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Wu R, Clark L. Impulse and reason? Justifications in problem gambling. Addict Behav 2024; 157:108072. [PMID: 38851143 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
People often use justifications to make desirable choices, but little is known about these justificatory thoughts in gambling. We conducted an exploratory Study 1 (n = 101) and a confirmatory Study 2 (n = 154) using online surveys, recruiting gamblers with prior and current experience of trying to reduce their gambling. Using justifications recognized in the domains of eating and consumer behavior (e.g., prior use of effort, feelings of achievement), we examined whether justifications were associated with problem gambling severity, and whether they explained additional variance above trait impulsivity and cognitive distortions. In both studies, justifications were positively associated with problem gambling severity, after accounting for trait impulsivity and cognitive distortions. Additionally, justifications were positively correlated with trait urgency and cognitive distortions, indicating that such thinking may not be antithetical to impulsivity. These data provide proof-of-principle evidence that justificatory thinking occurs in the context of gambling, is related to problem gambling severity, and may therefore represent a neglected aspect of gambling-related cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wu
- Centre for Gambling Research, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Brandtner A, Müller SM, Behrens S, Oelker A, Brand M. Permissive beliefs in the context of gaming, online shopping and alcohol drinking - Systematic development of a self-report measure. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 134:152507. [PMID: 38905774 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of permissive beliefs is a cognitive mechanism through which individuals permit themselves to engage in pleasurable, yet potentially unregulated activities. Existing measures are heterogenous, focusing either on specific behaviors or on particular licensing mechanisms. The new Permissive Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ) seeks to integrate self-licensing mechanisms from various research domains and to be applicable to different behaviors. METHODS Study 1 aimed at exploring the factor structure and reduce the number of items. In study 2, we used confirmatory factor analysis and tested convergent and discriminant validity in three subsamples of individuals playing videogames (n = 489), shopping online (n = 506), and drinking alcohol (n = 511). We tested the hypothesis whether individuals who experience a self-regulatory conflict show a greater expression of permissive beliefs. RESULTS The final version of the PBQ consists of 12 items which represent two factors: Deserving Reward and Defensive Optimism. The PBQ exhibited robust model fit indices and internal consistencies in the three samples. Permissive beliefs were heightened among individuals intending to downregulate their gaming, shopping, or drinking behaviors as compared to individuals without this intention. CONCLUSION The PBQ is a valid measure of permissive beliefs for gaming, online shopping, and drinking alcohol. It serves an ecologic and psychometrically valid tool to address empirical research questions regarding the functioning of permissive beliefs. Additionally, it may be used in clinical settings to measure and raise an understanding for permissive beliefs in clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brandtner
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Silke M Müller
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sofie Behrens
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Oelker
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
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Wenzel M, Rowland Z, Bürgler S, Hennecke M. Emotion regulation and self-control: Same same but different… and even incompatible? J Pers 2024. [PMID: 39056176 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explore the idea that inhibitory self-control and prohedonic emotion regulation may be incompatible concerns. BACKGROUND Specifically, we propose that because some forms of self-control involve denying oneself hedonic pleasures, it may lead to negative affect. Because people may then prioritize emotion regulation over self-control, negative affect may in turn lead to emotion regulation efforts, specifically the use of emotion regulation strategies, and an increased likelihood of self-control failure. METHOD To explore the relationship between emotion regulation and self-control in daily life, we conducted a secondary analysis of a 6-week, 6-signal-per-day ambulatory assessment data set (N = 125 participants with a total of 22,845 completed measurement occasions). RESULTS Consistent with our predictions, we found that self-control efforts of resisting a pleasurable desire led to significantly increased subsequent negative affect, which, in turn, led to significantly increased emotion regulation efforts and to significantly more likely self-control failures. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for the notion that inhibitory self-control and prohedonic emotion regulation are, on average, somewhat incompatible concerns. We discuss our findings in the context of other phenomena in which emotion regulation concerns may conflict with the pursuit of other goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wenzel
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zarah Rowland
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marie Hennecke
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Goschke T, Job V. The Willpower Paradox: Possible and Impossible Conceptions of Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1339-1367. [PMID: 36791675 PMCID: PMC10623621 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221146158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-control denotes the ability to override current desires to render behavior consistent with long-term goals. A key assumption is that self-control is required when short-term desires are transiently stronger (more preferred) than long-term goals and people would yield to temptation without exerting self-control. We argue that this widely shared conception of self-control raises a fundamental yet rarely discussed conceptual paradox: How is it possible that a person most strongly desires to perform a behavior (e.g., eat chocolate) and at the same time desires to recruit self-control to prevent themselves from doing it? A detailed analysis reveals that three common assumptions about self-control cannot be true simultaneously. To avoid the paradox, any coherent theory of self-control must abandon either the assumption (a) that recruitment of self-control is an intentional process, or (b) that humans are unitary agents, or (c) that self-control consists in overriding the currently strongest desire. We propose a taxonomy of different kinds of self-control processes that helps organize current theories according to which of these assumptions they abandon. We conclude by outlining unresolved questions and future research perspectives raised by different conceptions of self-control and discuss implications for the question of whether self-control can be considered rational.
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Brandtner A, Verduyn P, Behrens S, Spada MM, Antons S. License to look? The role of permissive beliefs, desire thinking, and self-control in predicting the use of social networking sites. Addict Behav 2023; 139:107573. [PMID: 36608591 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Permissive beliefs are considered the most proximal predictor of actual behavior. Whereas they have frequently been researched in substance-use disorders, the field of social networking sites (SNS) use is missing the investigation as to how relevant permissive beliefs might be in this context, what might be causal precursors of permissive beliefs (i.e., desire thinking), and which processes might influence the effect that permissive beliefs have on actual behavior (i.e., self-control). To answer these questions, 116 people who use SNS participated in an online survey that contained an experimental manipulation of desire thinking and questionnaires measuring permissive beliefs, self-control, and severity of problematic SNS use. In a one-week follow-up, 85 participants reported their SNS usage times. Results showed that the association between permissive beliefs and tendencies to use SNS problematically was not significant. The experimental manipulation led to a decrease in permissive beliefs in the control condition, but did not increase permissive beliefs in the desire thinking condition. Permissive beliefs predicted SNS use in the follow-up assessment, which was not moderated by self-control. The results suggest that permissive beliefs seem to be unrelated to addictive tendencies of SNS use, but are nevertheless associated with daily use. Desire thinking does not appear to activate permissive beliefs in this study, possibly because the use of social networks is less often experienced as conflicting. Due to its ubiquitous availability, the use of social networks itself might quickly resolve the conflict between desires and possible regulatory attempts, making good reasons for use unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brandtner
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sofie Behrens
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Duisburg, Germany.
