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Oxford SW, Clarke ND, Dobbin N. A international cross-sectional study examining knowledge and attitudes towards sport-related concussion in Touch. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 66:25-30. [PMID: 38245972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the current level of knowledge and attitudes towards sport-related concussion (SRC) amongst key stakeholders in touch rugby. DESIGN An international cross-sectional study. Participants n = 141 (male, n = 88; female, n = 53) from 15 Touch Associations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Online questionnaire including non-validated sections captured participant characteristics, first aid training, previous concussion, awareness of SRC guidelines, combined with Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey. Distributed online to Touch athletes internationally. Concussion knowledge index (CKI) and attitude index (CAI) scores were calculated. A linear regression was performed to determine whether awareness of concussion, previous concussion and role affected CKI and CAI scores. RESULTS Median CKI and CAI scores were 21 ± 2.0 and 67 ± 6.3, respectively, across all key stakeholders. 39% of participants reported a previous SRC and 32% of respondents were aware of concussion guidelines form their Association. Regression analysis showed minimal influence of key contextual information on CKI and CAI. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that key stakeholders in Touch have high to very high knowledge and safe attitudes towards SRC. However, there were some areas where further improvement could be targeted by those involved in Touch such as individual associations at the direction of the sport's governing body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Oxford
- Centre for Physical Activity Sport And, Exercise Science, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Neil D Clarke
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B153TN, UK
| | - Nick Dobbin
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6GX, UK
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2
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Black AM, Turcotte K, Fidanova A, Sadler K, Bruin S, Cheng P, Karmali S, Taylor T, Halliday D, Babul S. Development of a tailored concussion education program for athletes: a pragmatic multimethods design and integrated knowledge translation approach from needs assessment to design. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075080. [PMID: 38030256 PMCID: PMC10689399 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand Canadian university athletic programme concussion management needs, and to describe development and content of a tailored online concussion education tool for Canadian university/college athletes. DESIGN An integrated knowledge translation multiphased, multimethods approach was used. Phases included a needs assessment survey with university representatives and athletes, content selection, mapping behavioural goals to evidenced-based behaviour change techniques, script/storyboard development, engagement interviews with university athletes and tool development using user-centred design techniques. SETTING Canadian U SPORTS universities (n=56). PARTICIPANTS Overall, 64 university representatives (eg, administrators, clinicians) and 27 varsity athletes (52% male, 48% female) completed the needs assessment survey. Five athletes participated in engagement interviews. OUTCOME MEASURES Surveys assessed previous athlete concussion education, recommendations for concussion topics and tool design, concussion management challenges and interest in implementing a new course. RESULTS Institutions used a median (Med) of two (range 1-5) approaches when educating athletes about concussion. Common approaches were classroom-style education (50%), online training (41%) and informational handouts (39%). University representatives rated most important topics as: (1) what is a concussion, (2) how to recognise a concussion and (3) how to report a concussion (Medall=4.8/5). Athletes felt symptom recognition (96%) and effects on the brain (85%) were most important. The majority of athletes preferred learning via computer (81%) and preferred to learn alone (48%) versus group learning (7%). The final resource was designed to influence four behaviours: (1) report symptoms, (2) seek care, (3) encourage teammates to report symptoms and (4) support teammates through concussion recovery. Examples of behaviour change techniques included: knowledge/skills, problem-solving scenarios, verbal persuasion and social comparison. Athletes are guided through different interactions (eg, videos, flip cards, scenarios, testimonials) to maximise engagement (material review takes ~30 min). CONCLUSIONS The Concussion Awareness Training Tool for athletes is the first Canadian education tool designed to address the needs of Canadian university/college athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Black
- Centre for Healthy Youth Development through Sport, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Turcotte
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alex Fidanova
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Sadler
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha Bruin
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Phoebe Cheng
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shazya Karmali
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taryn Taylor
- Carleton Sport Medicine Clinic, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Drew Halliday
- Queen Alexandra Centre for Children's Health, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shelina Babul
