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Koscielniak M, Bojanowska A, Gasiorowska A. Religiosity Decline in Europe: Age, Generation, and the Mediating Role of Shifting Human Values. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:1091-1116. [PMID: 36149612 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that age is associated with higher religiosity, the aging European population has experienced a noticeable religiosity decline over recent decades. This study aimed to explain this paradox and to link it to an intergenerational shift in the pattern of values (as conceptualized by Shalom Schwartz). We conducted extended mediation analyses on the relationships between generational affiliation and the level of personal religiosity via human values in two studies (European Social Survey round 7, N = 29,775; and European Social Survey rounds 1-9, N = 224,314). Our results confirm a pronounced trend of religiosity decline and explain this process by changes in personal values. In particular, Europe's generational increase in openness to change values explains religiosity decline above and beyond the effect of people's developmental age. We conclude that the perspective of human values provides a significant rationale for further research on religiosity, in relation to both past and future generations of Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Koscielniak
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul. Kutrzeby 10, 61-719, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bojanowska
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul. Kutrzeby 10, 61-719, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Gasiorowska
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul. Kutrzeby 10, 61-719, Poznan, Poland
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Maciel MR, Calsavara VF, Zylberstajn C, Mello MF, Coimbra BM, Mello AF. Changes in attachment dimensions during the treatment of acute post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually assaulted Brazilian women. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1325622. [PMID: 38130963 PMCID: PMC10734689 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1325622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attachment patterns are established during early childhood; however, extreme experiences throughout life may change this structure, either toward attachment security or insecurity. We analyzed changes in attachment dimensions in women with acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following sexual assault, that were randomized to a 14-week treatment with either the medication sertraline or Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Methods Seventy-four adult women who presented significant reduction in PTSD symptoms across the trial responded to the Revised Adult Attachment Scale at baseline, on week 8 of treatment, and at the end of the trial, on week 14. We fitted a generalized linear model to explain the attachment anxiety and avoidance scores at baseline. A generalized linear mixed model investigated how attachment dimensions changed over time. Socioeconomic data, treatment type, history of childhood trauma, and PTSD severity over the 14-week period were the considered covariates. Results At baseline, attachment anxiety was associated with a history of early trauma. Attachment anxiety remained stable during the follow-up. Attachment avoidance, on the other hand, significantly increased from baseline to week 14. Higher avoidance was observed in patients with higher total PTSD scores and on the cluster of hyperarousal symptoms. Races other than White (black, mixed-race, or Asian) and younger age were associated with higher attachment avoidance. Discussion Contrary to our expectations, attachment avoidance increased during follow-up, indicating changes in the interpersonal realm beyond the symptoms of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rangel Maciel
- Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Zylberstajn
- Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Feijo Mello
- Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Messina Coimbra
- Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Feijo Mello
- Program for Research and Care on Violence and PTSD (PROVE), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Kislev E. The Longitudinal Effect of Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Traits on Relationship Satisfaction. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221134348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This research estimates how changes in admiration and rivalry narcissistic traits correlate with changes in relationship satisfaction over time. Longitudinal analyses based on data from the Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) studies were used to investigate this question. Findings show associations between heightening rivalry narcissistic traits and decreased levels of relationship satisfaction among men and women, and between heightening admiration narcissistic traits and decreased levels of relationship satisfaction among men. When the two aspects were estimated together, accounting for collinearity, heightening admiration narcissistic traits were not associated with changes in relationship satisfaction among men, while, among women, they correlated with increased levels of relationship satisfaction. These findings advance previous propositions in recent literature and shed light on gender differences in this regard.