| | | | - Stephanie Antons
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
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Sezer B, Öner S. An online diary study testing the role of functional and dysfunctional self-licensing in unhealthy snacking. Appetite 2023; 181:106389. [PMID: 36414147 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate how two types of self-licensing (functional and dysfunctional self-licensing) are related to unhealthy snack consumption. Self-licensing refers to the act of using justifications before gratifications and has been associated with higher snack consumption. Previous research has found that while functional self-licensing decreases unhealthy snack consumption, dysfunctional self-licensing increases the number of calories taken from unhealthy snacks. Building upon existing evidence, we addressed functional and dysfunctional self-licensing to investigate how self-licensing behaviors are associated with daily variables (i.e., stress and sleep) and unhealthy snacking habits. Participants (N = 124) were given a battery of measures at the start of the week and asked to send their snack consumption every night for a week via an online questionnaire, along with daily stress and sleep items. The data were analyzed with Hierarchical Linear Modelling. Neither self-licensing measures nor unhealthy snacking habits predicted unhealthy snack consumption. Daily stress was associated with lower unhealthy snack consumption. However, the interaction between daily stress and functional self-licensing was significant, suggesting that on stressful days functional self-licensers consume even fewer unhealthy snacks compared to less stressful days. Functional and dysfunctional self-licensing are rather new constructs which is why examining their effects is important for further research. However, in contrast to the existing evidence, we failed to find an effect of both types of self-licensing on snack consumption, suggesting the effect depends on potential contextual or individual-specific factors. Future research using a dieting sample is warranted for a better understanding of how functional and dysfunctional self-licensing operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Sezer
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Turkey.
| | - Sezin Öner
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Turkey
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7
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Gillebaart M, Schlinkert C, Poelman MP, Benjamins JS, De Ridder DTD. Snacking for a reason: detangling effects of socio-economic position and stress on snacking behaviour. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2009. [PMID: 36324118 PMCID: PMC9628631 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As snacking can be considered a cornerstone of an unhealthy diet, investigating psychological drivers of snacking behaviour is urgent, and therefore the purpose of this study. Socio-economic position (SEP) and stress are known to affect many behaviours and outcomes, and were therefore focal points in the study. METHODS In a cross-sectional survey study, we examined whether Socio-economic position (SEP) would amplify associations between heightened stress levels and self-reported negative-affect related reasons for snacking. Next, we investigated whether Socio-economic position (SEP) predicted frequency of snacking behaviour, and how stress and other reasons for snacking could explain this association. Outcome measures were reasons people indicated for snacking, and frequency of snacking behaviour. RESULTS Analyses revealed that people seem to find more reasons to snack when they are stressed, and that this association was more pronounced for people with a high compared to low socio-economic position. Furthermore, a higher socio-economic position was associated with a higher frequency of snacking, and both snacking to reward oneself and snacking because of the opportunity to do so remained significant mediators. CONCLUSION Whereas low socio-economic position was associated with higher stress levels, this did not translate into increased snacking. Contrarily, those with higher socio-economic position could be more prone to using 'reasons to snack', which may result in justification of unhealthy snacking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508TC, Utrecht, PO Box 80140, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Schlinkert
- Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508TC, Utrecht, PO Box 80140, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje P Poelman
- Chair group Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 EW, Wageningen, P.O. Box 8130, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508TC, Utrecht, PO Box 80140, The Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508TC, Utrecht, PO Box 80140, The Netherlands
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Büsche K, Stark R, Brand M, Antons S. Self-regulatory Processes in Problematic Pornography Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
A core symptom of problematic pornography use (PPU) is the repeated failure to control sexual impulses resulting in pornography use; however, the field of self-regulation research has rarely been applied to PPU.
Recent Findings
Various goals can underly the use of online pornography. These goals can conflict with other self-regulatory goals a person holds, which leads to moments of self-control. The outcome of such self-control moments depends on multiple internal factors, including the strength of the desire to use pornography, whether a person perceives a conflict with their behaviour, and the motivation to resist their desire, as well as external, situational factors. Findings on the contribution of volition towards self-regulation in PPU are inconclusive.
Summary
More research is needed to further explore what influences moments of self-control, specifically in PPU. The proposed model of self-control moments can be used to derive research questions for further studies as well as to develop prevention and intervention approaches.
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9
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Misperceived eating norms: Assessing pluralistic ignorance in the food environment. Appetite 2022; 179:106284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Wang Z, Huang JL, Xie B. Maintaining job crafting over time: joint effect of autonomy and career support from family and friends. CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/cdi-03-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe study focuses on intraindividual trajectory of job crafting change over time. Integrating the self-regulation and demands-resources perspectives, this study examines how career support from family and friends interacts with job autonomy to influence the change pattern of job crafting.Design/methodology/approachFour waves of self-report survey data were collected in a semester from 324 university professors and instructors in China. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine intraindividual change of job crafting and conducted latent interaction analysis to test the joint effect of autonomy and career support from family and friends on job crafting change.FindingsThere was a general declining trend in job crafting over the course of a semester. Career support from family and friends moderated the association between job autonomy and job crafting maintenance. Specifically, when career support was low, job autonomy was negatively associated with job crafting maintenance.Research limitations/implicationsThe study showed that job crafting maintenance over time is distinct from the typical between-person conceptualization. Further, job crafting maintenance was predicted from a self-regulatory perspective. However, the unique context of college faculty from China may limit generalization of the findings.Practical implicationsManagers should recognize the challenges in maintaining job crafting over time. In addition to providing autonomy at work, organizations may benefit from establishing channels for employees to receive career support from non-work domains.Originality/valueThe authors adopt a self-regulation perspective to understand intraindividual change in job crafting over time and situate the current investigation in the cyclical nature of university faculty’s job.