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Daneshvar DH, Baugh CM, Lama RD, Yutsis M, Pea RD, Goldman S, Grant GA, Cantu RC, Sanders LM, Zafonte RD, Hainline B, Sorcar P. Participating in Two Video Concussion Education Programs Sequentially Improves Concussion-Reporting Intention. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 2:581-591. [PMID: 35018360 PMCID: PMC8742279 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Undiagnosed concussions increase the risk of additional concussion and persistent symptoms from concussion. Because there are no reliable objective markers of concussion, self-reporting of subjective and non-visible symptoms are critical to ensuring proper concussion management. For this reason, educational interventions target concussion reporting, but the majority of studies have examined the efficacy of single educational interventions or compared interventions to one another. This randomized crossover study sought to identify whether there was benefit to administering multiple concussion education programs in tandem, back to back. The study randomized 313 male high school football players to first receive CrashCourse concussion education (CC) or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention video concussion education (CDC) followed by crossover with the other education. Athlete concussion-reporting intention, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and enjoyment of education were assessed at baseline and after each intervention. There were statistically significant improvements across all measures, both after single intervention and crossover (all p < 0.001). Secondary analyses examining differences between education found that athletes reported higher enjoyment of concussion education immediately after participating in CC, as compared to CDC (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate an additive benefit to implementing CC and CDC education in tandem, without decrement in enjoyment of concussion education after experiencing dual educations; in fact, enjoyment of concussion education improved after receiving education programs back to back. These educational programs appear to complement one another, and the results support the use of multi-modal concussion education to differentially target and maximize concussion reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Daneshvar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine M Baugh
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Roberto D Lama
- School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maya Yutsis
- Department of Neurology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Roy D Pea
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shelley Goldman
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Robert C Cantu
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cantu Concussion Center, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee M Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ross D Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Piya Sorcar
- Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Chrisman SPD, Kroshus E, Garrett K, Gau J, Harmon KG, Ramshaw D, Glang A. Effectiveness of an Education Platform ( GoHuddle) for Increasing Likelihood of Coach Concussion Communication with Athletes. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3119-3125. [PMID: 34549592 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests coaches play a central role in establishing a context conducive to concussion reporting, particularly via direct verbal communication about concussion. Informed by qualitative interviews and stakeholder feedback, we developed a web-based concussion education platform for collegiate coaches (GoHuddle). The goal of GoHuddle is to encourage concussion safety-supportive coach communication using behavioral modeling and experiential learning. We then conducted a pre-post survey study to examine the impact of engaging with the platform on coach concussion communication, with outcomes of: (a) expected likelihood of communicating with athletes about concussive symptom reporting; (b) expected likelihood of pressuring medical staff to return athletes to play; and (c) belief in the usefulness of engaging in the communication described in a and b (i.e., response efficacy). We also assessed feasibility and acceptability of the platform in the collegiate sport context. The platform was sent to 435 coaches at five institutions, and 334 (77%) completed surveys (70% male, 37.8 years mean age). After completing GoHuddle, coaches had 2.5 greater odds of expecting to discuss concussion with their team (odds ratio [OR] 2.53, p < 0.001). Response efficacy for talking about concussion also increased significantly post-intervention (OR 3.78, p < 0.001). No significant change was seen in expectancies regarding pressure on medical staff to return athletes to play "as soon as possible." A high proportion (82%) of coaches would recommend this platform for coach concussion education. In conclusion, this study suggests GoHuddle is a feasible and acceptable approach to coach concussion education, and use of this platform holds promise for shifting coach communication about concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P D Chrisman
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily Kroshus
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Gau
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Dane Ramshaw
- Center on Brain Injury Research and Training, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Ann Glang
- Center on Brain Injury Research and Training, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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5
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Kneavel M, Ernst W. Cognitions That Support Concussion Reporting in Collegiate Athletes: An Analysis of a Worksheet Activity. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:548-559. [PMID: 34636271 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211046535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports related concussions continue to be a public health concern and improving reporting behavior a focus of educational programs. While educational programs have addressed changes in knowledge of concussion symptoms, it has been challenging to design educational programs which have lasting effects on reporting behavior. AIMS The current analysis describes an intervention in which thoughts about reporting behavior are actively written down in a worksheet exercise to "pre-arm" athletes with cognitions designed to enhance reporting behavior prior to the injury event. METHOD A total of 503 male and female college athletes participating in collision (football, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, and soccer) and contact sports (baseball, basketball, and softball) from 7 colleges/universities competing across all three NCAA divisions provided data collected during a randomized trial of a peer concussion education program. RESULTS Qualitative analysis revealed 10 themes that would improve reporting including short-term benefits, faster recover, safe and healthy return to play, reporting helps the team, reporting protects the brain, risk aversion, long-term benefits, coach will be supportive, teammates will be supportive and understanding, and academic performance will be affected. DISCUSSION Athletes had awareness of key risks involved in concussions and understood both short- and long-term consequences. CONCLUSION These findings have important implications for understanding how to change athletes' thoughts about reporting concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Kneavel