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Woloshchuk CJ, Frietze GA, Cooper TV. Cultural and psychosocial moderators of the association between adverse childhood experiences and alcohol and marijuana use among Latinx college students on the U.S./Mexico border. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 133:105859. [PMID: 36054999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been historically associated with negative life outcomes among the general population. OBJECTIVE With limited research among Latinx college students, this study assessed how specific constructs moderate the association between ACEs and alcohol and marijuana use. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Latinx participants recruited from a large U.S./Mexico border region university (Females: N = 283, Males: N = 168) completed an online survey which included: demographics, the Center for Youth Wellness Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (CYW ACE-Q) Teen Self-Report, Drug Use Frequency (DUF), Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Attitudinal Familism Scale (AFS), The Machismo Measure or The Marianismo Beliefs Scale (MBS), and The Bicultural Self-Efficacy Scale (BSE). METHODS Hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to test for main and interactive effects and to determine if the individual moderators (i.e., attachment style, self-efficacy, familism, traditional gender norms, bicultural self-efficacy) affect the relationship between ACEs and alcohol and marijuana use. RESULTS Results indicated that among females, attachment style (β = 0.04, p = .03), MBS (β = -65.57, p = .01), and BSE (β = 0.34, p = .04) moderate the relationship between ACEs and alcohol and marijuana use. No moderation analyses were statistically significant among males. CONCLUSIONS Clinical implications include, for both substance use and trauma treatment among Latinx college students, the assessment of ACEs and attachment style to promote greater insight into the client's inner struggles and emotional processing in relation to marianismo beliefs and bicultural self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Woloshchuk
- California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Rd, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | | | - Theodore V Cooper
- Prevention and Treatment of Clinical Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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LeBlanc JE, Lyons ST. Helicopter parenting during emerging adulthood: Consequences for career identity and adaptability. Front Psychol 2022; 13:886979. [PMID: 36211870 PMCID: PMC9532949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between parental over involvement and the career development of emerging adults. Specifically, it investigates how emerging adults’ career meta competencies of vocational identity formation and career adaptability relate to perceived helicopter parenting. Participants included 491 emerging adults studying in a Canadian University (74.1% female, average age = 20.4 years old). We begin by reviewing the commonalities between helicopter parenting and other parenting constructs and styles. Next, using structural equation modeling, we explore the relationships between perceived helicopter parenting and the components of vocational identity (exploration: in depth exploration, in breadth; commitment: career commitment, identification with commitment; and reconsideration: career self doubt, career flexibility) and career adaptability, as well as the relationships between identity components and career adaptability. Third, we explore the association between perceived helicopter parenting and identity status progress (i.e., achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, undifferentiated, and searching moratorium). Results indicate that individuals reporting higher levels of perceived helicopter parenting experience significantly lower levels of career adaptability and in-depth exploration. Furthermore, these individuals report higher levels of career self doubt and are more likely to be in the vocational identity status of searching moratorium. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. LeBlanc
- Department of Human Resource Management and Labour Relations, Dhillon School of Business, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joshua E. LeBlanc,
| | - Sean T. Lyons
- Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Chevrier B, Lannegrand L. Leaving the family home to start university: How is home-leaving related to family environment and attachment? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sakman E, Sümer N. Testing the Compatibility of Attachment Anxiety and Avoidance with Cultural Self-Construals. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:95-116. [PMID: 35015616 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.2010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecure attachment has been associated with relatively more negative outcomes in mainstream attachment literature, yet several empirical studies show almost half of the populations globally are insecurely attached. Moreover, although attachment security is the universal norm, attachment anxiety and avoidance exhibit significant cultural variation. To explore how this variation can offer certain advantages to people with insecure attachment tendencies, we tested the novel idea that different insecure attachment behaviors can be differentially compatible with varying cultural senses of self (i.e. independent vs. interdependent self-construal) in an experimental setting. We manipulated cultural self-construal by exposing the participants (N = 164) to either an independence or an interdependence prime and asked them to evaluate vignettes depicting typical anxious and avoidant behaviors. The results showed that insecure attachment behaviors were evaluated as more favorable when they were compatible with one's own attachment tendency. Importantly, this trend was moderated by the cultural self-construal: Participants evaluated even those insecure attachment behaviors that were inconsistent with their own tendencies more favorably when these behaviors were compatible with the cultural self-construal that was experimentally induced. The findings are discussed in light of cultural implications.