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Heiland AM, Veilleux JC. Because you had a bad day: the role of negative affect and justification in self-control failure. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:912-927. [PMID: 35475950 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2067134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Justification thinking (using excuses to "allow" giving into temptation) has been identified as a potential link between negative affect and self-control failure. We hypothesised that negative affect would prompt greater justification thinking, specifically deservingness thinking (i.e. "I deserve a treat"), and tested this for both inhibitory (temptation is to approach reward; self-control is to inhibit) and initiatory (temptation is to refrain from action, self-control is to initiate action) hypothetical self-control dilemmas. We found that only for inhibitory self-control (Study 1; N = 105) but not initiatory (Study 2; N = 116), negative affect resulted in greater deservingness thinking compared to neutral affect. We also hypothesised that negative mood coupled with justification would prompt greater likelihood of imagined self-control failure. We found that for inhibitory self-control (Study 3; N = 569), participants in negative affect (vs. neutral) and justification (vs. no justification) conditions were independently more likely to report they would fail at self-control. For initiatory self-control (Study 4; N = 321), we found an effect of negative affect on hypothetical self-control failure but no effect of justification. Overall, these studies confirm the role of negative affect in self-control processes and highlight differences between inhibitory and initiatory self-control situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally M Heiland
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer C Veilleux
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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12
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Rose J, Pedrazzi R, Dombrowski SU. Examining dietary self-talk content and context for discretionary snacking behaviour: a qualitative interview study. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:399-414. [PMID: 35425666 PMCID: PMC9004508 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2053686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Consuming discretionary snack foods high in calories, salt, sugar or fat in between regular meals can have a negative impact on weight management and health. Despite the intention to refrain from discretionary snacking, individuals often report feeling tempted by snack foods. A cognitive process to resolve food choice related tension may be dietary self-talk which is one’s inner speech around dietary choice. This study aimed to understand the content and context of dietary self-talk before consuming discretionary snack foods. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews based on Think-Aloud methods were conducted remotely. Participants answered open-ended questions and were presented with a list of 37 dietary self-talk items. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically. Results: Interviews (n = 18, age: 19–54 years, 9 men, 9 women) confirmed the frequent use of dietary self-talk with all 37 content items endorsed. Reported use was highest for the self-talk items: ‘It is a special occasion’; ‘I did physical activity/exercise today’; and ‘I am hungry’. Three new items were developed, eight items were refined. Identified key contextual themes were: ‘reward’, ‘social’, ‘convenience’, ‘automaticity’, and ‘hunger’. Conclusions: This study lists 40 reasons people use to allow themselves to consume discretionary snack foods and identifies contextual factors of dietary-self talk. All participants reported using dietary self-talk, with variation in content, frequency and degree of automaticity. Recognising and changing dietary self-talk may be a promising intervention target for changing discretionary snacking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rose
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Rebecca Pedrazzi
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Stephan U. Dombrowski
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Gantman AP, Paluck EL. A Behavioral Science Framework for Understanding College Campus Sexual Assault. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:979-994. [PMID: 34914536 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We propose a behavioral-science approach to sexual assault on college campuses. In this framework, people commit assault when aspects of the immediate situation trigger certain psychological states. No set of mental processes or situational configurations is a precise predictor of assault. Instead, the interaction between mental processes and situational configurations predicts when sexual assault is more or less likely to occur. We begin with an illustrative story to show how a behavioral-science approach is relevant to sexual assault. Next, we map out a framework that suggests how behavioral theories of situations and mental processes have been or could be used to describe, predict, and develop ideas for the reduction of sexual assault. Relevant situational configurations include geographical configurations, local situational and informational cues, and situation-based power. Theories of mental processes include person perception, social norms, moral reasoning, and goals. Our framework can be used to demonstrate how "good" people can commit assault and how individuals can and will refrain from assault within institutions with a "bad" record. Compared with previous theories of sexual assault, a behavioral-science framework offers unique understanding and generative methods for addressing sexual assault on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Gantman
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York (CUNY).,Basic and Applied Social Psychology Training Area, The Graduate Center, CUNY
| | - Elizabeth Levy Paluck
- Psychology Department and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University
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van Hooft EAJ, Kreemers LM. Stop and start control at work: Differential validity of two types of self‐control for work behavior and emotion regulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. J. van Hooft
- Work and Organizational Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Loes M. Kreemers
- Psychology for Sustainable Cities Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands
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15
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Hill MA, Heiland A, Veilleux JC. Giving in and feeling bad: The effect of justification on self-control failure and subsequent emotion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Dreijerink L, Handgraaf M, Antonides G. Rationalizing Inconsistent Consumer Behavior. Understanding Pathways That Lead to Negative Spillover of Pro-environmental Behaviors in Daily Life. Front Psychol 2021; 12:583596. [PMID: 34079489 PMCID: PMC8165382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.583596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally, pro-environmental consumer behavior leads to a lower impact on the environment. However, due to negative behavioral spillovers environmentally friendly behavior could lead to an overall higher environmental impact if subsequent environmentally unfriendly behavior occurs. In this exploratory interview study we focused on two pathways leading to negative spillover: a psychological path (perceived effort, moral licensing) and an economic path (rebound effects). We wanted to gain insight into people's motivations to behave environmentally unfriendly and to explore people's level of awareness of both pathways. Our results indicate that pro-environmental behaviors that are associated with higher effort are performed less frequently, and that when people do not perform these behaviors they associate them with higher effort levels. When people perceive behaviors as more effortful they increasingly seem to use arguments to motivate and rationalize why performing the behavior is difficult or impossible. Moreover, we found that although some people can imagine that moral licensing and rebound effects could occur and can provide examples from their own lives, most people assess these concepts as not rational. People seem unaware of the relation between a first pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and a subsequent behavior, and therefore inconsistencies in behavior go unnoticed. As people are good at rationalizing why they do not perform specific PEBs, they in general feel satisfied with their own pro-environmental actions. In order to discourage negative spillovers, we describe a number of approaches and research ideas aimed at taking away the grounds for rationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Dreijerink
- Urban Economics Chairgroup, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel Handgraaf
- Urban Economics Chairgroup, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Antonides
- Urban Economics Chairgroup, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Knol LL, Brantley C. Weight Status and Emotion- and Stress-Related Eating: Testing Constructs of the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2021.1902883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Propelling pride to promote healthy food choices among entity and incremental theorists. Appetite 2020; 155:104841. [PMID: 32818547 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that people's beliefs about the malleability of their body weight influence their motivation to engage in healthful behaviors: people who perceive their body weight as fixed (entity theorists) engage less in healthful behaviors than people who perceive their body weight as changeable (incremental theorists). Accordingly, current health interventions frequently aim at shifting entity theorists' beliefs about the malleability of their body weight. Instead of trying to change these beliefs, we test whether the elicitation of pride from past achievements can serve as an intervention to promote healthful behaviors among entity theorists. In addition, we contrast the effect of pride recall among entity theorists with the effect among incremental theorists. Specifically, we find that entity theorists chose healthier behaviors upon the recall of pride related and unrelated to the health domain - the source of pride does not seem to matter. For incremental theorists, however, the source of pride does matter. While health-related pride led them to persist in making healthy food choices, health-unrelated pride instilled reward-seeking behavior among incremental theorists. Prompting health-related pride might be a viable motivational tool to promote healthy food choices, as it is beneficial for entity theorists without thwarting the motivation of incremental theorists.