- Department of Urban Public Health and Nutrtion, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Concussion Education and Research, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Ernst
- Department of Professional Psychology, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Concussion Education and Research, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Weber Rawlins ML, Johnson BR, Jones ER, Register-Mihalik JK, Foster C, De Angelis K, Schmidt JD, D'Lauro CJ. The Role of Social Support in Concussion Disclosure in United States Air Force Academy Cadets: A Mixed Methods Approach. Mil Med 2021; 187:e1193-e1200. [PMID: 33724395 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) cadets are at risk for sustaining concussions; however, several factors inhibit disclosure. We aimed to better understand the role of social support in concussion disclosure. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used a mixed methods approach with an electronic survey and interviews. The survey used a 9-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 9 = strongly agree) to assess concussion disclosure. Survey items asked cadets whom they felt most comfortable disclosing a concussion or bell-ringer/ding to, how quickly they would seek medical attention for a suspected concussion or bell-ringer/ding, whether cadets would be generally supportive/unsupportive of another cadet disclosing a concussion to medical staff, and whether other cadets important to them would be generally supportive/unsupportive if they reported a concussion to medical staff. Two multivariate linear regressions, one for concussion and one for bell-ringers/dings, were calculated to determine whether cadet choice of the person they felt most comfortable disclosing a concussion or bell-ringer/ding to predicted whether they would immediately seek medical attention for either condition. Choice of person included Air Officer Commanding (AOC)/Academy Military Trainer (AMT), upper classmen, cadet who had recovered from a concussion, cadet, closest friend, teammate, and squadmate. Descriptive analyses assessed whether cadets felt supported or unsupported by other cadets and by those who were important to them concerning concussion reporting. Thirty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted with cadets to explore their views on concussion disclosure. RESULTS Increased comfort with disclosing a suspected concussion to an AOC/AMT had higher agreement seeking medical attention (β = 0.28, P < .001). For every 1-point increase in being comfortable disclosing a potential bell-ringer/ding to an AOC/AMT (β = 0.272, P < .001), squadmate (β = 0.241, P = .002), and teammate (β = -0.182, P = .035), agreement for seeking medical attention immediately increased 0.27, increased 0.24, and decreased 0.18, respectively. Interviews indicated cadets would often speak to a peer before seeking medical attention. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that cadets felt comfortable reporting a suspected concussion or bell-ringer/ding to various peers and that those peers would be supportive of that choice, indicating social support. Future interventions should include educating cadets that peers may come to them, especially if they are AOCs/AMTs or squadmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Weber Rawlins
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emily R Jones
- United States Air Force Academy, USAF Academy, CO 80840, USA
| | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related TBI Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig Foster
- United States Air Force Academy, USAF Academy, CO 80840, USA
| | | | - Julianne D Schmidt
- UGA Concussion Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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7
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Baugh CM, Foster CA, Johnson BR, D'Lauro C. Pluralistic Ignorance as a Contributing Factor to Concussion Underreporting. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:340-346. [PMID: 33660553 DOI: 10.1177/1090198121995732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussion underreporting is endemic, and social norms are an established predictor of concussion reporting behavior. However, pluralistic ignorance-a situation in which most individuals in a group hold the belief that their peers' views differ from their own, despite views actually being similar-has not been studied in this context. AIM To assess whether pluralistic ignorance contributes to concussion underreporting. METHOD We surveyed 2,504 military service academy cadets. Each cadet was presented with a survey asking about their willingness to self-report a concussion, their perception of other cadets' willingness to report a concussion, and personal and demographic factors. RESULTS Most cadets viewed themselves as more willing to report a concussion than others (mean difference = 1.12, 95% CI [1.02, 1.21]), a belief consistent with pluralistic ignorance. Demographic characteristics were associated with holding this belief. For example, female cadets and upper-class cadets were more likely to show this disparity than male or under-class cadets, respectively. Collegiate athletes not only showed similar willingness to report concussion as nonathletes but also perceived other cadets as less likely to report concussions. Meanwhile, future pilots showed less self-report willingness and perceived that others were similarly unwilling to report concussions. DISCUSSION A majority of this economically and geographically diverse population displays characteristics of pluralistic ignorance: They largely share proconcussion reporting sentiments but incorrectly perceive that others do not. This belief is not held uniformly in all subpopulations, which may inform how these beliefs are developed and maintained. CONCLUSIONS Pluralistic ignorance is an important consideration in concussion education efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Baugh
