platform as a biocompatible, low-cost, and highly sensitive drug screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 511434, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Abstract
Bioreactors for large-scale culture of mammalian cells are playing vital roles in biotechnology and bioengineering. Various bioreactors have been developed, but their capacity and efficiency are often limited by insufficient mass transfer rate and high shear stress. A rolled scaffold (RS) is a fully defined scaffold for high-density adherent culture of mammalian cells. The RS is a polymer film with spacers, that is rolled into a cylinder with a pre-determined gap between each turn. Cells are cultured on its inner surfaces, while media flows through the gap. The RS exhibits high surface-area-to-volume ratio over 100 cm2/mL and can transport nutrients and gases with significantly reduced shear stress via convection in a unidirectional laminar flow, rather than diffusion and random turbulent flow as in stirred-tank bioreactors. In this paper, we expanded Chinese Hamster Ovary cells with RS bioreactors and demonstrated cell culture density over 60 million cells/mL with a growth rate higher than conventional suspension culture. Besides, murine embryonic stem cells were successfully expanded without losing their pluripotency. The RS will provide an affordable, scalable, and reliable platform for large-scale culture of recombinant cells in biopharmaceutical industries and shear-sensitive stem cells for tissue engineering.
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Mann SA, Heide J, Knott T, Airini R, Epureanu FB, Deftu AF, Deftu AT, Radu BM, Amuzescu B. Recording of multiple ion current components and action potentials in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via automated patch-clamp. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 100:106599. [PMID: 31228558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative proposes a three-step approach to evaluate proarrhythmogenic liability of drug candidates: effects on individual ion channels in heterologous expression systems, integrating these data into in-silico models of the electrical activity of human cardiomyocytes, and comparison with experiments on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Here we introduce patch-clamp electrophysiology techniques on hiPSC-CM to combine two of the CiPA steps in one assay. METHODS We performed automated patch-clamp experiments on hiPSC-CM (Cor.4U®, Ncardia) using the CytoPatch™2 platform in ruptured whole-cell and β-escin-perforated-patch configurations. A combination of three voltage-clamp protocols allowed recording of five distinct ion current components (voltage-gated Na+ current, L-type Ca2+ current, transient outward K+ current, delayed rectifier K+ current, and "funny" hyperpolarization-activated current) from the same cell. We proved their molecular identity by either Na+ replacement with choline or by applying specific blockers: nifedipine, cisapride, chromanol 293B, phrixotoxin-1, ZD7288. We developed a C++ script for automated analysis of voltage-clamp recordings and computation of ion current/conductance surface density for these five cardiac ion currents. RESULTS The distributions from n = 54 hiPSC-CM in "ruptured" patch-clamp vs. n = 35 hiPSC-CM in β-escin-perforated patch-clamp were similar for membrane capacitance, access resistance, and ion current/conductance surface densities. The β-escin-perforated configuration resulted in improved stability of action potential (AP) shape and duration over a 10-min interval, with APD90 decay rate 0.7 ± 1.6%/min (mean ± SD, n = 4) vs. 4.6 ± 1.1%/min. (n = 3) for "ruptured" approach (p = 0.0286, one-tailed Mann-Whitney test). DISCUSSION The improved stability obtained here will allow development of CiPA-compliant automated patch-clamp assays on hiPSC-CM. Future applications include the study of multi ion-channel blocking properties of drugs using dynamic-clamp protocols, adding a valuable new tool to the arsenal of safety-pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Mann
- Cytocentrics Bioscience GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Heide
- Cytocentrics Bioscience GmbH, Nattermannallee 1, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Knott
- CytoBioScience Inc., 3463 Magic Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Razvan Airini
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Bogdan Epureanu
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Florian Deftu
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonia-Teona Deftu
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Amuzescu
- Dept. Biophysics & Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
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Goversen B, Jonsson MK, van den Heuvel NH, Rijken R, Vos MA, van Veen TA, de Boer TP. The influence of hERG1a and hERG1b isoforms on drug safety screening in iPSC-CMs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 149:86-98. [PMID: 30826123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene (hERG) encodes the pore forming subunit of the channel that conducts the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current IKr. IKr drives repolarization in the heart and when IKr is dysfunctional, cardiac repolarization delays, the QT interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG) prolongs and the risk of developing lethal arrhythmias such as Torsade de Pointes (TdP) increases. TdP risk is incorporated in drug safety screening for cardiotoxicity where hERG is the main target since the IKr channels appear highly sensitive to blockage. hERG block is also included as an important read-out in the Comprehensive in Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative which aims to combine in vitro and in silico experiments on induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to screen for cardiotoxicity. However, the hERG channel has some unique features to consider