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Fink B, Campiche R, Shackelford TK, Voegeli R. Age-dependent changes in skin features and perceived facial appearance in women of five ethnic groups. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 39051099 DOI: 10.1111/ics.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research documents effects of skin features on assessments of age, health and attractiveness of female faces. Ethnic variation also has been reported for the impact of age-related changes in skin features on face assessments. Here, we investigate women's self-ratings across age cohorts and ethnic groups and discrepancies with (non-expert) assessor ratings of facial appearance together with age-dependent changes in skin features. METHODS Faces of women 20-65 years from five ethnic groups (each n = 36) were imaged. Participants provided self-ratings of age, health and attractiveness, and were judged on these attributes by members of the same ethnic group (each n = 120). Digital image analysis was used to quantify skin gloss, tone evenness, wrinkling and sagging. Age-dependent changes in ratings and skin features within and between ethnic groups were assessed by comparing information from 10-year cohorts. We also tested whether menopausal status could be predicted by self-ratings, assessor ratings and image-based skin features. RESULTS Women of all ethnic groups judged themselves younger and higher in attractiveness and health compared to third-party assessors, with the largest discrepancies for age in French women and for attractiveness and health in South African women. In Indian and South African women, specular gloss and skin tone evenness were lower compared to other participants, and sagging was higher in Indian, Japanese and South African women compared to Chinese and French women. Women's menopausal status could be predicted from assessor ratings and image-based skin features but not from self-ratings. CONCLUSION There are differences between women's self-ratings and assessor ratings of facial appearance. These discrepancies vary with female age and ethnicity. Age and ethnicity effects also are evident in age-dependent changes in skin features within and across ethnic groups, which together with assessor (but not self-) ratings of facial appearance predict menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Fink
- Biosocial Science Information, Biedermannsdorf, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Coleman ES, Patrician PA, Vance DE, Rice M. Self-Esteem Among U.S. African American and Latinx Adolescents With Depressive Symptoms and Overweight and/or Obesity. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39024261 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20240712-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the concept of self-esteem among African American and Latinx adolescents with overweight and/or obesity and depressive symptoms in the United States. METHOD Using key terms in CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases, an initial search yielded 371 articles; after examining title, abstract, and full text, 33 articles remained. The concept of adolescent self-esteem was analyzed using Rodger's evolutionary method. RESULTS Several antecedents of self-esteem in this context were identified, including bullying, negative portrayal in the media, stressors and hassles, low socioeconomic status, dieting, and family dietary influences. Attributes identified were body image and misperception, body image dissatisfaction, diminished social status, and isolation. Consequences included stigma, somatic complaints, decreased earnings over a lifetime, decreased quality of life, lower educational attainment over a lifetime, and increased substance use. Increased self-esteem, increased number of friends, and in-depth friendships were associated with a lower risk of being overweight or obese. CONCLUSION Adolescent self-esteem varied based on gender, racial and ethnic group, and changed over time in the African American population but remained static in the Latinx population. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].
