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Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Glyoxal. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:47S-48S. [PMID: 37748203 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed information that has become available since their year 2000 assessment, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that Glyoxal is safe for use in products intended to be applied to the nail at concentrations ≤1.25% and that the available data are insufficient to support the safety for other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Sang SH, Akowuah GA, Liew KB, Lee SK, Keng JW, Lee SK, Yon JAL, Tan CS, Chew YL. Natural alternatives from your garden for hair care: Revisiting the benefits of tropical herbs. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21876. [PMID: 38034771 PMCID: PMC10685248 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair shampoos containing botanical ingredients without synthetic additives, such as parabens, petrochemicals, sulfates and silicones are more skin- and environmentally friendly. In recent years, there is a growing demand for shampoo products with botanical extracts. Shampoos with botanical extracts are well-known for their perceived health benefits. They are also generally milder, non-toxic, natural, and less likely to disrupt the hair and scalp's natural pH and oil balance. Many also believe that shampoos with botanical origins have higher standards of quality. Numerous botanical extracts had been used as natural active ingredients in cosmetic formulations to meet consumer demands. In this review, we have revisited six tropical plants commonly added as natural active ingredients in shampoo formulations: Acacia concinna, Camellia oleifera, Azadirachta indica, Emblica officinalis, Sapindus mukorossi, and Garcinia mangostana. These plants have been traditionally used for hair care, and scientific research has shown that they exhibit relevant physicochemical properties and biological activities that are beneficial for hair care and scalp maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Huey Sang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyber 11, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Keah Lee
- M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing-Wen Keng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sue-Kei Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica-Ai-Lyn Yon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Siang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
| | - Yik-Ling Chew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bnaya A, Abu-Amer N, Beckerman P, Volkov A, Cohen-Hagai K, Greenberg M, Ben-Chetrit S, Ben Tikva Kagan K, Goldman S, Navarro HA, Sneineh MA, Rozen-Zvi B, Borovitz Y, Tobar A, Yanay NB, Biton R, Angel-Korman A, Rappoport V, Leiba A, Bathish Y, Farber E, Kaidar-Ronat M, Schreiber L, Shashar M, Kazarski R, Chernin G, Itzkowitz E, Atrash J, Iaina NL, Efrati S, Nizri E, Lurie Y, Ben Itzhak O, Assady S, Kenig-Kozlovsky Y, Shavit L. Acute Kidney Injury and Hair-Straightening Products: A Case Series. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 82:43-52.e1. [PMID: 36610611 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Keratin-based hair-straightening treatment is a popular hair-styling method. The majority of keratin-based hair-straightening products in Israel contain glycolic acid derivatives, which are considered safe when used topically. Systemic absorption of these products is possible, and anecdotal reports have described kidney toxicity associated with their use. We report a series of cases of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) following use of hair-straightening treatment in Israel during the past several years. STUDY DESIGN Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We retrospectively identified 26 patients from 14 medical centers in Israel who experienced severe AKI and reported prior treatment with hair-straightening products in 2019-2022. FINDINGS The 26 patients described had a median age of 28.5 (range, 14-58) years and experienced severe AKI following a hair-straightening procedure. The most common symptoms at presentation were nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Scalp rash was noted in 10 (38%) patients. Two patients experienced a recurrent episode of AKI following a repeat hair-straightening treatment. Seven patients underwent kidney biopsies, which demonstrated intratubular calcium oxalate deposition in 6 and microcalcification in tubular cells in 1. In all biopsies, signs of acute tubular injury were present, and an interstitial infiltrate was noted in 4 cases. Three patients required temporary dialysis. LIMITATIONS Retrospective uncontrolled study, small number of kidney biopsies. CONCLUSIONS This series describes cases of AKI with prior exposure to hair-straightening treatments. Acute oxalate nephropathy was the dominant finding on kidney biopsies, which may be related to absorption of glycolic acid derivatives and their metabolism to oxalate. This case series suggests a potential underrecognized cause of AKI in the young healthy population. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to assess the extent of this phenomenon as well as its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Bnaya
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.