for drug safety screening, which we will discuss in this study. The hERG channel consists of different isoforms, hERG1a and hERG1b, which individually influence the kinetics of the channel and the drug response in the human heart and in iPSC-CMs. hERG1b is often underappreciated in iPSC-CM studies, drug screening assays and in silico models, and the fact that its contribution might substantially differ between iPSC-CM and healthy but also diseased human heart, adds to this problem. In this study we show that the activation kinetics in iPSC-CMs resemble hERG1b kinetics using Cs+ as a charge carrier. Not including hERG1b in drug safety testing might underestimate the actual role of hERG1b in repolarization and drug response, and might lead to inappropriate conclusions. We stress to focus more on including hERG1b in drug safety testing concerning IKr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Goversen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Kb Jonsson
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikki Hl van den Heuvel
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Rijken
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toon Ab van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Bot CT, Juhasz K, Haeusermann F, Polonchuk L, Traebert M, Stoelzle-Feix S. Cross - site comparison of excitation-contraction coupling using impedance and field potential recordings in hiPSC cardiomyocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 93:46-58. [PMID: 29940218 PMCID: PMC6146285 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since 2005 the S7B and E14 guidances from ICH and FDA have been in place to assess a potential drug candidate's ability to cause long QT syndrome. To refine these guidelines, the FDA proposed the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative, where the assessment of drug effects on cardiac repolarization was one subject of investigation. Within the myocyte validation study, effects of pharmaceutical compounds on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were assessed and this article will focus on the evaluation of the proarrhythmic potential of 23 blinded drugs in four hiPSC-CM cell lines. METHODS Experiments were performed on the CardioExcyte 96 at different sites. A combined readout of contractility (via impedance) and electrophysiology endpoints (field potentials) was performed. RESULTS Our data demonstrates that hERG blockers such as dofetilide and further high risk categorized compounds prolong the field potential duration. Arrhythmia were detected in both impedance as well as field potential recordings. Intermediate risk compounds induced arrhythmia in almost all cases at the highest dose. In the case of low risk compounds, either a decrease in FPDmax was observed, or not a significant change from pre-addition control values. DISCUSSION With exceptions, hiPSC-CMs are sensitive and exhibit at least 10% delayed or shortened repolarization from pre-addition values and arrhythmia after drug application and thus can provide predictive cardiac electrophysiology data. The baseline electrophysiological parameters vary between iPS cells from different sources, therefore positive and negative control recordings are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina T Bot
- Nanion Technologies, Inc., 1 Naylon Place, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
| | - Krisztina Juhasz
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Ganghoferstrasse 70A, 80339 Munich, Germany; Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Haeusermann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Bldg. 73/R. 103b, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liudmila Polonchuk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Bldg. 73/R. 103b, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Traebert
- Safety Pharmacology, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Cell Monitoring and Manipulation Systems (CMMSs) based on Glass Cell-Culture Chips (GC³s). MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7070106. [PMID: 30404280 PMCID: PMC6190263 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed different types of glass cell-culture chips (GC3s) for culturing cells for microscopic observation in open media-containing troughs or in microfluidic structures. Platinum sensor and manipulation structures were used to monitor physiological parameters and to allocate and permeabilize cells. Electro-thermal micro pumps distributed chemical compounds in the microfluidic systems. The integrated temperature sensors showed a linear, Pt1000-like behavior. Cell adhesion and proliferation were monitored using interdigitated electrode structures (IDESs). The cell-doubling times of primary murine embryonic neuronal cells (PNCs) were determined based on the IDES capacitance-peak shifts. The electrical activity of PNC networks was detected using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). During seeding, the cells were dielectrophoretically allocated to individual MEAs to improve network structures. MEA pads with diameters of 15, 20, 25, and 35 µm were tested. After 3 weeks, the magnitudes of the determined action potentials were highest for pads of 25 µm in diameter and did not differ when the inter-pad distances were 100 or 170 µm. Using 25-µm diameter circular oxygen electrodes, the signal currents in the cell-culture media were found to range from approximately −0.08 nA (0% O2) to −2.35 nA (21% O2). It was observed that 60-nm thick silicon nitride-sensor layers were stable potentiometric pH sensors under cell-culture conditions for periods of days. Their sensitivity between pH 5 and 9 was as high as 45 mV per pH step. We concluded that sensorized GC3s are potential animal replacement systems for purposes such as toxicity pre-screening. For example, the effect of mefloquine, a medication used to treat malaria, on the electrical activity of neuronal cells was determined in this study using a GC3 system.