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Ermita KC, Rosenthal DM. Exploring Mental Health Services for Youth Experiencing Homelessness in East Asian Pacific Regions: A Systematic Scoping Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:864. [PMID: 39062313 PMCID: PMC11275148 DOI: 10.3390/children11070864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) in East Asian Pacific (EAP) regions represent one of the most at-risk populations due to cultural and geographical factors. Effective mental health interventions, primarily researched in Western contexts, may not fully apply to YEH in EAP. Their lack of stable shelter, disrupted social networks, and limited access to mental health services elevate their susceptibility to adverse mental health, making urgent interventions essential to address their needs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to explore and systematically search the types of mental health services and interventions available for YEH in EAP and their impact on overall quality of life and wellbeing. METHODS Electronic databases (e.g., Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus) were systematically searched (publication dates between 1 January 1990 and 13 May 2023), as well as additional online resources specific to homelessness. Articles were screened, and a critical appraisal assessed the quality of the included studies. RESULTS Eight studies with different interventions were identified in Indonesia (n = 2), Malaysia (n = 1), South Korea (n = 3), and the Philippines (n = 1). These were thematically clustered into six categories: art, cognitive behavioural therapy, life skills education, resilience enhancement, family strengthening, and government interventions/services. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights effective mental health interventions' positive impact on YEH mental health outcomes and quality of life in EAP, stressing the urgent need to implement socio-culturally sensitive services. Future research should address knowledge gaps through comprehensive studies covering diverse EAP regions and populations, prioritising socio-culturally specific psychological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Cortez Ermita
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Diana Margot Rosenthal
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
- UCL Collaborative Centre for Inclusion Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Wodarz R, Rogowska AM. The Moderating Effect of Body Appreciation on the Relationship between Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:870-887. [PMID: 38667811 PMCID: PMC11049024 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although positive associations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image have previously been established, differences in these variables by gender and age have yielded mixed results. Moreover, little is known about the interplay between self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of body appreciation on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction, considering disparities between females and males and also between emerging adults (before the age of thirty) and older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was performed in Poland with a sample of 449 adults aged between 18 and 75 (M = 30.41, SD = 12.72), including 68% of women. The survey included the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS-2). RESULTS Men scored higher than women in terms of life satisfaction and self-esteem, while older participants (age > 30) scored higher than younger individuals (age ≤ 30) in terms of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The study confirmed positive and moderate correlations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body appreciation. The interactive effect of self-esteem and body appreciation on life satisfaction was also found by controlling for age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Some intervention programs focused on increasing levels of self-esteem and body appreciation should be implemented, especially among women and emerging adults, to improve their well-being.
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Self-Enhancement and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex: The Convergence of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081103. [PMID: 36009167 PMCID: PMC9405933 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-enhancement (SE) is often overlooked as a fundamental cognitive ability mediated via the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). Here, we present research that establishes the relationship between the PFC, SE, and the potential evolved beneficial mechanisms. Specifically, we believe there is now enough evidence to speculate that SE exists to provide significant benefits and should be considered a normal aspect of the self. Whatever the metabolic or social cost, the upside of SE is great enough that it is a core and fundamental psychological construct. Furthermore, though entirely theoretical, we suggest that a critical reason the PFC has evolved so significantly in Homo sapiens is to, in part, sustain SE. We, therefore, elaborate on its proximate and ultimate mechanisms.
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Magee W, Elliott MR, Sinkewicz M, Finlay J, Clarke P. Who looks on the bright side? Optimistic and pessimistic perceptual-response reflexes over American adulthood. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2022; 51:100452. [PMID: 35250415 PMCID: PMC8890670 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that the way individuals are oriented towards the future is deeply embedded in their psychology, shaping how they perceive and react to opportunities and threats, even at unconscious levels. We argue that exposures to opportunities and threats over the life course can shape future orientation at a deep level, and that word-valence effects to survey questions indicate optimistic and pessimistic "perceptual-response reflexes" that are manifestations of unconscious dispositions. Using data collected over 25 years in the Americans' Changing Lives (ACL) study we analyze variation in word-valence effects by age, birth cohort, gender, and race. The broad adult age-range of the sample and the length of follow-up permits the examination of birth cohorts ranging from the "First Children of the 20th Century" (born before 1917) to "Baby Boomers" (born 1947-1962). We find notable differences in age-graded trends across two overarching birth cohort groups: those who reached high school age before the Supreme Court's landmark Brown vs Board of Education decision in 1954 (i.e., born before 1932) and after (i.e., born in 1932 and later). Age-related trends in optimistic perceptual response diverge notably for women versus men, and for Black versus White Americans. Trends in pessimistic perceptual response differ from trends in optimistic response. For example, in early adulthood Black Americans score higher on both optimistic and pessimistic response patterns than White Americans. Birth-cohort differences in both outcomes vary by gender and race. Those differences are interpreted in terms of changes in political, demographic, and sociocultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Magee