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Craig A Foster
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.,SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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8
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Kroshus E, Cameron KL, Coatsworth JD, D'Lauro C, Kim E, Lee K, Register-Mihalik JK, Milroy JJ, Roetert EP, Schmidt JD, Silverman RD, Warmath D, Wayment HA, Hainline B. Improving concussion education: consensus from the NCAA-Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1314-1320. [PMID: 32912847 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Early disclosure of possible concussive symptoms has the potential to improve concussion-related clinical outcomes. The objective of the present consensus process was to provide useful and feasible recommendations for collegiate athletic departments and military service academy leaders about how to increase concussion symptom disclosure in their setting. Consensus was obtained using a modified Delphi process. Participants in the consensus process were grant awardees from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense Mind Matters Research & Education Grand Challenge and a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders from collegiate athletics and military service academies. The process included a combination of in-person meetings and anonymous online voting on iteratively modified recommendations for approaches to improve concussion symptom disclosure. Recommendations were rated in terms of their utility and feasibility in collegiate athletic and military service academy settings with a priori thresholds for retaining, discarding and revising statements. A total of 17 recommendations met thresholds for utility and feasibility and are grouped for discussion in five domains: (1) content of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (2) dissemination and implementation of concussion education for athletes and military service academy cadets, (3) other stakeholder concussion education, (4) team and unit-level processes and (5) organisational processes. Collectively, these recommendations provide a path forward for athletics departments and military service academies in terms of the behavioural health supports and institutional processes that are needed to increase early and honest disclosure of concussion symptoms and ultimately to improve clinical care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kroshus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth L Cameron
- Orthopaedics, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, New York, USA
| | - J Douglas Coatsworth
- Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher D'Lauro
- Behavioral Science and Leadership, US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Katherine Lee
- Health Readiness and Policy Oversight, Health Affairs, Department of Defense, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffery J Milroy
- Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - E Paul Roetert
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Ross D Silverman
- Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dee Warmath
- Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Heidi A Wayment
- Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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9
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Wicklund A, Coatsworth JD. Concussion disclosure in middle and high school youth: Who gets the message and are they trained to receive it? JOURNAL OF CONCUSSION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2059700220924499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disclosure of concussion is vital for proper diagnosis and treatment. Youth have many stakeholders to whom they may disclose concussion, including parents, peers, coaches, and school personnel. We examined whom high school and middle school youth report concussion and the level of concussion education of the recipients of the disclosure. Methods Data were analyzed from 2362 students, 680 parents, and 150 school personnel who completed an online survey about concussion reporting, education, and training. Results Youth were most likely to disclose concussions to parents, particularly mothers, and their peer group. Middle school youth reported to teachers and school nurses at higher rates than high school youth. High school youth were more likely to disclose concussion to coaches and athletic trainers than middle school youth. While mothers were the most likely recipient of youths’ reporting, they were least likely to have received concussion education. Conclusions Recipients of youth concussion disclosure differs by school level. Parents are the most common recipients of disclosure. The role of school personnel and coaches changes as youth enter high school. Youth primarily report concussions to parents, yet parents receive the least amount of concussion training. These findings highlight the need for targeted concussion training for stakeholder groups as their role in disclosure may differ by school age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Douglas Coatsworth
- Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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10