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Safety pharmacology studies using EFP and impedance. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:223-32. [PMID: 27084108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While extracellular field potential (EFP) recordings using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) are a well-established technique for monitoring changes in cardiac and neuronal function, impedance is a relatively unexploited technology. The combination of EFP, impedance and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) has important implications for safety pharmacology as functional information about contraction and field potentials can be gleaned from human cardiomyocytes in a beating monolayer. The main objectives of this study were to demonstrate, using a range of different compounds, that drug effects on contraction and electrophysiology can be detected using a beating monolayer of hiPSC-CMs on the CardioExcyte 96. METHODS hiPSC-CMs were grown as a monolayer on NSP-96 plates for the CardioExcyte 96 (Nanion Technologies) and recordings were made in combined EFP and impedance mode at physiological temperature. The effect of the hERG blockers, E4031 and dofetilide, hERG trafficking inhibitor, pentamidine, β-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol, and calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, was tested on the EFP and impedance signals. RESULTS Combined impedance and EFP measurements were made from hiPSC-CMs using the CardioExcyte 96 (Nanion Technologies). E4031 and dofetilide, known to cause arrhythmia and Torsades de Pointes (TdP) in humans, decreased beat rate in impedance and EFP modes. Early afterdepolarization (EAD)-like events, an in vitro marker of TdP, could also be detected using this system. Isoproterenol and nifedipine caused an increase in beat rate. A long-term study (over 30h) of pentamidine, a hERG trafficking inhibitor, showed a concentration and time-dependent effect of pentamidine. DISCUSSION In the light of the new Comprehensive in Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative to improve guidelines and standardize assays and protocols, the use of EFP and impedance measurements from hiPSCs may become critical in determining the proarrhythmic risk of potential drug candidates. The combination of EFP offering information about cardiac electrophysiology, and impedance, providing information about contractility from the same area of a synchronously beating monolayer of human cardiomyocytes in a 96-well plate format has important implications for future cardiac safety testing.
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Rodgers K, Papinska A, Mordwinkin N. Regulatory aspects of small molecule drugs for heart regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:245-52. [PMID: 26150343 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though recent discoveries prove the existence of cardiac progenitor cells, internal regenerative capacity of the heart is minimal. As cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, a number of approaches are being used to develop treatments for heart repair and regeneration. Small molecule drugs are of particular interest as they are suited for oral administration and can be chemically synthesized. However, the regulatory process for the development of new treatment modalities is protracted, complex and expensive. One of the hurdles to development of appropriate therapies is the need for predictive preclinical models. The use of patient-derived cardiomyocytes from iPSC cells represents a novel tool for this purpose. Among other concepts for induction of heart regeneration, the most advanced is the combination of DPP-IV inhibitors with stem cell mobilizers. This review will focus on regulatory aspects as well as preclinical hurdles of development of new treatments for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Rodgers
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Anna Papinska
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas Mordwinkin
- Miltenyi Biotec, Inc., 2303 Lindbergh Street, Auburn, CA 95602, United States
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Picones A, Loza-Huerta A, Segura-Chama P, Lara-Figueroa CO. Contribution of Automated Technologies to Ion Channel Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:357-378. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Laurila E, Ahola A, Hyttinen J, Aalto-Setälä K. Methods for in vitro functional analysis of iPSC derived cardiomyocytes - Special focus on analyzing the mechanical beating behavior. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1864-72. [PMID: 26707468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly increasing number of papers describing novel iPSC models for cardiac diseases are being published. To be able to understand the disease mechanisms in more detail, we should also take the full advantage of the various methods for analyzing these cell models. The traditionally and commonly used electrophysiological analysis methods have been recently accompanied by novel approaches for analyzing the mechanical beatingbehavior of the cardiomyocytes. In this review, we provide first a concise overview on the methodology for cardiomyocyte functional analysis and then concentrate on the video microscopy, which provides a promise for a new faster yet reliable method for cardiomyocyte functional analysis. We also show how analysis conditions may affect the results. Development of the methodology not only serves the basic research on the disease models, but could also provide the much needed efficient early phase screening method for cardiac safety toxicology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Laurila
- University of Tampere, BioMediTech and School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Antti Ahola