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Hatton-Bowers H, Lombardi CM, Kemp B, Decker KB, Virmani EA, Brophy-Herb HE, Vallotton CD. Risks and resources for college students' mental health: ACEs, attachment, and mindfulness. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34242546 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1942007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To examine associations between risks and resources in predicting college students' depressive symptoms at the beginning of one semester and change over the semester. Participants: Participants were undergraduate students taking human development courses at one of 11 universities in the U.S. (N = 854). Methods: Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the semester. Results: Experiencing more direct abusive or neglectful adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and attachment preoccupation were associated with higher depressive symptoms at the beginning of the semester. Conversely, greater mindful awareness and attachment security were associated with lower initial depressive symptoms. Experiences of ACEs were associated with increases in depressive symptoms, as were higher levels of attachment dismissiveness. Greater mindful acceptance was associated with decreases in depressive symptoms. In most analyses, resources did not moderate the associations between ACEs and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Results may inform instructors and counselors in supporting students' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Hatton-Bowers
- Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Blakelee Kemp
- Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kalli B Decker
- Health & Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Elita Amini Virmani
- Early Childhood Studies, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Holly E Brophy-Herb
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D Vallotton
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Baskak B, Kir Y, Sedes N, Kuşman A, Türk EG, Baran Z, Gönüllü I, Artar M, Munir K. Attachment Style Predicts Cortical Activity in Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ): An fNIRS Study Using a Theory of Mind (ToM) Task in Healthy University Students. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2021; 34:99-109. [PMID: 33840879 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Results of the behavioral studies suggest that attachment styles may have an enduring effect upon theory of mind (ToM). However biological underpinnings of this relationship are unclear. Here, we compared securely and insecurely attached first grade university students (N = 56) in terms of cortical activity measured by 52 channel Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the Reading the Mind from the Eyes Test (RMET). The control condition involved gender identification via the same stimuli. We found that the ToM condition evoked higher activity than the control condition particularly in the right hemisphere. We observed higher activity during the ToM condition relative to the control condition in the secure group (SG), whereas the overall cortical activity evoked by the two conditions was indistinguishable in the insecure group (ISG). Higher activity was observed in channels corresponding to right superior temporal and adjacent parietal cortices in the SG relative to the ISG during the ToM condition. Dismissive attachment scores were negatively correlated with activity in channels that correspond to right superior temporal cortex. These results suggest that attachment styles do have an effect on representation of ToM in terms of cortical activity in late adolescence. Particularly, dismissive attachment is represented by lower activity in the right superior temporal cortex during ToM, which might be related to weaker social need and habitual unwillingness for closeness among this group of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Baskak
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Kir
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey
| | - Nilay Sedes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yenimahalle State Hospital, Turkey
| | - Adnan Kuşman
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey
| | | | - Zeynel Baran
- Department of Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Hacettepe University, Turkey
| | - Ipek Gönüllü
- Department of Medical Education and Informatics, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Turkey
| | - Müge Artar
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Ankara University, Turkey
| | - Kerim Munir
- Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
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Baugh RF, Hoogland MA, Baugh AD. The Long-Term Effectiveness of Empathic Interventions in Medical Education: A Systematic Review. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:879-890. [PMID: 33244286 PMCID: PMC7685355 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s259718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Association of American Medical Colleges recognizes that empathy is an important part of providing excellent patient care and lists empathy as a Core Entrustable Professional Attribute for physicians. This study is a review of the literature focusing on studies with an educational intervention to promote empathy and at least one year follow-up data. After reviewing the 4910 abstracts retrieved from PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase; the coauthors selected 61 articles for full-text review and completed a medical education research study quality instrument (MERSQI) to ensure all selected studies scored at least 7 or above. Five studies from the US and seven international studies met our inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the study. Few longitudinal studies with a post-intervention follow-up exist to confirm or disprove the effectiveness and durability of empathy training. Of the published studies that do conduct long-term follow-up, study design and measures used to test empathy are inconsistent. Despite the high degree of heterogeneity, the overwhelming majority demonstrated declining empathy over time. Little evidence was identified to support the ability to augment the empathy of physician trainees in sustained fashion. A model is presented which explains the observed changes. Alternative solutions are proposed, including the selection of more prosocial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald F Baugh
- Admissions, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH43623, USA
| | - Margaret A Hoogland
- Library, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH43623, USA
| | - Aaron D Baugh
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA94131, USA