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Institute for Social Research, and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jessica Finlay
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Philippa Clarke
- Institute for Social Research, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA
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Jusepeitis A, Rothermund K. No elephant in the room: The incremental validity of implicit self-esteem measures. J Pers 2022; 90:916-936. [PMID: 35122254 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Correlational research aiming to validate measures and the construct of implicit self-esteem (ISE) has produced heterogeneous results in the past. We argue that this might be caused by two underappreciated obstacles: the situational malleability and construct irrelevant variance in conventional ISE measures. To minimize these problems, we applied process and latent state-trait modeling to Implicit Association Test and Name Letter Task data collected on four occasions across six weeks in a preregistered online study (initial N = 360, final N = 302). We investigated the relation of supposed trait ISE parameters with trait explicit self-esteem (ESE) and criteria. Results indicated no latent trait correlation among the different supposed indicators of ISE, small latent trait correlations of indicators of ISE and ESE, and little incremental validity of the supposed ISE measures in predicting potential criterion measures over and above ESE. These findings align with previous critical evaluations regarding the supposed measures of ISE and the conceptual validity of ISE as an association. Implications for future research on ISE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Jusepeitis
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Rothermund
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
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Friedman A, Katz BA, Elishevits Y, Yovel I. Increasing the Flexibility of Implicit Personality Assessment: An Examination of a Universal Assessment Procedure of the Self. J Pers Assess 2021; 104:532-547. [PMID: 34357809 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1957904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current studies systematically examined a new version of the Questionnaire-Based Implicit Association Test (qIAT), which minimizes the differences between direct and indirect modes of assessment. Studies 1a (N = 276) and 1 b (N = 238) tested a method that enables an indirect assessment of questionnaires that include only non-reversed items. Studies 2a (N = 255) and 2 b (N = 284) tested a task that substitutes the problematic construct-related category labels with generic, universal categories. These studies, which focused on extraversion, supported the feasibility, reliability and validity of this procedure. Studies 3a-3c (N = 159, 154 and 151, respectively) supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity of these methods, assessing three well-researched, semantically complex personality scales: Aggressive Humor Style, Need for Closure and Anxiety Sensitivity. Studies 4a (N = 195) and 4 b (N = 283) supported the implicitness of the qIAT, as most respondents were not aware of this task's purpose. In Study 4c (N = 598), participants who reported using antidepressants had lower self-esteem qIAT scores compared to a control group, thus supporting the criterion validity of this task. Taken together, findings suggest that the new qIAT substantially increases the scope of indirect personality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Friedman
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin A Katz
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yosef Elishevits
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iftah Yovel
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yovel I, Aviram G, Kahana N, Katz BA. Testing a new indirect measure of general self-worth: The Self-esteem Questionnaire-based Implicit Association Test. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:100-120. [PMID: 34101172 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The self-esteem Questionnaire-based Implicit Association Test (SE-qIAT) provides an indirect assessment of general self-worth that is based on the items of the well-validated Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the structure of this variant of the IAT enables a clearer interpretation, compared with the conventional self-esteem IAT. Study 1 (N = 224) provided support for the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and implicit-explicit convergent validity of the SE-qIAT. In Study 2 (N = 305), the correlation of the SE-qIAT with the explicit RSES was replicated, and it was larger than the correlations of the SE-qIAT with other self-reports. As to criterion validity, the SE-qIAT moderated the effect of a mild social threat (being excluded in the Cyberball game) on participants' performance in a subsequent anagram task, and this effect was incremental to the explicit self-esteem assessment. In Study 3 (N = 334), the SE-qIAT correlated positively with the self-esteem IAT and negatively with a measure of depression. The two implicit tasks correlated uniquely with each other, above and beyond the variance they each shared with the explicit RSES. Taken together, these findings provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the SE-qIAT.