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- University of Tampere, BioMediTech and School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland; Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Cardiotoxicity screening: a review of rapid-throughput in vitro approaches. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1803-16. [PMID: 26676948 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac toxicity represents one of the leading causes of drug failure along different stages of drug development. Multiple very successful pharmaceuticals had to be pulled from the market or labeled with strict usage warnings due to adverse cardiac effects. In order to protect clinical trial participants and patients, the International Conference on Harmonization published guidelines to recommend that all new drugs to be tested preclinically for hERG (Kv11.1) channel sensitivity before submitting for regulatory reviews. However, extensive studies have demonstrated that measurement of hERG activity has limitations due to the multiple molecular targets of drug compound through which it may mitigate or abolish a potential arrhythmia, and therefore, a model measuring multiple ion channel effects is likely to be more predictive. Several phenotypic rapid-throughput methods have been developed to predict the potential cardiac toxic compounds in the early stages of drug development using embryonic stem cells- or human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. These rapid-throughput methods include microelectrode array-based field potential assay, impedance-based or Ca(2+) dynamics-based cardiomyocytes contractility assays. This review aims to discuss advantages and limitations of these phenotypic assays for cardiac toxicity assessment.
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Obergrussberger A, Stölzle-Feix S, Becker N, Brüggemann A, Fertig N, Möller C. Novel screening techniques for ion channel targeting drugs. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:367-75. [PMID: 26556400 PMCID: PMC4850050 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1079675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that regulate the flux of ions across the cell membrane. They are involved in nearly all physiological processes, and malfunction of ion channels has been linked to many diseases. Until recently, high-throughput screening of ion channels was limited to indirect, e.g. fluorescence-based, readout technologies. In the past years, direct label-free biophysical readout technologies by means of electrophysiology have been developed. Planar patch-clamp electrophysiology provides a direct functional label-free readout of ion channel function in medium to high throughput. Further electrophysiology features, including temperature control and higher-throughput instruments, are continually being developed. Electrophysiological screening in a 384-well format has recently become possible. Advances in chip and microfluidic design, as well as in cell preparation and handling, have allowed challenging cell types to be studied by automated patch clamp. Assays measuring action potentials in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, relevant for cardiac safety screening, and neuronal cells, as well as a large number of different ion channels, including fast ligand-gated ion channels, have successfully been established by automated patch clamp. Impedance and multi-electrode array measurements are particularly suitable for studying cardiomyocytes and neuronal cells within their physiological network, and to address more complex physiological questions. This article discusses recent advances in electrophysiological technologies available for screening ion channel function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Clemens Möller
- b Albstadt-Sigmaringen University; Life Sciences Faculty ; Sigmaringen , Germany
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Frotscher R, Koch JP, Staat M. Computational Investigation of Drug Action on Human-Induced Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:2212351. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We compare experimental and computational results for the actions of the cardioactive drugs Lidocaine, Verapamil, Veratridine, and Bay K 8644 on a tissue monolayer consisting of mainly fibroblasts and human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSc-CM). The choice of the computational models is justified and literature data is collected to model drug action as accurately as possible. The focus of this work is to evaluate the validity and capability of existing models for native human cells with respect to the simulation of pharmaceutical treatment of monolayers and hiPSc-CM. From the comparison of experimental and computational results, we derive suggestions for model improvements which are intended to computationally support the interpretation of experimental results obtained for hiPSc-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Frotscher
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich 52428, Germany e-mail:
| | - Jan-Peter Koch
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Manfred Staat
- Professor Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich 52428, Germany e-mail:
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Lagerqvist E, Finnin B, Elliott D, Anderson D, Wu S, Pouton C, Haynes J. Comparing mouse and human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac cells: Both systems have advantages for pharmacological and toxicological screening. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 74:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Scalable Electrophysiological Investigation of iPS Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Obtained by a Lentiviral Purification Strategy. J Clin Med 2015; 4:102-23. [PMID: 26237021 PMCID: PMC4470242 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from patients and differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes for characterization of the disease and for drug screening. In order to obtain pure cardiomyocytes for automated electrophysiological investigation, we here report a novel non-clonal purification strategy by using lentiviral gene transfer of a puromycin resistance gene under the control of a cardiac-specific promoter. We have applied this method to our previous reported wild-type and long QT syndrome 3 (LQTS 3)-specific mouse iPS cells and obtained a pure cardiomyocyte population. These cells were investigated by action potential analysis with manual and automatic planar patch clamp technologies, as well as by recording extracellular field potentials using a microelectrode array system. Action potentials and field potentials showed the characteristic prolongation at low heart rates in LQTS 3-specific, but not in wild-type iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Hence, LQTS 3-specific cardiomyocytes can be purified from iPS cells with a lentiviral strategy, maintain the hallmarks of the LQTS 3 disease and can be used for automated electrophysiological characterization and drug screening.