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A Spirituality Mind-Body Wellness Center in a University Setting; A Pilot Service Assessment Study. RELIGIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rel11090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing rates of mental illness among college students over the past 10 years suggest a collective deficit in meaning and purpose unattended to by many university campuses. Psychopathology among young adult college students is associated with developmental tasks such as spiritual individuation, suggesting that interventions aimed at spiritual wellbeing may support the stated need for comprehensive mental health services. The aim of this pilot service assessment study is to investigate the feasibility, acceptability, and helpfulness of spiritually integrated programs at a Spirituality Mind Body (SMB) Wellness Center at a graduate-level academic institution. Wellness Center demographic and attendance data of N = 305 adult graduate students (M = 27.7 years, SD = 6.05) were used to assess acceptability and feasibility. To evaluate helpfulness, measures assessing symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress (PTS), spirituality, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility were completed before and after eight-week programs on a subset of participants (n = 141). SMB users completed a total of 64% of sessions and reported significant pre/post gains in spirituality and mindfulness and decreases in psychological inflexibility, symptoms of depression and PTS. The preliminary findings of this open-trial are encouraging but inherently limited by the design; foremost, the results offer support for future research, which might draw on a larger sample and a study design involving a comparison group.
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12
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Psychological Attachment Orientations of Surrogate Decision-Makers and Goals-of-Care Decisions for Brain Injury Patients in ICUs. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0151. [PMID: 32696015 PMCID: PMC7340333 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. To determine whether ICU surrogates with “insecure” psychologic attachment orientations are more prone to requesting tracheostomy and gastrostomy (i.e., life-sustaining therapy) for severe acute brain injury patients with poor prognosis compared to surrogates with “secure” orientations.
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Baugh RF. The Evolution of Social Beliefs 1960-2016 in the United States and Its Influence on Empathy and Prosocial Expression in Medicine. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2020; 11:437-446. [PMID: 32636695 PMCID: PMC7334402 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s246658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This perspective surveys healthcare's response to the increased prominence of racial, ethnic, religious and sexual minorities as well as females in American culture. It argues for understanding physicians both as products of the broader society and its changes. Starting in the 1960s, empiric evidence for the rise of reactionary viewpoints in response to major social movements is outlined. Structural reasons for the prevalence of such ideologies within medicine are highlighted. Its negative consequences for minority health are addressed. Finally, the author turns to compensatory strategies to improve the social environment within healthcare. Alternative selection strategies for medical school are proposed, with a stronger focus on empathetic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald F Baugh
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH43623, USA
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Mund M, Freuding MM, Möbius K, Horn N, Neyer FJ. The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020; 24:24-52. [PMID: 31179872 PMCID: PMC6943963 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319850738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals experience loneliness when they perceive a deficiency in the quality or quantity of their social relationships. In the present meta-analysis, we compiled data from 75 longitudinal studies conducted in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America (N = 83, 679) to examine the rank-order and mean-level development of loneliness across the life span. Data were analyzed using two- and three-level meta-analyses and generalized additive mixed models. The results indicate that the rank order of loneliness is as stable as the rank order of personality traits and follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the life span. Regarding mean-level development, loneliness was found to decrease throughout childhood and to remain essentially stable from adolescence to oldest old age. Thus, in contrast to other personality characteristics, changes in loneliness are not generally related to age. Implications for theory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mund
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Horn
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany
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Rosario M, Espinosa A, Gagnon G, Talhouk L, Neff B. Associations among parental and romantic attachment, personality disorder symptoms, and physical health. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1609-1624. [PMID: 31789584 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319890027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relations of parental and romantic attachment with physical health symptoms and the mediating role of personality disorder symptoms in those relations were examined in an online survey of US young adults. Latent class analysis identified two groups: occasionally sick and healthier. Insecure attachment was related to being occasionally sick and to personality disorder symptoms (poor reality testing, primitive defenses, and diffused identity). Primitive defenses/identity diffusion mediated relations between insecure parental attachment and physical symptoms. Maternal and paternal attachment each provided unique information about these relations. Romantic attachment was not associated with physical symptoms after adjusting for parental attachment and personality disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosario
- The City College, The City University of New York, USA.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA
| | | | - Gregory Gagnon
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA
| | - Leila Talhouk
- The City College, The City University of New York, USA
| | - Brian Neff
- The City College, The City University of New York, USA
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Cross-temporal changes in people's ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 32:17-21. [PMID: 31349130 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Are people's ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving changing, reflecting transformative changes in our ways of living? If so, are these changes evident globally? There is a large and evolving research literature that attempts to answer these questions. The current review takes stock of this development to provide a brief summary of the literature and also to overview this research field's methodological challenges and innovations, disputed findings, remaining questions, and future directions.