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O'Connor S, Geaney D, Beidler E. Non-disclosure in Irish collegiate student-athletes: do concussion history, knowledge, pressure to play and gender impact concussion reporting? PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2020; 48:186-193. [PMID: 31538833 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1671141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Non-disclosure of concussions by collegiate student-athletes is documented internationally. This study aims to examine, for the first time, concussion non-disclosure frequency in Irish collegiate student-athletes and ascertain whether concussion history, knowledge, pressure to play and gender impacts this behavior.Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented. A convenience sample of 268 Irish collegiate student-athletes from high-risk sports completed an anonymous survey developed from previous reliable, validated instruments.Results: One in four Irish collegiate student-athletes reported concussion non-disclosure. While a significant statistical model was generated to predict concussion non-disclosure (χ2= 13.07 p = 0.004) with high specificity (99.5%), the sensitivity was non-existent (0.0%) and explained just 4.8-7.0% of the variance in non-disclosure. Just previous history of a concussion diagnosis contributed significantly to the model (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.46-4.6). Gaps in concussion knowledge were evident and some participants previously felt pressure to return to play after sustaining a blow to the head by coaches (50.0%), teammates (45.5%) and fans (38.0%).Conclusion: Non-disclosure of concussions is common in this population. While gender, concussion knowledge and pressure to play do not seem to impact non-disclosure, a previous history of concussion increases the odds of concussion non-disclosure by 2.6 times. Thus, creating a positive concussion reporting culture in high-risk Irish collegiate sports is critical, particularly for those with a previous medically diagnosed concussion. Multifaceted strategies that incorporate the complexity of why athletes choose to not report a concussion targeted to the specific issues identified in this population and to all key stakeholders involved in collegiate sport are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán O'Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Geaney
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erica Beidler
- Department of Athletic Training, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Kneavel ME, Ernst W, McCarthy KS. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Peer Concussion-Education Program for Collegiate Athletes. J Athl Train 2020; 55:456-468. [PMID: 32298143 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0182.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The National Collegiate Athletic Association and US Department of Defense have called for educational programs to change the culture of concussion reporting, increase reporting behavior, and enhance the safety of players and service members. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a novel peer concussion-education program (PCEP) in changing knowledge, attitudes, and norms about concussion reporting among collegiate student-athletes and assess program implementation. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial and qualitative analysis of interviews. SETTING National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic teams from randomly selected colleges or universities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 1614 male and female student-athletes from 60 teams at 10 colleges and universities and 8 athletic trainers. INTERVENTION(S) The PCEP intervention trains 2 peer concussion educators to provide 2 education modules to their teammates. Knowledge, attitudes (oneself and teammates), and concussion occurrence or reporting were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 1 month later. Eight athletic trainers were interviewed about program implementation. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed greater increases occurred postintervention and at 1 month in concussion knowledge (F1,2648 = 51.3, P < .0001), intention to report (oneself, F2,2633 = 82.3, P < .0001; teammates, F2,2624 = 53.9, P < .0001), return-to-play protocol knowledge, (F2,2632 = 28.4, P < .0001), direct subjective norms (oneself, F2,2625 = 51.7, P < .0001; teammates, F2,2644 = 40.6, P < .0001), direct perceived behavioral control (oneself, F2,2628 = 53.7, P < .0001; teammates, F2,2615 = 68.2, P < .0001), and indirect attitudes (oneself, F2,2626 = 47.1, P < .001; teammates, F2,2623 = 40.9, P < .0001). Peer concussion-education program participants discussed concussion more often with a teammate (F1,1396 = 13.96, P < .0001) or athletic staff (F1,1396 = 6.62, P < .001). Qualitative program analysis revealed both positive aspects of the PCEP and areas for improvement. CONCLUSIONS The PCEP showed promise in increasing concussion knowledge, intention to report concussion, reporting a teammate's concussion, and facilitating attitudinal changes that support reporting among student-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Kneavel
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA.,Center for Concussion Education and Research, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William Ernst
- Center for Concussion Education and Research, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Professional Psychology, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kevin S McCarthy
- Center for Concussion Education and Research, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia, PA
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12
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History of Concussion Diagnosis, Differences in Concussion Reporting Behavior, and Self-Described Reasons for Non-Report. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Assess whether athletes with a prior concussion diagnosis are more likely to continue play with a possible concussion. Additionally, explore whether reasons for concussion under-reporting are different among athletes with a prior concussion when compared to other athletes. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 328 collegiate athletes. Results: Athletes with a prior concussion diagnosis had significantly greater relative risk of continuing play while symptomatic of a possible concussion during their most recent season compared to athletes without prior concussion diagnosis. Significant differences exist in the reasons that athletes provided for not reporting by history of concussion. Conclusions: Findings suggest that learning may have occurred as a result of the prior diagnosis; however, this learning did not appear to result in safer reporting behavior. Additional research is necessary to clarify why athletes who have been previously diagnosed with a concussion are more likely to continue playing while experiencing concussion symptoms.