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Ikeuchi T, Espulgar W, Shimizu E, Saito M, Lee JK, Dou X, Yamaguchi Y, Tamiya E. Optical microscopy imaging for the diagnosis of the pharmacological reaction of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CMs). Analyst 2015; 140:6500-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01144b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative diagnosis of pharmacological chronotropic reactions on mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CMs) was successfully performed by utilizing derivative imaging analysis on recorded videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Wilfred Espulgar
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Eiichi Shimizu
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Jong-Kook Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Xiaoming Dou
- Photonics and Bio-medical Research Institute
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai
| | - Yoshinori Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Department of Applied Physics
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac K(+) channels play a critical role in maintaining the normal electrical activity of the heart by setting the cell resting membrane potential and by determining the shape and duration of the action potential. Drugs that block the rapid (IKr) and slow (IKs) components of the delayed rectifier K(+) current have been widely used as class III antiarrhythmic agents. In addition, drugs that selectively target the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier current (IKur) and the acetylcholine-gated inward rectifier current (IKAch) have shown efficacy in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. In order to meet the future demand for new antiarrhythmic agents, novel approaches for cardiac K(+) channel drug discovery will need to be developed. Further, K(+) channel screening assays utilizing primary and stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes will be essential for evaluating the cardiotoxicity of potential drug candidates. AREAS COVERED In this review, the author provides a brief background on the structure, function and pharmacology of cardiac voltage-gated and inward rectifier K(+) channels. He then focuses on describing and evaluating current technologies, such as ion flux and membrane potential-sensitive dye assays, used for cardiac K(+) channel drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION Cardiac K(+) channels will continue to represent significant clinical targets for drug discovery. Although fluorescent high-throughput screening (HTS) assays and automated patch clamp systems will remain the workhorse technologies for identifying lead compounds, innovations in the areas of microfluidics, micropatterning and biosensor fabrication will allow further growth of technologies using primary and stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Walsh
- University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience , Columbia, SC 29209 , USA +1 803 216 3519 ; +1 803 216 3538 ;
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Danker T, Möller C. Early identification of hERG liability in drug discovery programs by automated patch clamp. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:203. [PMID: 25228880 PMCID: PMC4151236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the cardiac ion channel coded by human ether-à-gogo-related gene (hERG) can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, which has become a major concern in drug discovery and development. Automated electrophysiological patch clamp allows assessment of hERG channel effects early in drug development to aid medicinal chemistry programs and has become routine in pharmaceutical companies. However, a number of potential sources of errors in setting up hERG channel assays by automated patch clamp can lead to misinterpretation of data or false effects being reported. This article describes protocols for automated electrophysiology screening of compound effects on the hERG channel current. Protocol details and the translation of criteria known from manual patch clamp experiments to automated patch clamp experiments to achieve good quality data are emphasized. Typical pitfalls and artifacts that may lead to misinterpretation of data are discussed. While this article focuses on hERG channel recordings using the QPatch (Sophion A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) technology, many of the assay and protocol details given in this article can be transferred for setting up different ion channel assays by automated patch clamp and are similar on other planar patch clamp platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University of Applied Sciences Sigmaringen, Germany
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Farre C, Fertig N. New strategies in ion channel screening for drug discovery: are there ways to improve its productivity? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1103-7. [PMID: 25062795 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.942217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From a drug discovery point of view, ion channels are very interesting and challenging targets. Over the past decade, great efforts have been made in developing platforms for patch clamp-based high-quality screening of ion channels in discovering new drug candidates as well for evaluating their safety profiles. Indeed, the automated patch clamp (APC) has recently reached the data throughput requirements of high-throughput screening (HTS) allowing for new screening strategies with ion channel active compounds. AREAS COVERED This editorial article comments on the past and present developments of APC-based drug screening. Furthermore, it also looks at the implications of APC technology meeting HTS-standards as well as its use in compound safety evaluation. EXPERT OPINION In the imminent future, we will see a paradigm shift in ion channel drug screening toward using APC-based platforms for primary drug library screens. This way, the redundancy of the drug discovery process and the risk of false-negatives could be drastically reduced. Furthermore, cardiac safety can be addressed early, avoiding late-phase withdrawals with promising drug candidates. It is our firm belief that APC-based ion channel HTS will facilitate the discovery of candidates, which otherwise would have not been found, and shorten the drug development cycle, saving time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Farre