| | - Nabil Abu-Amer
- Institute of Nephrology and Hypertension, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Pazit Beckerman
- Institute of Nephrology and Hypertension, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Alexander Volkov
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Keren Cohen-Hagai
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba
| | - Meidad Greenberg
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba
| | - Sydney Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba
| | - Kim Ben Tikva Kagan
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | - Shira Goldman
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | - Hadar Agmon Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | - Marwan Abu Sneineh
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | - Benaya Rozen-Zvi
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | - Yael Borovitz
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Nephrology institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ana Tobar
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva
| | | | - Ray Biton
- Nephrology and Hypertension Institute, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod
| | - Avital Angel-Korman
- Nephrology and Hypertension Institute, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba
| | - Vladimir Rappoport
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba
| | - Adi Leiba
- Nephrology and Hypertension Institute, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba
| | | | - Evgeni Farber
- Nephrology Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Tiberias
| | - Maital Kaidar-Ronat
- Edith Wolfson Medical Center Ringgold Standard Institution, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon
| | - Letizia Schreiber
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem; Department of Pathology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon
| | - Moshe Shashar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Laniado Hospital, Netanya
| | | | - Gil Chernin
- Nephrology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot
| | - Eyal Itzkowitz
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem
| | - Jawad Atrash
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem
| | - Nomy Levin Iaina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon
| | - Shai Efrati
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin
| | - Elad Nizri
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Department of Nephrology, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin
| | - Yael Lurie
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Israel Poison Information Center, Nephrology and Hypertension, Rambam Medical Center; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Ben Itzhak
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Medical Center; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Suheir Assady
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rambam Medical Center; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Kenig-Kozlovsky
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Israel Poison Information Center, Nephrology and Hypertension, Rambam Medical Center; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rambam Medical Center; B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Linda Shavit
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem
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Németh D, Temesvári E, Holló P, Pónyai G. Preservative Contact Hypersensitivity among Adult Atopic Dermatitis Patients. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050715. [PMID: 35629382 PMCID: PMC9147108 DOI: 10.3390/life12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by an impaired skin barrier. The prolonged use of topical preparations containing medications, emollients, fragrances and preservatives may increase the risk of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). In the Allergy Outpatient Unit of the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology of Semmelweis University, 5790 adult patients were patch tested between 2007–2021 with the European Environmental Baseline Series according to international standards. Among all the tested adult patients, 723 had preservative CHS (PCHS) and 639 had AD. Among the 723 PCHS patients, 68 (9.4%) had AD; the female to male ratio was 3:1 in this group. Out of 639 AD patients, 68 had PCHS (10.6%). In the AD-PCHS group, 83.8% had CHS to methylisothiazolinone (MI) (tested from 2014), 36.8% to Kathon CG®, 16.2% to methyldibromo-glutaronitrile, 11.8% to paraben, 7.4% to formaldehyde, 4.4% to para-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin and 1.5% to Quaternium-15. The most common concomitant PCHS combination was Kathon CG® + MI. Most patients (32.4%) belonged to the age group of 21–30, and skin symptoms affected mostly the limbs and face. The most common other concomitant allergens were nickel, lanolin alcohol and balsam of Peru. Preservatives (especially MI and Kathon CG®) are important contact allergens in adult AD, mostly among young women. The rate of AD in the PCHS group and the rate of PCHS in the AD group is remarkable; thus, the role of PCHS should be highlighted in the topical therapy and in the prevention of possible AD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (E.T.); (P.H.); (G.P.)
- Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, 26 Üllői Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-476311; Fax: +36-1267-6974
| | - Erzsébet Temesvári
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (E.T.); (P.H.); (G.P.)
| | - Péter Holló
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (E.T.); (P.H.); (G.P.)
| | - Györgyi Pónyai
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 41 Mária Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (E.T.); (P.H.); (G.P.)