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Cai H, Wu L. The self-esteem implicit association test is valid: Evidence from brain activity. Psych J 2021; 10:465-477. [PMID: 33511787 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A distinct challenge of implicit self-esteem research is the dubious validity of measures for implicit self-esteem. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) studies to examine whether implicit self-esteem measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) actually reflects the automatic self-evaluation. We adopted the regular IAT and the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT), respectively, to measure implicit self-esteem in two studies. We focused on the P300 that reflects the stimulus evaluation process. Study 1 revealed that participants responded faster to self pairing with good than to self pairing with bad whereas self pairing with bad elicited a delayed P300 compared with self pairing with good. Study 2 replicated these findings and further highlighted that the index of implicit self-esteem based on reaction time is correlated with that based on P300 latency. Our results suggest that implicit self-esteem assessed by the IAT measures automatic self-evaluation, thus providing neural evidence for the validity of implicit self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, China
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11
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Abstract
Adults tend to remember themselves in a positive way. For example, they are more likely to remember their past good deeds rather than their past bad deeds. We investigated whether children (N = 40) are also biased in how they remember information related to themselves. Using the self-reference memory paradigm, we found that 8- to 10-year-olds' source memory for mean action phrases (e.g., "Lie to someone") was worse when the phrases were encoded with reference to themselves compared to when they were encoded with reference to others. Source memory for self-referenced mean phrases was also worse than source memory for self-referenced nice action phrases (e.g., "Be kind to someone") and self-referenced neutral action phrases (e.g., "Draw a circle"). These results provide some of the first experimental evidence for self-enhancement in children's memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina F Rowell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikram K Jaswal
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Peterson MF, Stewart SA. Implications of Individualist Bias in Social Identity Theory for Cross-Cultural Organizational Psychology. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022120925921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social Identity Theory ( SIT) as used in cross-cultural organizational psychology (CCOP) shows individualistic biases by envisioning an autonomous person whose culture supports temporary, largely independent, and readily interchangeable relationships with multiple categorical groups, organizations, and other collectives. We seek to reduce these biases in CCOP by drawing from recent social psychological analyses, notably Motivated Identity Construction Theory, that have refined identity theory’s original principles. To make a broad range of organizational applications, we rely heavily on our cross-cultural psychology audience’s familiarity with basic SIT topics and controversies by discussing them quite briefly. We apply such refinements to theories about correlates of organizational identification (OI) measures, interpretive OI theorizing, and an intrapersonal network approach to OI. We conclude by extending these refinements to other constructs linking individuals to organizations: organizational commitment, attachments to organization groups and components, and roles and norms.
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Dentale F, Vecchione M, Ghezzi V, Spagnolo G, Szemenyei E, Barbaranelli C. Beyond an Associative Conception of Automatic Self-Evaluations: Applying the Relational Responding Task to Measure Self-Esteem. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schimmack U. The Implicit Association Test: A Method in Search of a Construct. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 16:396-414. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691619863798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz proposed that the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures individual differences in implicit social cognition. This claim requires evidence of construct validity. I review the evidence and show that there is insufficient evidence for this claim. Most important, I show that few studies were able to test discriminant validity of the IAT as a measure of implicit constructs. I examine discriminant validity in several multimethod studies and find little or no evidence of discriminant validity. I also show that validity of the IAT as a measure of attitudes varies across constructs. Validity of the self-esteem IAT is low, but estimates vary across studies. About 20% of the variance in the race IAT reflects racial preferences. The highest validity is obtained for measuring political orientation with the IAT (64%). Most of this valid variance stems from a distinction between individuals with opposing attitudes, whereas reaction times contribute less than 10% of variance in the prediction of explicit attitude measures. In all domains, explicit measures are more valid than the IAT, but the IAT can be used as a measure of sensitive attitudes to reduce measurement error by using a multimethod measurement model.