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Kroplewski Z, Szcześniak M, Furmańska J, Gójska A. Assessment of Family Functioning and Eating Disorders - The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Front Psychol 2019; 10:921. [PMID: 31068882 PMCID: PMC6491868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to measure whether people at increased risk for eating disorders (EDs) and people without an increased risk of EDs differ from each other in the assessment of family functioning (FF) and self-esteem (SE) dimensions. Moreover, the correlations between FF, EDs, and SE were verified, looking for the mediating role of SE in the context of the FF and EDs. The research was conducted on the group of 160 people aged from 18 to 47 years, including 74 people at increased risk for EDs. We used: The Family APGAR (Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve); The SCOFF Questionnaire; The Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory, MSEI. Analyses indicate that the compared groups differ significantly in terms of EDs, assessment of FF, and all components of SE, in such a way that people without an increased risk of EDs are characterized by a more positive assessment of FF and higher SE in all its dimensions. All SE dimensions, except defensive high SE, are mediators in the relationship of FF with EDs. In therapeutic interactions, it is worth focusing on the SE dimensions, as they are one of the mediation elements in the relationship between the assessment of FF and EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Kroplewski
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szcześniak
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Furmańska
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anita Gójska
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Bell CA, Jankowski PJ, Sandage SJ. Early treatment narcissism associated with later social and sexual functioning among psychotherapy clients. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Jankowski
- Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
- Bethel University; Saint Paul Minnesota
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Fraley RC. Attachment in Adulthood: Recent Developments, Emerging Debates, and Future Directions. Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:401-422. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most emotionally powerful experiences result from the development, maintenance, and disruption of attachment relationships. In this article, I review several emerging themes and unresolved debates in the social-psychological study of adult attachment, including debates about the ways in which attachment-related functions shift over the course of development, what makes some people secure or insecure in their close relationships, consensual nonmonogamy, the evolutionary function of insecure attachment, and models of thriving through relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Chris Fraley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
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Reynolds NL, Rupert D, Sandage SJ. Therapeutic progress and symptom elevation in treating dismissive attachment: A case study. PSYCHODYNAMIC PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14753634.2018.1562363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Rupert
- The Danielsen Institute at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven J. Sandage
- The Danielsen Institute at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Comparison of Students With and Without Problematic Smartphone Use in Light of Attachment Style. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:681. [PMID: 31620031 PMCID: PMC6759654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, media addictions are especially of high relevance to psychotherapeutic practice. More recently, this particularly includes excessive smartphone usage. Even though a growing number of scientific literature and also mainstream media highlight problematic smartphone use as a serious health problem, there is only little research on this issue. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine this phenomenon with a focus on attachment-specific differences between students with and without problematic smartphone use. Method: A survey was carried out on all enrolled students of the Sigmund Freud University Vienna. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SPAS) was used to differentiate between students with and without problematic smartphone use. The attachment style was assessed using the Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE). Results: Of the total sample, 75 of the students (15.1%) showed a problematic smartphone use. A positive correlation between excessive smartphone usage and an insecure attachment style was found. Discussion: Therapy for problematic smartphone use should be carried out in light of patient's attachment style. Further research into other factors of mental stress and personality is needed to better understand problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Eichenberg
- Institut für Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schott
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Athina Schroiff
- Institut für Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Ratka A. Empathy and the Development of Affective Skills. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:7192. [PMID: 30643318 PMCID: PMC6325458 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Empathy, the most important human attribute that matters in every aspect of life, is essential in health care. Provision of patient-centered care requires empathic health care practitioners. The correlation between empathy of health care providers and improved patient adherence, satisfaction, and treatment outcomes is well-established. Scholarly evidence shows positive correlations between empathy and affective domains and confirms that soft skills are grounded in empathy. Empathic students have stronger affective skills and are capable to acquire, develop, reinforce, and display strong affective behaviors, abilities, and attitudes. As an innate quality, empathy is malleable. The level of empathy can be influenced by educational interventions inculcated into students during the entire curriculum, including both didactic and experiential training. The effectiveness of educational methods may be strengthened by activities that help students enhance empathy and achieve required affective skills. Empathy and the empathy-based affective skills essential in patient-centered care should be routinely and deliberately taught, modelled, and assessed across the continuum of health care curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratka
- Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
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24
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Pepping CA, MacDonald G, Davis PJ. Toward a Psychology of Singlehood: An Attachment-Theory Perspective on Long-Term Singlehood. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417752106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of people who remain single for long periods of time is sizeable and growing in the Western world, yet they are largely ignored in psychological theory and research. In this article, we review psychological and sociological evidence that long-term singles are a heterogeneous group of individuals, outline an attachment-theoretical model of long-term singlehood, and review direct and indirect empirical evidence suggestive of at least three distinct subgroups of long-term singles: (a) singlehood due to attachment-system deactivation, (b) singlehood due to attachment-system hyperactivation, and (c) singlehood as a secure personal choice. Our aim is to highlight long-term singles as a population that merits scientific study and to provide a foundation on which future research can build.
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25
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DeMarco TC, Newheiser AK. Attachment to groups: Relationships with group esteem, self-esteem, and investment in ingroups. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina C. DeMarco
- Department of Psychology; University at Albany; State University of New York; Albany New York USA
| | - Anna-Kaisa Newheiser
- Department of Psychology; University at Albany; State University of New York; Albany New York USA
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26
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Marrero-Quevedo RJ, Blanco-Hernández PJ, Hernández-Cabrera JA. Adult Attachment and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Personality. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-018-9297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Bishop JL, Norona JC, Roberson PNE, Welsh DP, McCurry SK. Adult Attachment, Role Balance, and Depressive Symptoms in Emerging Adulthood. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-018-9295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Chopik WJ, Newton NJ, Ryan LH, Kashdan TB, Jarden AJ. Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 14:292-302. [PMID: 31105762 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1414296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gratitude has been described as an adaptive evolutionary mechanism that is relevant to healthy psychological and interpersonal outcomes. Questions remain as to whether the presence and benefits of gratitude are consistent from young adulthood to old age; prior research has yielded mixed evidence. We examined the magnitude and direction of age differences in gratitude in three samples (combined N = 31,206). We also examined whether gratitude was associated with greater/lesser well-being at different periods in the life course. We found that the experience of gratitude was greatest in older adults and least in middle aged and younger adults. Further, we found that the associations between gratitude and subjective well-being remained relatively constant across the lifespan. Findings are discussed from a developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Chopik
- Michigan State University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Nicky J Newton
- Wilfrid Laurier University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Lindsay H Ryan
- University of Michigan, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- George Mason University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Aaron J Jarden
- Flinders University and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
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29
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Schore AN. ALL OUR SONS: THE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY AND NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF BOYS AT RISK. Infant Ment Health J 2017; 38:15-52. [PMID: 28042663 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Why are boys at risk? To address this question, I use the perspective of regulation theory to offer a model of the deeper psychoneurobiological mechanisms that underlie the vulnerability of the developing male. The central thesis of this work dictates that significant gender differences are seen between male and female social and emotional functions in the earliest stages of development, and that these result from not only differences in sex hormones and social experiences but also in rates of male and female brain maturation, specifically in the early developing right brain. I present interdisciplinary research which indicates that the stress-regulating circuits of the male brain mature more slowly than those of the female in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal critical periods, and that this differential structural maturation is reflected in normal gender differences in right-brain attachment functions. Due to this maturational delay, developing males also are more vulnerable over a longer period of time to stressors in the social environment (attachment trauma) and toxins in the physical environment (endocrine disruptors) that negatively impact right-brain development. In terms of differences in gender-related psychopathology, I describe the early developmental neuroendocrinological and neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in the increased vulnerability of males to autism, early onset schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorders as well as the epigenetic mechanisms that can account for the recent widespread increase of these disorders in U.S. culture. I also offer a clinical formulation of early assessments of boys at risk, discuss the impact of early childcare on male psychopathogenesis, and end with a neurobiological model of optimal adult male socioemotional functions.