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13
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Wayment HA, Huffman AH. The Indirect Influence of Organizational Safety Climate on Football Players' Concussion Reporting Intentions. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 47:91-100. [PMID: 31603011 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119879216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the health interventions designed to increase athletes' reporting of potential concussion symptoms have focused only on the individual athlete. Unfortunately, interventions targeted at athletes' knowledge and understanding of concussion risk has not reliably increased their reporting behavior, leading to increased calls for "changing the culture of concussion reporting." To date, no studies have examined the role of organizational safety climate has on concussion-symptom reporting behavior. We hypothesized that players' perception of organizational safety climate would be indirectly related to their concussion symptom reporting intentions, via the influence of safety culture on supportive social norms and self-efficacy, two well-known predictors of concussion reporting intentions. We used structural equation modeling techniques to create robust latent measures of our model variables and then examined the indirect influence of football program safety climate on football players' symptom reporting intentions. Surveys were completed by NCAA Division I football players (N = 223) before and after the 2017 football season. We tested a confirmatory factor analysis and hypothesized latent variable model with preseason data, made small adjustments to our model (adding correlated error terms), and then confirmed using postseason data. We also examined a competing, alternative model. Results support the indirect and influence of perceived safety climate on concussion reporting intentions primarily via the relationship between safety climate and social norms, and to a lesser extent between safety climate and self-efficacy. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering the addition of interventions aimed at systems-level influences to facilitate supportive social norms and athlete self-efficacy regarding concussion symptom reporting.
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14
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Abstract
Despite state laws requiring concussion education for youth sport stakeholders and a proliferation of educational programs, there has been little demonstrated impact on concussion reporting behaviors. We propose that this is because of four key limitations to existing approaches to concussion education: (1) deliberative decision making by the injured athlete is assumed, (2) interventions are often targeted at individuals rather than social systems, (3) education occurs once during preseason and is forgotten, and (4) dissemination challenges exacerbate health inequalities. Addressing these limitations, we propose a novel theoretic framework that situates individual behavior within a sport system's culture and their broader structural context. Concussion education programs should seek to facilitate safety-supportive interpersonal communication within and between stakeholder groups and influence attributes of groups that drive behavior, including shared values. Addressing the limitations outlined and drawing on the proposed conceptual framework, we describe a novel approach to concussion education: pregame safety huddles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kroshus
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara P D Chrisman
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Warmath D, Winterstein AP. Reporting Skill: The Missing Ingredient in Concussion Reporting Intention Assessment. Sports Health 2019; 11:416-424. [PMID: 31268836 DOI: 10.1177/1941738119856609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant literature suggests that a substantial portion of athletes may not report a possible concussion and that concussion knowledge is insufficient to predict concussion reporting behavior. One area that has not been explored is reporting skill; that is, mastery of the actions required to report a concussion. This study evaluated the relationship between reporting skill and reporting intention, introducing a measure of the reporting skill construct. HYPOTHESES Reporting intentions will be more closely associated with reporting skill than with concussion/symptom knowledge. The relationship between concussion (or symptom) knowledge and reporting intentions will differ by level of reporting skill. STUDY DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS A set of items was administered to young adults aged 18 to 24 years from the Survey Sampling International panel. Exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on 2 waves of data to develop the scale (n = 899). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling on the responses from the third wave of participants (n = 406). RESULTS Knowing the actions to take in reporting was more important than having knowledge of concussions or concussion symptoms. Reporting skill, not concussion or concussion symptom knowledge, was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. Among those with higher levels of reporting skill, concussion symptom knowledge (but not general concussion knowledge) was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. CONCLUSION Reporting skill is an important and, until now, missing ingredient in the concussion literature and practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Incorporating reporting skill development in concussion education and team activities to teach athletes how to report is likely to improve actual reporting intentions. While further study is needed with particular sports and additional age groups, reporting skill holds promise as a new avenue for increased concussion reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dee Warmath