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Magee W, Upenieks L. Gender differences in self-esteem, unvarnished self-evaluation, future orientation, self-enhancement and self-derogation in a U.S. national sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shloim N, Lans O, Brown M, Mckelvie S, Cohen S, Cahill J. “Motherhood is like a roller coaster… lots of ups, then downs, something chaotic… “; UK & Israeli women’s experiences of motherhood 6-12 months postpartum. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2019; 38:523-545. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2019.1631448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shloim
- Faculty of Medicine and health, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - O. Lans
- Social Work Department, Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - M. Brown
- Faculty of Medicine and health, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S. Mckelvie
- Faculty of Medicine and health, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S. Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine and health, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J. Cahill
- Faculty of Medicine and health, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Guo T, Spina R. Cultural Asymmetry Between Perceptions of Past and Future Personal Change. Front Psychol 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31133915 PMCID: PMC6524702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that Westerners expect less change to occur in the future than they recall having occurred in the past. The present research investigated how recalled change and anticipated change may vary across cultures. Because Chinese perceive past times as being closer to the present than do Westerners, and people believe things tend to change more over a long period of time than over a short period of time, Chinese may perceive smaller changes from the past to the present than do Westerners. Consequently, the asymmetry between recalled change and anticipated change would disappear for Chinese. Four empirical studies revealed that for British participants, recalled changes in the past for personality, values, and the person as a whole were greater than anticipated changes in the future, whereas for Chinese, recalled changes in the past were similar in magnitude as anticipated changes in the future. Studies 2b and 3 further revealed that subjective temporal distance accounted for the cross-cultural differences in the asymmetry between recalled and anticipated changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy Spina
- University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
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Bi W, Chan HF, Torgler B. Self-esteem, self-symbolizing, and academic recognition: behavioral evidence from curricula vitae. Scientometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Maricuțoiu LP, Payne BK, Iliescu D. It works both ways. Enhancing explicit self-esteem using the self-reference task. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muthukrishna M, Henrich J, Toyokawa W, Hamamura T, Kameda T, Heine SJ. Overconfidence is universal? Elicitation of Genuine Overconfidence (EGO) procedure reveals systematic differences across domain, task knowledge, and incentives in four populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202288. [PMID: 30161140 PMCID: PMC6116975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconfidence is sometimes assumed to be a human universal, but there remains a dearth of data systematically measuring overconfidence across populations and contexts. Moreover, cross-cultural experiments often fail to distinguish between placement and precision and worse still, often compare population-mean placement estimates rather than individual performance subtracted from placement. Here we introduce a procedure for concurrently capturing both placement and precision at an individual level based on individual performance: The Elicitation of Genuine Overconfidence (EGO) procedure. We conducted experiments using the EGO procedure, manipulating domain, task knowledge, and incentives across four populations-Japanese, Hong Kong Chinese, Euro Canadians, and East Asian Canadians. We find that previous measures of population-level overconfidence may have been misleading; rather than universal, overconfidence is highly context dependent. Our results reveal cross-cultural differences in sensitivity to incentives and differences in overconfidence strategies, with underconfidence, accuracy, and overconfidence. Comparing sexes, we find inconsistent results for overplacement, but that males are consistently more confident in their placement. These findings have implications for our understanding of the adaptive value of overconfidence and its role in explaining population-level and individual-level differences in economic and psychological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Muthukrishna
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Toyokawa
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Hamamura
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Steven J. Heine
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Roth J, Steffens MC, Vignoles VL. Group Membership, Group Change, and Intergroup Attitudes: A Recategorization Model Based on Cognitive Consistency Principles. Front Psychol 2018; 9:479. [PMID: 29681878 PMCID: PMC5897506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article introduces a model based on cognitive consistency principles to predict how new identities become integrated into the self-concept, with consequences for intergroup attitudes. The model specifies four concepts (self-concept, stereotypes, identification, and group compatibility) as associative connections. The model builds on two cognitive principles, balance–congruity and imbalance–dissonance, to predict identification with social groups that people currently belong to, belonged to in the past, or newly belong to. More precisely, the model suggests that the relative strength of self-group associations (i.e., identification) depends in part on the (in)compatibility of the different social groups. Combining insights into cognitive representation of knowledge, intergroup bias, and explicit/implicit attitude change, we further derive predictions for intergroup attitudes. We suggest that intergroup attitudes alter depending on the relative associative strength between the social groups and the self, which in turn is determined by the (in)compatibility between social groups. This model unifies existing models on the integration of social identities into the self-concept by suggesting that basic cognitive mechanisms play an important role in facilitating or hindering identity integration and thus contribute to reducing or increasing intergroup bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Roth