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Shu C, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Hu D, Hu N, Liu X. Gender and birth cohort differences in adult attachment in Chinese college students: A meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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31
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Changes of Job Burnout in Chinese Nurses over 2004–2013: Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Twenge JM, Sherman RA, Wells BE. Changes in American Adults' Reported Same-Sex Sexual Experiences and Attitudes, 1973-2014. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1713-1730. [PMID: 27251639 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined change over time in the reported prevalence of men having sex with men and women having sex with women and acceptance of those behaviors in the nationally representative General Social Survey of U.S. adults (n's = 28,161-33,728, ages 18-96 years), 1972-2014. The number of U.S. adults who had at least one same-sex partner since age 18 doubled between the early 1990s and early 2010s (from 3.6 to 8.7 % for women and from 4.5 to 8.2 % for men). Bisexual behavior (having sex with both male and female partners) increased from 3.1 to 7.7 %, accounting for much of the rise, with little consistent change in those having sex exclusively with same-sex partners. The increase in same-sex partners was larger for women than for men, consistent with erotic plasticity theory. Attitudes toward same-sex sexual behavior also became substantially more accepting, d = .75, between the early 1970s and early 2010s. By 2014, 49 % of American adults believed that same-sex sexual activity was "not wrong at all," up from 11 % in 1973 and 13 % in 1990. Controlling for acceptance reduced, but did not eliminate, the increase in same-sex behavior over time. Mixed effects (hierarchical linear modeling) analyses separating age, time period, and cohort showed that the trends were primarily due to time period. Increases in same-sex sexual behavior were largest in the South and Midwest and among Whites, were mostly absent among Blacks, and were smaller among the religious. Overall, same-sex sexual behavior has become both more common (or at least more commonly reported) and more accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Twenge
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
| | - Ryne A Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Brooke E Wells
- Center for Human Sexuality Studies, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA
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Kaščáková N, Husárová D, Hašto J, Kolarčik P, Šolcová IP, Gecková AM, Tavel P. Validation of a 16-Item Short Form of the Czech Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised Questionnaire in a Representative Sample. Psychol Rep 2016; 119:804-825. [PMID: 27620689 DOI: 10.1177/0033294116667725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a shorter Czech version (ECR-R-16) of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) questionnaire and to assess its psychometric properties. Data from a representative sample of the Czech population from 15 to 90 years old (N = 1000, M age = 46.0 years, SD = 17.3) were collected using a face-to-face structured interview in 2014. The developed short form of the Czech version of the ECR-R showed good internal consistency (alphas varied from .84 to .90), and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses replicated the two-dimensional model. The results also demonstrated concurrent validity with measures of neuroticism, self-esteem, and positive and negative affect. People living with a partner and people with higher educational levels had significantly lower Avoidance scores than people living alone and people with lower educational levels. It was concluded that the ECR-R-16 questionnaire has good psychometric properties and is a valid assessment method in the Czech cultural context, suitable for research and clinical studies, when the shorter form of a measure is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Kaščáková
- Olomouc University Social and Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic; Psychiatric Clinic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Husárová
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Hašto
- Olomouc University Social and Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic; Psychiatric Clinic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kolarčik
- Olomouc University Social and Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Iva Poláčková Šolcová
- Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Madarasová Gecková
- Olomouc University Social and Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social and Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic
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34
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Eckersley RM. Is the West really the best? Modernisation and the psychosocial dynamics of human progress and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2016.1166197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Narvaez D, Wang L, Cheng Y. The evolved developmental niche in childhood: Relation to adult psychopathology and morality. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2015.1128835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Turan N, Kocalevent RD, Quintana SM, Erdur-Baker Ö, Diestelmann J. Attachment Orientations: Predicting Psychological Distress in German and Turkish Samples. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Numan Turan
- Department of Counseling Psychology; University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Rüya-Daniela Kocalevent