- Nanion Technologies , Gabrirelenstrasse 9, 80636 München , Germany
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Obergrussberger A, Haarmann C, Rinke I, Becker N, Guinot D, Brueggemann A, Stoelzle‐Feix S, George M, Fertig N. Automated Patch Clamp Analysis of nAChα7 and Na
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1.7 Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:11.13.1-48. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1113s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McGivern JV, Ebert AD. Exploiting pluripotent stem cell technology for drug discovery, screening, safety, and toxicology assessments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:170-8. [PMID: 24309014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order for the pharmaceutical industry to maintain a constant flow of novel drugs and therapeutics into the clinic, compounds must be thoroughly validated for safety and efficacy in multiple biological and biochemical systems. Pluripotent stem cells, because of their ability to develop into any cell type in the body and recapitulate human disease, may be an important cellular system to add to the drug development repertoire. This review will discuss some of the benefits of using pluripotent stem cells for drug discovery and safety studies as well as some of the recent applications of stem cells in drug screening studies. We will also address some of the hurdles that need to be overcome in order to make stem cell-based approaches an efficient and effective tool in the quest to produce clinically successful drug compounds.
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Chen A, Lee E, Tu R, Santiago K, Grosberg A, Fowlkes C, Khine M. Integrated platform for functional monitoring of biomimetic heart sheets derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:675-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stoelzle-Feix S. State-of-the-art automated patch clamp: heat activation, action potentials, and high throughput in ion channel screening. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1183:65-80. [PMID: 25023302 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A successful robotic approach of the patch clamp technique is based on planar patch clamp chips where a glass pipette, as used in conventional patch clamping, is replaced by a thin planar glass sheet with a small hole in the middle. Automated patch clamp (APC) systems utilizing this chip design offer higher throughput capabilities and ease of use and thus have become common in basic research, drug development, and safety screening. Further development of existing devices and introduction of new systems widen the range of possible experiments and increase throughput. Here, two features with different areas of applications that meet the needs of drug discovery researchers and basic researchers alike are described. The utilized system is a medium throughput APC device capable of recording up to eight cells simultaneously. The temperature control capability and the possibility to perform recordings not only in the voltage clamp but also in the current clamp mode are described in detail. Since eight recordings can be generated in parallel without compromising data quality, reliable and cost-effective and time-effective screening of compounds against ion channels using voltage clamp and current clamp electrophysiology can be performed.
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Minimized cell usage for stem cell-derived and primary cells on an automated patch clamp system. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:82-7. [PMID: 23567076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chip-based automated patch clamp systems are widely used in drug development and safety pharmacology, allowing for high quality, high throughput screening at standardized experimental conditions. The merits of automation generally come at the cost of large amounts of cells needed, since cells are not targeted individually, but randomly positioned onto the chip aperture from cells in suspension. While cell usage is of little concern when using standard cell lines such as CHO or HEK cells, it becomes a crucial constraint with cells of limited availability, such as primary or otherwise rare and expensive cells, like induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cell-derived cardiomyocytes or neurons. METHODS We established application protocols for CHO cells, IPS cell-derived neurons (iCell® Neurons, Cellular Dynamics International), cardiomyocytes (Cor.4U®, Axiogenesis) and pancreatic islet cells, minimizing cell usage for automated patch clamp recordings on Nanion's Patchliner. Use of 5 μl cell suspension per well for densities between 55,000 cells/ml and 400,000 cells/ml depending on cell type resulted in good cell capture. RESULTS We present a new cell application procedure optimized for the Patchliner achieving>80% success rates for using as little as 300 to 2000 cells per well depending on cell type. We demonstrate that this protocol works for standard cell lines, as well as for stem cell-derived neurons and cardiomyocytes, and for primary pancreatic islet cells. We present recordings for these cell types, demonstrating that high data quality is not compromised by altered cell application. DISCUSSION Our new cell application procedure achieves high success rates with unprecedentedly low cell numbers. Compared to other standard automated patch clamp systems we reduced the average amount of cells needed by more than 150 times. Reduced cell usage crucially improves cost efficiency for expensive cells and opens up automated patch clamp for primary cells of limited availability.