- Department of Psychology, Social Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie C Steffens
- Faculty of Psychology, Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Vivian L Vignoles
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Wu S. No Lake Wobegon in Beijing? The impact of culture on the perception of relative ranking. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shali Wu
- Kyunghee University; Seoul South Korea
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Wang Y, Wu W, Song H, Wu M, Cai H. The Development of Implicit Self-Esteem During Emerging Adulthood. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617726831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging adulthood is one of the most important life stages for self and identity development. The present research tracked the development of implicit self-esteem during emerging adulthood at both the group and individual levels. We used the implicit association test to assess implicit self-esteem with the improved D score as the index. We surveyed 327 students each year from the beginning of their first year of university until their graduation, with an extra assessment run in the middle of the first year. First-order autoregressive structural equation modeling indicated that implicit self-esteem remained quite stable during the university years in terms of rank-order stability. Latent growth modeling showed that implicit self-esteem decreased slightly during the university years with females initially manifesting a higher level. These findings enrich our understanding of implicit self-esteem and its development as well as self-construction during emerging adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Hairong Song
- Department of Psychology, University of Ohlahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Mingzheng Wu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Saint Arnault D, Hatashita H, Suzuki H. Semantic Examination of a Japanese Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression: A Cautionary Analysis Using Mixed Methods. Can J Nurs Res 2017; 48:80-92. [PMID: 28841078 DOI: 10.1177/0844562116679756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-cultural research relies on the linguistic, conceptual, and semantic equivalence of instruments. Widely used translations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) for cross-cultural samples should be analyzed to reaffirm conceptual and semantic equivalence. Purpose This methodological study aimed to discover and resolve problematic translations of a Japanese version of the CESD. Design Sequential explanatory mixed method design using spiraling integration. Methods Sample includes 34 first-generation Japanese women living in the US and 72 community-based women in Japan. Ethnographic analysis of the semantic meanings of items was followed by t tests to compare original and retranslated item means, as well as Cronbach's reliability and corrected item-total correlations analyses. Results Six problematic items were retranslated: bothered, failure, hope, restless sleep, happiness, and "getting going." Reliabilities for the CESD that included the new CESD item translations were the same; however, most item-scale correlations were higher for the revised translations across the two groups. Conclusions We conclude that both failure and "getting going" may be culturally bound items. Implications for cross-cultural and ethnographic nursing research include planning mini-ethnographic analysis when using translations to discover and reconcile cultural differences in connotations, motivations, and goals.
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Borton JLS, Oakes MA, Lengieza M. Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1218924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lengieza
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
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Maroiu C, Maricuțoiu LP, Sava FA. Explicit self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kuldas S, Bulut S. What Is Called Self in Educational Research and Practice? BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2016.1198260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sang J, Ji Y, Li P, Zhao H. Effect of perceived organizational support on suicidal ideation of young employees: The mediator role of self-esteem. J Health Psychol 2016; 22:1357-1364. [PMID: 26865539 DOI: 10.1177/1359105315627501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationships among perceived organizational support, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation of young employees. A total of 447 unmarried employees completed the survey of perceived organizational support, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and suicide ideation scale. The results revealed that perceived organizational support, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation were significantly correlated with each other. Stepwise regression analysis and path analysis both indicated that self-esteem partially mediated the effect of perceived organizational support on suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongbao Ji
- 2 Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China
| | - Ping Li
- 1 Shandong University of Technology, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- 1 Shandong University of Technology, China
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On the Panculturality of Self-enhancement and Self-protection Motivation. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Hoorens V. What’s really in a Name-Letter Effect? Name-letter preferences as indirect measures of self-esteem. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2014.980085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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