- Department of Medical Psychology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Özgür Erdur-Baker
- Department of Educational Sciences; Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jacob Diestelmann
- Department of Counseling Psychology; University of Wisconsin-Madison
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37
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Perry B, Singh S. A virtual reality: Technology′s impact on youth mental health. INDIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/0971-9962.193190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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38
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Blalock DV, Franzese AT, Machell KA, Strauman TJ. Attachment style and self-regulation: How our patterns in relationships reflect broader motivational styles. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Can Text Messages Increase Empathy and Prosocial Behavior? The Development and Initial Validation of Text to Connect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137585. [PMID: 26356504 PMCID: PMC4565638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To what extent can simple mental exercises cause shifts in empathic habits? Can we use mobile technology to make people more empathic? It may depend on how empathy is measured. Scholars have identified a number of different facets and correlates of empathy. This study is among the first to take a comprehensive, multidimensional approach to empathy to determine how empathy training could affect these different facets and correlates. In doing so, we can learn more about empathy and its multifaceted nature. Participants (N = 90) were randomly assigned to receive either an empathy-building text message program (Text to Connect) or one of two control conditions (active versus passive). Respondents completed measures of dispositional empathy (i.e. self-perceptions of being an empathic person), affective empathy (i.e. motivations to help, immediate feelings of empathic concern), and prosocial behavior (i.e. self-reports and observer-reports) at baseline, and then again after the 14 day intervention period. We found that empathy-building messages increased affective indicators of empathy and prosocial behaviors, but actually decreased self-perceptions of empathy, relative to control messages. Although the brief text messaging intervention did not consistently impact empathy-related personality traits, it holds promise for the use of mobile technology for changing empathic motivations and behaviors.
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Rosario M. Implications of Childhood Experiences for the Health and Adaptation of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: Sensitivity to Developmental Process in Future Research. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2015; 2:214-224. [PMID: 26900586 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The empirical literature on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals has predominantly focused on sexual-orientation disparities between LGB and heterosexual individuals on health and adaptation, as well as on the role of gay-related or minority stress in the health and adaptation of LGB individuals. Aside from demographic control variables, the initial predictor is a marker of sexual orientation or LGB-related experience (e.g., minority stress). Missing are potential strengths and vulnerabilities that LGB individuals develop over time and bring to bear on their sexual identity development and other LGB-related experiences. Those strengths and vulnerabilities may have profound consequences for the sexual identity development, health, and adaptation of LGB individuals. Here, I focus on one such set of strengths and vulnerabilities derived from attachment. I conclude by emphasizing the importance of attachment in the lives of LGB individuals and the need to identify other developmental processes that may be equally consequential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Rosario
- City University of New York-The City College and Graduate Center
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41
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Troisi JD, Gabriel S, Derrick JL, Geisler A. Threatened belonging and preference for comfort food among the securely attached. Appetite 2015; 90:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Clark DMT, Loxton NJ, Tobin SJ. Declining loneliness over time: evidence from american colleges and high schools. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 41:78-89. [PMID: 25422313 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214557007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined changes in loneliness over time. Study 1 was a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 48 samples of American college students who completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (total N = 13,041). In Study 1, loneliness declined from 1978 to 2009 (d = -0.26). Study 2 used a representative sample of high school students from the Monitoring the Future project (total N = 385,153). In Study 2, loneliness declined from 1991 to 2012. Declines were similar among White students (d = -0.14), Black students (d = -0.17), male students (d = -0.11), and female students (d = -0.11). Different loneliness factors showed diverging trends. Subjective isolation declined (d = -0.20), whereas social network isolation increased (d = 0.06). We discuss the declines in loneliness within the context of other cultural changes, including changes to group membership and personality.
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