- Department of Financial Planning, Housing, and Consumer Economics, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew P Winterstein
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
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16
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Wayment HA, Huffman AH, Lane TS, Lininger MR. Relationship of athletic and academic identity to concussion reporting intentions. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019; 42:186-192. [PMID: 31014920 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding concussed athletes' motivations for reporting concussion symptoms is important for health care professionals who are charged with the care, management, and prevention of future injury. OBJECTIVES To examine if athletic and academic identity predict concussion symptom reporting intentions above and beyond traditional socio-cognitive predictors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study using self-report measures during the 2016 collegiate football season. METHOD In a sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I American football athletes (N = 205) we examined the relationship of athletic and academic identity with three indices of symptom reporting behavior: reporting during a game, reporting 24 h after a game, and reporting on behalf of a teammate. We used descriptive statistical analyses, correlations, and linear regression to examine hypotheses. RESULTS Controlling for traditional predictors, athletic identity was associated with a lower likelihood to report symptoms during a game (β = -0.22, t = -3.28, p < .001) or within 24 h (β = -0.28, t = -4.12, p < .001). Academic identity was positively associated with reporting intentions during a game (β = 0.12, t = 1.68, p < .05), 24 h later (β = 0.13, t = 1.85, p < .05), and on behalf of a teammate (β = 0.22, t = -3.36, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Athletic and academic identities offer additional insight into athletes' motivation for concussion symptom reporting intentions, above and beyond traditional socio-cognitive predictors. Discussion focuses on the benefit of incorporating these important self-identities into educational health interventions to improve their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Wayment
- Psychological Sciences, 1100 S. Beaver Street, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Ann H Huffman
- Psychological Sciences, 1100 S. Beaver Street, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA; W.A. Franke College of Business, 101 E. McConnell, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Taylor S Lane
- Interdisciplinary Health PhD Program, 1100 S. Beaver Street, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Monica R Lininger
- Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, 208 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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17
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Incidence, Awareness, and Reporting of Sport-Related Concussions in Manitoba High Schools. Neurol Sci 2019; 46:443-450. [PMID: 31293234 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2019.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Federal and provincial governments in Canada are promoting provincial legislation to prevent and manage sport-related concussions (SRCs). The objective of this research was to determine the incidence of concussions in high school sport, the knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and consequences of SRC, and how likely student athletes are to report a concussion. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of athletes (N = 225) from multiple sports in five high schools in one Manitoba school division was conducted. RESULTS Participants in this study were well aware of the signs, symptoms, and consequences of SRC. Cognitive and emotional symptoms were the least recognized consequences. SRC is prevalent in high schools in both males and females across all sports. Of the 225 respondents, 35.3% reported having sustained an SRC. Less than half (45.5%) reported their concussion. Athletes purposely chose not to report a concussion in games (38.4%) and practices (33.8%). Two major barriers to reporting were feeling embarrassed (3.4/7) and finding it difficult (3.5/7) to report. There was, however, strong agreement (Mean 5.91/7, SD 0.09) when asked if they intend to report a concussion should they experience one in the future. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that high school athletes would benefit from more SRC education. Coaches and team medical staff must be trained to be vigilant for the mechanism, signs, and symptoms of injury in both game and practice situations. This study will also inform the implementation of pending legislation in Manitoba and perhaps other provinces in Canada.