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Abstract
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the plasma membrane and the membranes of intracellular organelles of both excitable and non-excitable cells. Ion channels are vital to a wide variety of biological processes and are prominent components of the nervous system and cardiovascular system, as well as controlling many metabolic functions. Furthermore, ion channels are known to be involved in many disease states and as such have become popular therapeutic targets. For many years now manual patch-clamping has been regarded as one of the best approaches for assaying ion channel function, through direct measurement of ion flow across these membrane proteins. Over the last decade there have been many remarkable breakthroughs in the development of technologies enabling the study of ion channels. One of these breakthroughs is the development of automated planar patch-clamp technology. Automated platforms have demonstrated the ability to generate high-quality data with high throughput capabilities, at great efficiency and reliability. Additional features such as simultaneous intracellular and extracellular perfusion of the cell membrane, current clamp operation, fast compound application, an increasing rate of parallelization, and more recently temperature control have been introduced. Furthermore, in addition to the well-established studies of over-expressed ion channel proteins in cell lines, new generations of planar patch-clamp systems have enabled successful studies of native and primary mammalian cells. This technology is becoming increasingly popular and extensively used both within areas of drug discovery as well as academic research. Many platforms have been developed including NPC-16 Patchliner(®) and SyncroPatch(®) 96 (Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich), CytoPatch™ (Cytocentrics AG, Rostock), PatchXpress(®) 7000A, IonWorks(®) Quattro and IonWorks Barracuda™, (Molecular Devices, LLC); Dynaflow(®) HT (Cellectricon AB, Mölndal), QPatch HT (Sophion A/S, Copenhagen), IonFlux HT (Fluxion Bioscience Inc, USA), which have demonstrated the capability to generate recordings similar in quality to that of conventional patch clamping. Here we describe features of Nanion's NPC-16 Patchliner(®) and processes and protocols suited for this particularly flexible and successful high-throughput automated platform, which is based on planar patch-clamp technology. However, many of the protocols and notes given in this chapter can be applied to other automated patch-clamp platforms, similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Milligan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Kenneth Myer Building, Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sirenko O, Crittenden C, Callamaras N, Hesley J, Chen YW, Funes C, Rusyn I, Anson B, Cromwell EF. Multiparameter in vitro assessment of compound effects on cardiomyocyte physiology using iPSC cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:39-53. [PMID: 22972846 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112457590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of drugs fail in clinical studies due to cardiac toxicity; thus, development of sensitive in vitro assays that can evaluate potential adverse effects on cardiomyocytes is extremely important for drug development. Human cardiomyocytes derived from stem cell sources offer more clinically relevant cell-based models than those presently available. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are especially attractive because they express ion channels and demonstrate spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity similar to adult cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate techniques for measuring the impact of pharmacologic compounds on the beating rate of cardiomyocytes with ImageXpress Micro and FLIPR Tetra systems. The assays employ calcium-sensitive dyes to monitor changes in Ca(2+) fluxes synchronous with cell beating, which allows monitoring of the beat rate, amplitude, and other parameters. We demonstrate here that the system is able to detect concentration-dependent atypical patterns caused by hERG inhibitors and other ion channel blockers. We also show that both positive and negative chronotropic effects on cardiac rate can be observed and IC(50) values determined. This methodology is well suited for safety testing and can be used to estimate efficacy and dosing of drug candidates prior to clinical studies.