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Oh GEG, Huh YE, Mukhopadhyay A. Informed indulgence: the effects of nutrition information provision and dietary restraint on consecutive food consumption decisions. Psychol Health 2020; 36:1314-1335. [PMID: 33170053 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1841764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutrition and menu labelling have been increasingly implemented worldwide. This research examines the effect of nutrition information provision on the immediate and subsequent consumption decisions of restrained and unrestrained eaters. DESIGN We conducted three scenario-based experiments. In Study 1 (N = 478) and Study 2 (N = 199), we manipulated the availability of nutrition information and measured dietary restraint. Study 3 (N = 275) extended Study 2 by adding a condition where we provided reference information about recommended daily calories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured choices between relatively low-calorie and high-calorie alternatives (Studies 1-3) and measured a subsequent decision to consume indulgent food (Studies 2 and 3). RESULTS Nutrition information did not generally affect choices between low-calorie and high-calorie options, irrespective of dietary restraint. However, restrained eaters who chose a high-calorie option in the presence of nutrition information indicated they would reduce subsequent intake. CONCLUSION Nutrition information does not necessarily reduce the choice of relatively high-calorie food, but it can help restrained eaters reduce subsequent intake after a high-calorie choice. These results suggest that despite not having an immediate effect on choices, nutrition and menu labelling may benefit restrained eaters at a later time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Grace Oh
- Institute of International Business and Governance, Lee Shau Kee School of Business and Administration, Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Young Eun Huh
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Anirban Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Marketing, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Determinants of Different Types of Positive Environmental Behaviors: An Analysis of Public and Private Sphere Actions. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A survey of 1206 participants investigated determinants of positive environmental behaviors (PEBs) in Switzerland. Based on a principle component analysis on data for 23 different PEBs, three behavior types were distinguished: (i) public sphere PEBs with politically mediated impacts; (ii) socially salient private “lighthouse” PEBs that convey a pro-environmental message; and (iii) less socially salient private PEBs. An environmental behavior model identified general environmental knowledge and attitudes as the strongest predictors of PEBs, followed by green self-identity, justifications, assumed consequences, prescriptive social norms, gender, age, and perceived behavioral control (PBC), respectively. To promote sustainability-oriented behaviors and achieve corresponding societal and economic changes, the identified psychological factors need to be promoted by education and communication strategies as well as complementary measures ranging from policy changes to technology development and systems design. Green self-identity turned out to be significantly more influential for private PEBs than for public sphere PEBs, whereas prescriptive social norms and environmental knowledge were more important for public sphere PEBs. These findings indicate that promoting different types of sustainability-oriented behaviors may require distinct strategies. Public sphere PEBs may be enhanced well by conveying social practices and norms, whereas the promotion of a pro-environmental green self-identity may increase private sphere PEBs effectively.
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21
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Compensatory health beliefs and unhealthy snack consumption in daily life. Appetite 2020; 157:104996. [PMID: 33058952 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs) are beliefs that an unhealthy behavior (unhealthy eating) can be compensated for by engaging in a healthy behavior (physical activity). Previous research focused on CHBs as rather stable beliefs (trait). Some studies indicated that situation-specific CHBs (state) might be important in situations, in which people are confronted with an unhealthy snack. This study aims to investigate the association between CHBs and unhealthy snack consumption in daily life with a special focus on the distinction between trait and state CHBs. Overall, N = 45 participants (66.7% female; age: 18-45 years, M = 21.9) received a link to an online questionnaire five times daily for seven consecutive days (n = 1575 possible diary entries). They reported unhealthy snack consumption, state and trait CHBs concerning the compensation with subsequent eating behavior and physical activity. The results showed that trait and state CHBs were significantly positively related to unhealthy snack consumption in daily life. Different effects appeared for CHBs concerning the compensation with subsequent eating behavior compared to the compensation with physical activity. This study demonstrates that both, state and trait CHBs are important for unhealthy snack consumption in daily life. Findings emphasize the need for further daily diary approaches to understand the temporal sequence of state CHBs that could further explain the use of CHBs as a maladaptive strategy for unhealthy eating.
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22
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Kelly SM, Walton HR. "I'll work out tomorrow": The Procrastination in Exercise Scale. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2613-2625. [PMID: 32459106 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320916541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise procrastination (i.e. the voluntary delay of intended exercise) represents a novel, reasoned route to self-regulatory failure in physical activity. This study sought to develop and evaluate a scale to measure exercise procrastination and assess its relationship with self-reported physical activity. Two surveys were administered to community samples (n = 270, 279). In both samples, the Procrastination in Exercise Scale was positively correlated with general procrastination and predicted lower physical activity after controlling for intentions and general procrastination. Exercise procrastination appears to be a common phenomenon, and better understanding its role in physical activity may lead to novel intervention approaches.