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18
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Corman SR, Adame BJ, Tsai JY, Ruston SW, Beaumont JS, Kamrath JK, Liu Y, Posteher KA, Tremblay R, van Raalte LJ. Socioecological influences on concussion reporting by NCAA Division 1 athletes in high-risk sports. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215424. [PMID: 31067230 PMCID: PMC6505740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion among athletes is an issue of growing concern, with efforts underway to improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Success depends on communication by athletes, as brain-related symptoms are often not outwardly visible. Education programs to increase reporting behavior have not been successful to date. In accordance with the socioecological approach to health, we argue that multiple levels of influence on student athletes must be addressed, and report a multi-dimensional, mixed-methods research project conducted to identify possible points of intervention into changing the culture of concussion-injury reporting among collegiate athletes. Using quantitative, qualitative and interpretive methods, we examine the individual-level vested interests athletes have in reporting or not reporting concussion symptoms, and how these interests interact with community-level team culture and interpersonal relationships, and social-level cultural narratives to influence concussion-reporting behavior. Our findings confirm the viability of this approach, identifying immediacy, separation of responsibility and pain-enduring story systems as particularly salient elements. We conclude that competing performance versus safety value structures, reflected in cultural narratives and team culture, create mixed-messages for athletes, which are resolved in favor of performance because athletes perceive concussion injuries to be of low immediacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Corman
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Adame
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jiun-Yi Tsai
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Communication, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Ruston
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Beaumont
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Sun Devil Athletics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica K. Kamrath
- Department of Human Communication Studies, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America
| | - Yanqin Liu
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karlee A. Posteher
- College of Business, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, California, United States of America
| | - Rikki Tremblay
- Center for Strategic Communication, Hugh Downs School of Human Communication, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lisa J. van Raalte
- Department of Communication Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Register-Mihalik J, Baugh C, Kroshus E, Y Kerr Z, Valovich McLeod TC. A Multifactorial Approach to Sport-Related Concussion Prevention and Education: Application of the Socioecological Framework. J Athl Train 2017; 52:195-205. [PMID: 28387550 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To offer an overview of sport-related concussion (SRC) prevention and education strategies in the context of the socioecological framework (SEF). Athletic trainers (ATs) will understand the many factors that interact to influence SRC prevention and the implications of these interactions for effective SRC education. BACKGROUND Concussion is a complex injury that is challenging to identify and manage, particularly when athletes fail to disclose symptoms to their health care providers. Education is 1 strategy for increasing disclosure. However, limited information addresses how ATs can integrate the many factors that may influence the effectiveness of SRC education into their specific settings. Public health models provide an example through the SEF, which highlights the interplay among various levels of society and sport that can facilitate SRC prevention strategies, including education. DESCRIPTION For ATs to develop appropriate SRC prevention strategies, a framework for application is needed. A growing body of information concerning SRC prevention indicates that knowledge alone is insufficient to change concussion-related behaviors. The SEF allows this information to be considered at levels such as policy and societal, community, interpersonal (relationships), and intrapersonal (athlete). The use of such a framework will facilitate more comprehensive SRC prevention efforts that can be applied in all athletic training practice settings. Clinical Applications: Athletic trainers can use this information as they plan SRC prevention strategies in their specific settings. This approach will aid in addressing the layers of complexity that exist when developing a concussion-management policy and plan.
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20
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Caron JG, Rathwell S, Delaney JS, Johnston KM, Ptito A, Bloom GA. Development, implementation and assessment of a concussion education programme for high school student-athletes. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:48-55. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1280180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Caron
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Scott Rathwell
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J. Scott Delaney
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Sports Medicine Clinic, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karen M. Johnston
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Athletic Edge Sports Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Ptito
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gordon A. Bloom
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Chinn NR, Porter P. Concussion reporting behaviours of community college student-athletes and limits of transferring concussion knowledge during the stress of competition. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000118. [PMID: 27900182 PMCID: PMC5117077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion education for student-athletes is mandated by several states and is becoming an integral component of concussion management programmes; however, little is known about student-athlete concussion knowledge and self-reporting of suspected concussion. This study explored to what extent collegiate student-athletes are knowledgeable on the topic of concussion, the relationship between having concussion knowledge and reporting behaviours, and factors contributing to not reporting when education has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Resendes Chinn
- Disability Resources Department, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | - Paul Porter
- Department of Education, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
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