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Haythornthwaite A, Stoelzle S, Hasler A, Kiss A, Mosbacher J, George M, Brüggemann A, Fertig N. Characterizing Human Ion Channels in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:1264-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112457821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells were characterized using manual and automated patch-clamp recordings. These cells expressed voltage-gated Na+ (Nav), Ca2+ (Cav), and K+ (Kv) channels as expected from excitable cells. The Nav current was TTX sensitive, IC50 = 12 ± 6 nM ( n = 5). About 50% of the Cav current was blocked by 10 µM of the L-type channel blocker nifedipine. Two populations of the Kv channel were present in different proportions: an inactivating (A-type) and a noninactivating type. The A-type current was sensitive to 4-AP and TEA (IC50 = 163 ± 93 µM; n = 3). Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activated a current sensitive to the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, IC50 = 632 ± 149 nM ( n = 5). In both devices, comparable action potentials were generated in the current clamp. With unbiased, automated patch clamp, about 40% of the cells expressed Nav currents, whereas visual guidance in manual patch clamp provided almost a 100% success rate of patching “excitable cells.” These results show high potential for pluripotent stem cell–derived neurons as a useful model for drug discovery, in combination with automated patch-clamp recordings for high-throughput and high-quality drug assessments at human neuronal ion channels in their correct cellular background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Mosbacher
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Farre C, Fertig N. HTS techniques for patch clamp-based ion channel screening – advances and economy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:515-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.682056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Stoelzle S, Obergrussberger A, Brüggemann A, Haarmann C, George M, Kettenhofen R, Fertig N. State-of-the-Art Automated Patch Clamp Devices: Heat Activation, Action Potentials, and High Throughput in Ion Channel Screening. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:76. [PMID: 22131976 PMCID: PMC3223389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are essential in a wide range of cellular functions and their malfunction underlies many disease states making them important targets in drug discovery. The availability of standardized cell lines expressing ion channels of interest lead to the development of diverse automated patch clamp (APC) systems with high-throughput capabilities. These systems are now available for drug screening, but there are limitations in the application range. However, further development of existing devices and introduction of new systems widen the range of possible experiments and increase throughput. The addition of well controlled and fast solution exchange, temperature control and the availability of the current clamp mode are required to analyze standard cell lines and excitable cells such as stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in a more physiologically relevant environment. Here we describe two systems with different areas of applications that meet the needs of drug discovery researchers and basic researchers alike. The here utilized medium throughput APC device is a planar patch clamp system capable of recording up to eight cells simultaneously. Features such as temperature control and recordings in the current clamp mode are described here. Standard cell lines and excitable cells such as stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been used in the voltage clamp and current clamp modes with the view to finding new drug candidates and safety testing methods in a more physiologically relevant environment. The high-throughput system used here is a planar patch clamp screening platform capable of recording from 96 cells in parallel and offers a throughput of 5000 data points per day. Full dose response curves can be acquired from individual cells reducing the cost per data point. The data provided reveals the suitability and relevance of both APC platforms for drug discovery, ion channel research, and safety testing.
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Möller C, Witchel H. Automated electrophysiology makes the pace for cardiac ion channel safety screening. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:73. [PMID: 22131974 PMCID: PMC3222877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of automated patch-clamp electrophysiology has emerged from the tension between the pharmaceutical industry’s need for high-throughput compound screening versus its need to be conservative due to regulatory requirements. On the one hand, hERG channel screening was increasingly requested for new chemical entities, as the correlation between blockade of the ion channel coded by hERG and torsades de pointes cardiac arrhythmia gained increasing attention. On the other hand, manual patch-clamping, typically quoted as the “gold-standard” for understanding ion channel function and modulation, was far too slow (and, consequently, too expensive) for keeping pace with the numbers of compounds submitted for hERG channel investigations from pharmaceutical R&D departments. In consequence it became more common for some pharmaceutical companies to outsource safety pharmacological investigations, with a focus on hERG channel interactions. This outsourcing has allowed those pharmaceutical companies to build up operational flexibility and greater independence from internal resources, and allowed them to obtain access to the latest technological developments that emerged in automated patch-clamp electrophysiology – much of which arose in specialized biotech companies. Assays for nearly all major cardiac ion channels are now available by automated patch-clamping using heterologous expression systems, and recently, automated action potential recordings from stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes have been demonstrated. Today, most of the large pharmaceutical companies have acquired automated electrophysiology robots and have established various automated cardiac ion channel safety screening assays on these, in addition to outsourcing parts of their needs for safety screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Möller
- InViTe Research Institute, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University Sigmaringen, Germany
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Nagarah JM. Neurons on a chip - toward high throughput network and pharmacology investigations. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:74. [PMID: 22131975 PMCID: PMC3222878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Michael Nagarah
- Broad Fellows Program, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA
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