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23
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Nakagawa Y. Elderly pedestrians' self-regulation failures and crash involvement: The development of typologies. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 133:105281. [PMID: 31590094 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify, study, and develop typologies based on cases of elderly pedestrian collisions with vehicles where the pedestrians subjectively ascribe the collision at least in part to their own self-regulation failures. Semistructured interview surveys were conducted with 18 elderly people who had experienced a crash with a vehicle as a pedestrian aged 65 years or older. Personal construct theory is adopted as the theoretical underpinning, and it is assumed that pedestrians have their own subjective ways of making sense of the crashes they are involved in. It was found that 11 of the 18 participants ascribed the crashes at least in part to their own self-regulation failures. Cognitive maps of the 11 participants had a common structure, and the associated 11 incidents were classified with respect to the following dimensions: (a) self-regulation type, (b) self-regulation motivation, (c) cause of self-regulation failure, and (d) characteristics of the collisions that occurred after the self-regulation failure. Based on these findings, practical implications are found, and corresponding interventions that may reduce elderly pedestrian-vehicle crashes of this type are discussed. Specifically, this study demonstrates the necessity of education or other intervention that goes beyond informing elderly pedestrians of what is right and wrong in traffic environments. Another critical result-the need to motivate elderly pedestrians to respect and adhere to their own highly personal self-regulation, even if it is not against the social norms-is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Nakagawa
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Japan.
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24
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Nauts S, Kamphorst BA, Stut W, De Ridder DTD, Anderson JH. The Explanations People Give for Going to Bed Late: A Qualitative Study of the Varieties of Bedtime Procrastination. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:753-762. [PMID: 30058844 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1491850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective: Bedtime procrastination is a prevalent cause of sleep deprivation, but little is known about why people delay their bedtimes. In the present research, we conducted a qualitative study with bedtime procrastinators to classify their self-reported reasons for later-than-intended bedtime. Participants: Participants (N = 17) were selected who frequently engaged in bedtime procrastination, but whose sleep was not otherwise affected by diagnosed sleep disorders or shift work. Method: We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews and used thematic analysis to identify commonly recurring themes in the interviews. Results and conclusions: Three emerging themes were identified: deliberate procrastination, mindless procrastination, and strategic delay. For the form of procrastination we classified as deliberate procrastination, participants typically reported wilfully delaying their bedtime because they felt they deserved some time for themselves. For the category of mindless procrastination, a paradigmatic aspect was that participants lost track of the time due to being immersed in their evening activities. Finally, participants who engaged in strategic delay reported going to bed late because they felt they needed to in order to fall asleep (more quickly), which suggests that despite describing themselves as "procrastinating," their bedtime delay may actually be linked to undiagnosed insomnia. The conceptual distinctions drawn in this paper deepen our understanding of bedtime delay and may be helpful for designing effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Nauts
- Royal Philips Research , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Kamphorst
- Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Stut
- Royal Philips Research , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Joel H Anderson
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Lile Jia
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward R. Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Michal Nowak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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26
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Dijker AJM. Moderate eating with pleasure and without effort: Toward understanding the underlying psychological mechanisms. Health Psychol Open 2019; 6:2055102919889883. [PMID: 31798937 PMCID: PMC6873279 DOI: 10.1177/2055102919889883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating research on elementary eating behaviors, savoring, mental imagery, mindfulness, cooking, and dinner rituals, a psychological theory of moderate eating is formulated that does not require effortful self-control and giving up on the pleasures of eating. The theory proposes that taste and pleasure can be combined with a relatively objective attitude toward food, resulting in a relatively slow, gentle, and thoughtful manner of eating that enhances satiation. The objective food attitude is thought to result from (a) the accumulation of multiple sensorimotor expectancies and perspectives and (b) a motivational mechanism underlying prosocial behavior, food sharing, and aggression-inhibiting dinner rituals.
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27
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Bosma A, Boot C, De Maaker M, Boeije H, Schoonmade L, Anema J, Schaafsma F. Exploring self-control of workers with a chronic condition: a qualitative synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2019.1631801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Bosma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C.R.L. Boot
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. De Maaker
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H.R. Boeije
- NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L.J. Schoonmade
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.R. Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F.G. Schaafsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Kelley NJ, Finley AJ, Schmeichel BJ. After-effects of self-control: The reward responsivity hypothesis. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:600-618. [PMID: 30673962 PMCID: PMC8182659 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercising self-control can be phenomenologically aversive. Insofar as individuals strive to maintain a positive emotional state, one consequence of exercising self-control may thus be a temporarily tuning toward or amplification of reward-related impulses (perhaps arising to countermand the aversive feelings that stem from self-control). Reward-relevant after-effects are relatively underappreciated in self-control research. In the current paper, we review theory and research pertaining to the idea that exercising self-control increases reward responsivity. First, we review theoretical models of self-control focusing on the relationship between control systems and reward systems. Second, we review behavioral studies regarding the effects of exercising self-control on subsequent reactivity to food, money, drugs, and positive emotional images. Third, we review findings from functional neuroimaging and electroencephalographic research pertaining to the reward responsivity hypothesis. We then call for additional research to integrate how, when, and under what circumstances self-control exertion influences reward processing. Such an endeavor will help to advance research and theory on self-control by offering a more precise characterization of the dynamic interactions between control systems and reward systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Anna J Finley
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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29
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Allan J, Sadko K, Bell C, Johnston D. How many calories do nurses burn at work? A real-time study of nurses' energy expenditure. J Res Nurs 2019; 24:488-497. [PMID: 34394566 DOI: 10.1177/1744987119837586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nurses have high rates of overweight and obesity, and physical inactivity is one key determinant of weight gain. Aims The present study aims to quantify nurses' energy expenditure over a standard 12-hour shift to establish whether activity levels at work are too low to maintain a healthy body weight. Methods Ward-based nurses (n = 96, 90 female, mean age = 36 years, mean experience = 10 years, mean body mass index = 26.6) wore heart rate and physical activity monitors for the duration of one full working shift. Heart rate and activity data were used in combination with demographic information to estimate each nurse's energy expenditure over 12 hours. Results On average, nurses burned 2.12 kcals per minute while at work, equating to 1521 kcals/6364 kJ (SD = 403 kcals/1686 kJ) per 12-hour shift. Energy expenditure over 12 hours varied markedly between nurses (from 812 kcals/3397 kJ to 3005 kcals/12,573 kJ) but was sufficient in 72% of participants (assuming minimal resting levels of energy expenditure for the 12 hours not at work) to burn off a daily calorie intake of 2000 kcals. Conclusions Three-quarters of nurses expend more energy on working days than is required to maintain a healthy body weight if dietary intake does not exceed recommended levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Allan
- Senior Lecturer, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Cheryl Bell
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Johnston
- Emeritus Professor, School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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30
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Kroese FM. Why self‐regulation success is not the opposite of failure. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floor M. Kroese
- Utrecht University, Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology Utrecht The Netherlands
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31
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Prinsen S, Dohle S, Evers C, de Ridder DTD, Hofmann W. Introducing functional and dysfunctional self‐licensing: Associations with indices of (un)successful dietary regulation. J Pers 2018; 87:934-947. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sosja Prinsen
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Simone Dohle
- Department of Psychology, Social and Economic Cognition University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Catharine Evers
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Denise T. D. de Ridder
- Department of Social, Health & Organizational Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, Social and Economic Cognition University of Cologne Cologne Germany
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32
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Duckworth AL, Milkman KL, Laibson D. Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2018; 19:102-129. [PMID: 30760176 DOI: 10.1177/1529100618821893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Almost everyone struggles to act in their individual and collective best interests, particularly when doing so requires forgoing a more immediately enjoyable alternative. Other than exhorting decision makers to "do the right thing," what can policymakers do to reduce overeating, undersaving, procrastination, and other self-defeating behaviors that feel good now but generate larger delayed costs? In this review, we synthesize contemporary research on approaches to reducing failures of self-control. We distinguish between self-deployed and other-deployed strategies and, in addition, between situational and cognitive intervention targets. Collectively, the evidence from both psychological science and economics recommends psychologically informed policies for reducing failures of self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine L Milkman
- 2 Operations, Information and Decisions Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
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33
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Prinsen S, Evers C, de Ridder DTD. Justified indulgence: self-licensing effects on caloric consumption. Psychol Health 2018; 34:24-43. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1508683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sosja Prinsen
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Catharine Evers
- Social, Health & Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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34
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Dohle S, Hofmann W. Consistency and Balancing in Everyday Health Behaviour: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018; 11:148-169. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. Mentally contrasting a desired future with present reality fosters selective goal pursuit: People pursue feasible desired futures and let go from unfeasible ones. We investigated whether people spontaneously use mental contrasting when the demand to act toward their desired future is high. Study 1 provided correlational evidence: The participants who planned to act most immediately were also those who used mental contrasting. Studies 2 and 3 added experimental evidence: Imagining an immediate (vs. no immediate) action and being confronted with the opportunity to perform an instrumental (vs. noninstrumental) action, respectively, led participants to mentally contrast. The findings have theoretical implications by suggesting that people initiate mental contrasting as a problem-solving strategy; they have applied implications for interventions teaching mental contrasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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36
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Hisler GC, Krizan Z, DeHart T. Does Stress Explain the Effect of Sleep on Self-Control Difficulties? A Month-Long Daily Diary Study. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:864-877. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218798823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is linked to increased stress and suboptimal self-control; however, no studies have examined stress as a reason for why sleep affects self-control. Moreover, it is unknown if there are individual differences that make people vulnerable to this dynamic. Daily diary entries from 212 university students across 30 days were used in a multilevel path model examining if stress explained how prior night sleep affected next-day self-control difficulties and exploring if individual differences in sleep duration, stress, or self-control qualified this effect. Increased stress partially mediated of the effect of reduced sleep duration on increased next-day self-control difficulty. Moreover, short sleep increased next-day stress more for individuals with higher typical stress. Daytime stress especially amplified self-control difficulty for individuals with shorter typical sleep duration. Findings implicate stress as a substantial factor in how sleep loss undermines self-control and identify individuals particularly susceptible to this effect.
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37
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Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. Self-control depletion and sleep duration: the mediating role of television viewing. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1251-1268. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1489048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liese Exelmans
- School for Mass Communication Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulck
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hofmann W, Meindl P, Mooijman M, Graham J. Morality and Self-Control: How They Are Intertwined and Where They Differ. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418759317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite sharing conceptual overlap, morality and self-control research have led largely separate lives. In this article, we highlight neglected connections between these major areas of psychology. To this end, we first note their conceptual similarities and differences. We then show how morality research, typically emphasizing aspects of moral cognition and emotion, may benefit from incorporating motivational concepts from self-control research. Similarly, self-control research may benefit from a better understanding of the moral nature of many self-control domains. We place special focus on various components of self-control and on the ways in which self-control goals may come to be seen as moral issues (i.e., moralized).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
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39
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Mosdøl A, Vist GE, Svendsen C, Dirven H, Lillegaard ITL, Mathisen GH, Husøy T. Hypotheses and evidence related to intense sweeteners and effects on appetite and body weight changes: A scoping review of reviews. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199558. [PMID: 30020966 PMCID: PMC6051566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Observed associations between consumption of diet foods and obesity have sparked controversy over whether intense sweeteners may promote weight gain, despite their negligible energy contribution. We conducted a scoping review of reviews, to obtain an overview of hypotheses, research approaches and features of the evidence on intense sweeteners' potential relationships to appetite and weight changes. We searched for reviews of the scientific literature published from 2006 to May 2017. Two reviewers independently assessed title and abstracts, and full text publications. Arksey and O'Malley's framework for scoping reviews guided the process. We extracted and charted data on characteristics of the reviews and the evidence presented. The 40 included reviews present hypotheses both on how intense sweeteners can reduce or maintain body weight and on how these can promote weight gain. We classified only five publications as systematic reviews; another nine presented some systematic approaches, while 26 reviews did not describe criteria for selecting or assessing the primary studies. Evidence was often presented for intense sweeteners as a group or unspecified, and against several comparators (e.g. sugar, water, placebo, intake levels) with limited discussion on the interpretation of different combinations. Apart from the observational studies, the presented primary evidence in humans is dominated by small studies with short follow-up-considered insufficient to assess weight change. Systematic reviews of animal studies are lacking in this topic area. The systematic evidence only partly explore forwarded hypotheses found in the literature. Primary studies in humans seem to be available for systematic exploration of some hypotheses, but long-term experimental studies in humans appear sparse. With few exceptions, the reviews on intense sweeteners and weight change underuse systematic methodology, and thus, the available evidence. Further studies and systematic reviews should be explicit about the hypothesis explored and elucidate possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annhild Mosdøl
- Division for health services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Elisabeth Vist
- Division for health services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Svendsen
- Division for infection control and environmental health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Division for infection control and environmental health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Trine Husøy
- Division for infection control and environmental health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Vasiljevic M, St John Wallis A, Codling S, Couturier DL, Sutton S, Marteau TM. E-cigarette adverts and children's perceptions of tobacco smoking harms: an experimental study and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020247. [PMID: 30012646 PMCID: PMC6082488 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children exposed to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) adverts may perceive occasional tobacco smoking as less harmful than children not exposed to e-cigarette adverts. Given the potential cross-cueing effects of e-cigarette adverts on tobacco smoking, there is an urgent need to establish whether the effect found in prior research is robust and replicable using a larger sample and a stronger control condition. DESIGN A between-subjects experiment with one independent factor of two levels corresponding to the advertisements to which participants were exposed: glamorous adverts for e-cigarettes, or adverts for objects unrelated to smoking or vaping. PARTICIPANTS English school children aged 11-16 (n=1449). OUTCOMES Perceived harm of occasional smoking of one or two tobacco cigarettes was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included: perceived harm of regular tobacco smoking, susceptibility to tobacco smoking and perceived prevalence of tobacco smoking in young people. Perceptions of using e-cigarettes were gauged by adapting all the outcome measures used to assess perceptions of tobacco smoking. RESULTS Tobacco smokers and e-cigarette users were excluded from analyses (final sample n=1057). Children exposed to glamorous e-cigarette adverts perceived the harms of occasional smoking of one or two tobacco cigarettes to be lower than those in the control group (Z=-2.13, p=0.033). An updated meta-analysis comprising three studies with 1935 children confirmed that exposure to different types of e-cigarette adverts (glamorous, healthful, flavoured, non-flavoured) lowers the perceived harm of occasional smoking of one or two tobacco cigarettes (Z=3.21, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study adds to existing evidence that exposure to e-cigarette adverts reduces children's perceptions of the harm of occasional tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vasiljevic
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amelia St John Wallis
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saphsa Codling
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephen Sutton
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural Science Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Hope ALB, Jones CR, Webb TL, Watson MT, Kaklamanou D. The Role of Compensatory Beliefs in Rationalizing Environmentally Detrimental Behaviors. ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 50:401-425. [PMID: 29657331 PMCID: PMC5888765 DOI: 10.1177/0013916517706730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory green beliefs (CGBs) reflect the idea that a pro-environmental behavior (e.g., recycling) can off-set the negative effects of an environmentally detrimental behavior (e.g., driving). It is thought that CGBs might help explain why people act in ways that appear to contradict their pro-environmental intentions, and inconsistently engage in pro-environmental behaviors. The present study sought to investigate the nature and use of CGBs. A series of interviews suggested that participants endorsed CGBs to (a) reduce feelings of guilt with respect to (the assumed or actual) negative environmental impact of their actions and (b) defend their green credentials in social situations. Participants also justified detrimental behaviors on the basis of higher loyalties (e.g., family's needs), or the perceived difficulty of performing more pro-environmental actions. In addition to shedding light on how, when, and why people might hold and use CGBs, the research also provides new insight into how CGBs should be assessed.
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Kamphorst BA, Nauts S, De Ridder DTD, Anderson JH. Too Depleted to Turn In: The Relevance of End-of-the-Day Resource Depletion for Reducing Bedtime Procrastination. Front Psychol 2018; 9:252. [PMID: 29662459 PMCID: PMC5890113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedtime procrastination is an important predictor of sleep insufficiency in the general population (Kroese et al., 2014b), but little is known about the determinants of this self-undermining behavior. As the phenomenon has been conceptualized in the literature as a form of self-regulation failure (Kroese et al., 2014a), we hypothesized that people’s self-regulatory resources in the evening would be predictive of going to bed later than they intended. Specifically, we examined whether the cumulative effect of resisting desires, a measure of self-regulatory resource depletion (Hofmann et al., 2012b), relates to bedtime procrastination. Participants (N = 218) reported how many desires they had tried to resist during the previous day and the extent of their bedtime procrastination. Results show that people who attempted to resist more desires were more likely to engage in bedtime procrastination, suggesting that people may be less likely to stick to their intended bedtime after a particularly taxing day. Implications for intervention strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A Kamphorst
- Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Nauts
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joel H Anderson
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Prinsen S, Evers C, Wijngaards L, van Vliet R, de Ridder D. Does Self-Licensing Benefit Self-Regulation Over Time? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Food Temptations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:914-927. [PMID: 29383977 PMCID: PMC5946654 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218754509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-licensing, employing reasons to justify indulgence, may help resolve the
conflict between immediate temptations and long-term goals in favor of the
former. It was hypothesized that this conflict-resolving potential of
self-licensing may benefit self-regulation over time. With a momentary
assessment design, we examined how self-licensing affects self-regulatory
ability and the capacity to deal with subsequent self-regulatory conflicts. One
hundred thirty-six female participants filled out surveys eight times per day
for one week. Food temptation strength, conflict, resistance, and enactment were
assessed, as well as license opportunity and perceived self-regulatory ability.
When self-licensing opportunity was high (vs. low), a weaker association between
temptation strength and conflict was observed. High license opportunity was
associated with higher perceived self-regulatory ability for instances of low
degrees of temptation enactment and predicted better handling of subsequent
conflict after high degrees of prior temptation enactment. These results suggest
that self-licensing can support self-regulation after initial failure.
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Boat R, Atkins T, Davenport N, Cooper S. Prior self-control exertion and perceptions of pain and motivation during a physically effortful task. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Molden DC, Hall A, Hui CM, Scholer AA. Understanding How Identity and Value Motivate Self-Regulation Is Necessary but not Sufficient: A Motivated Effort-Allocation Perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1337402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Molden
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Chin Ming Hui
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Abigail A. Scholer
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Lin CY, Scheerman JFM, Yaseri M, Pakpour AH, Webb TL. A cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention based on the Health Action Process Approach for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in Iranian adolescents. Psychol Health 2017; 32:1449-1468. [PMID: 28681612 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1341516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an intervention programme based on the Health Action Process Approach and designed to increase the intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) among Iranian adolescents aged 13 to 18. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial with three arms examined the short- (1 month) and long-term (6 months) effects of the intervention. There were two intervention groups (one included adolescents only [A group; n = 510]; the second included mothers and adolescents [M + A group; n = 462]) and a control group (n = 483). All participants were recruited from schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Social cognitions, self-regulatory processes and F&V intake. RESULTS The intervention led to an increase in F&V intake for adolescents in the short and long terms. Adolescents in the M + A group increased their F& V intake more than adolescents in the A group. Outcome expectancies, self-monitoring, intentions, action and coping planning, perceived social support and behavioural automaticity mediated the effect of the intervention on F&V intake. CONCLUSION The theory-based intervention led to an increase in F&V intake and promoted more positive social cognitions and self-regulatory processes among Iranian adolescents. The findings also provide evidence that involving mothers in an intervention can confer additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Hong Kong
| | - Janneke F M Scheerman
- b Department of Health, Sports & Welfare/Cluster Oral Hygiene , Inholland University of Applied Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- c Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- d Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin , Iran.,e Department of Nursing , School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University , Jönköping , Sweden
| | - Thomas L Webb
- f Department of Psychology , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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Steinmetz J, Mussweiler T. Only one small sin: How self-construal affects self-control. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 56:675-688. [PMID: 28653379 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past research has shown that self-construal can influence self-control by reducing interdependent people's impulsivity in the presence of peers. We broaden these findings by examining the hypothesis that an interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal fosters self-control even in the absence of peers and for non-impulsive decisions. We further explore whether this effect could be mediated by the more interrelated (vs. isolated) processing style of interdependent (vs. independent) people. Such an interrelated (vs. isolated) processing style of temptations makes the impact of a single temptation more salient and can thereby increase self-control. Study 1 demonstrated that more interdependent participants show more self-control behaviour by refraining from chocolate consumption to secure a monetary benefit. Studies 2a and 2b highlighted a link between self-construal and trait self-control via the processing of temptations. Study 3 suggested that an interrelated (vs. isolated) perspective on temptations could mediate the effect of (primed) self-construal on self-control. Taken together, self-construal shapes self-control across various decision contexts.
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Gostoli S, Roncuzzi R, Urbinati S, Morisky DE, Rafanelli C. Unhealthy behaviour modification, psychological distress, and 1-year survival in cardiac rehabilitation. Br J Health Psychol 2017; 21:894-916. [PMID: 27316556 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered the recommended secondary prevention treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in terms of health behaviours and, secondarily, better cardiac outcomes promotion. However, the role of psychiatric and psychosomatic distress on the efficacy of CR is unclear. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of CR on unhealthy behaviour modification and cardiac course, considering the moderating role of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic syndromes. DESIGN A longitudinal design between and within groups was employed. The assessment was repeated four times: at admission to CR (T1), at discharge (T2), 6 (T3) and 12 months following CR completion (T4). METHOD One hundred and eight patients undergoing CR versus 85 patients with CVD not referred to CR, underwent psychiatric, psychosomatic, and health behaviour assessment. The assessment included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (depression and anxiety), the interview based on Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research, GOSPEL Study questionnaire (health behaviours), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. RESULTS Cardiac rehabilitation was associated with maintenance of physical activity, improvement of behavioural aspects related to food consumption, stress management, and sleep quality. On the contrary, CR was not associated with weight loss, healthy diet, and medication adherence. Depression and psychosomatic syndromes seem to moderate the modification of specific health-related behaviours (physical activity, behavioural aspects of food consumption, stress management, and pharmacological adherence). CONCLUSION In CR settings, an integrated assessment including both psychiatric and psychosomatic syndromes is needed to address psychological factors associated with unhealthy behaviour modification. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered a class 1A treatment recommendation and the most cost-effective model of secondary prevention to reduce cardiovascular events. There is evidence about the association between psychological distress and both unhealthy behaviour and cardiac course. Depression and psychosomatic distress, such as type A behaviour and demoralization, are frequently associated with CVD course. However, the role of psychiatric and psychosomatic distress in CR is not well known. What does this study add? CR exerted a protective effect on physical activity and a positive effect on eating behaviour, stress management, and quality of sleep. CR did not show any particular effect on smoking, overweight/obesity, dietary habits, medication adherence, and patients' 1-year survival. Findings from this study suggest the importance to consider specific psychological and psychosomatic aspects in affecting lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gostoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Renzo Roncuzzi
- Division of Cardiology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Donald E Morisky
- Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mantzios M, Egan HH. On the Role of Self-compassion and Self-kindness in Weight Regulation and Health Behavior Change. Front Psychol 2017; 8:229. [PMID: 28261147 PMCID: PMC5311066 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen H Egan
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University Birmingham, UK
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50
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Marchiori DR, Adriaanse MA, De Ridder DT. Unresolved questions in nudging research: Putting the psychology back in nudging. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Marchiori
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A. Adriaanse
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Denise T.D. De Ridder
- Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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