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5
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Barakoti KK, Subedi P, Chalyavi F, Gutierrez-Portocarrero S, Tucker MJ, Alpuche-Aviles MA. Formaldehyde Analysis in Non-Aqueous Methanol Solutions by Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrospray Ionization. Front Chem 2021; 9:678112. [PMID: 34277563 PMCID: PMC8283199 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.678112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the analysis of formaldehyde (HCHO) in anhydrous methanol (CH3OH) as a case study to quantify HCHO in non-aqueous samples. At higher concentrations (C > 0.07 M), we detect a product of HCHO, methoxy methanol (MM, CH3OCH2OH), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR. Formaldehyde reacts with CH3OH, CD3OH, and CD3OD as shown by FTIR with a characteristic spectral feature around 1,195 cm-1 for CH3OH used for the qualitative detection of MM, a formaldehyde derivative in neat methanol. Ab initio calculations support this assignment. The extinction coefficient for 1,195 cm-1 is in the order of 1.4 × 102 M-1cm-1, which makes the detection limit by FTIR in the order of 0.07 M. For lower concentrations, we performed the quantitative analysis of non-aqueous samples by derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The derivatization uses an aqueous H2SO4 solution to yield the formaldehyde derivatized hydrazone. Ba(OH)2 removes sulfate ions from the derivatized samples and a final extraction with isobutyl acetate to yield a 1:1 methanol: isobutyl acetate solvent for injection for electrospray ionization (ESI). The ESI analysis gave a linear calibration curve for concentrations from 10 to 200 µM with a time-of-flight analyzer (TOF). The detection and quantification limits are 7.8 and 26 μM, respectively, for a linear correlation with R 2 > 0.99. We propose that the formaldehyde in CH3OH is in equilibrium with the MM species, without evidence of HCHO in solution. In the presence of water, the peaks for MM become less resolved, as expected from the well-known equilibria of HCHO that favors the formation of methylene glycol and polymeric species. Our results show that HCHO, in methanol does not exist in the aldehyde form as the main chemical species. Still, HCHO is in equilibrium between the production of MM and the formation of hydrated species in the presence of water. We demonstrate the ESI-MS analysis of HCHO from a non-aqueous TiO2 suspension in methanol. Detection of HCHO after illumination of the colloid indicates that methanol photooxidation yields formaldehyde in equilibrium with the solvent.
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Dugheri S, Massi D, Mucci N, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Trevisani L, Bonferoni MC, Arcangeli G. An Upgrade of Apparatus and Measurement Systems for Generation of Gaseous Formaldehyde: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1702-1716. [PMID: 34096409 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1913090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment. It is generally the dominant atmospheric carbonyl compound. Due to its well-known carcinogenicity, FA is a compound that arises the attention in the scientific community. In studies concerning the toxicological effects of FA on humans, animals, and the environment, testing and calibration of air sampling systems and analytical instruments are pivotal. Therefore, the preparation of controllable standard gaseous atmospheres containing FA at levels known with precision and accuracy is essential. This review summarizes the procedures for generating the FA atmosphere, given that operative solutions have been evolving recently. Furthermore, an overview on the available system to collect and store gaseous standard is reported. The progressively implemented FA generation techniques, together with commercially-available instruments, are herein described, classified, and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Pathology and Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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7
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Atwater AR, Petty AJ, Liu B, Green CL, Silverberg JI, DeKoven JG, Belsito DV, Reeder MJ, Sasseville D, Taylor JS, Maibach HI, Zirwas MJ, Marks JG, Zug KA, Fowler JF, Pratt MD, DeLeo VA, Warshaw EM. Contact dermatitis associated with preservatives: Retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 1994 through 2016. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:965-976. [PMID: 33579596 PMCID: PMC8087451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservatives are often necessary components of commercial products. Large-scale North American studies on preservative allergy are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate demographics, positive patch test reactions (PPTRs), clinical relevance, and trends for preservatives tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch testing results of preservatives from 1994 through 2016. RESULTS A total of 50,799 patients were tested; 11,338 (22.3%) had a PPTR to at least 1 preservative. The most frequent reactions were to methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aqueous (aq) (12.2%), formaldehyde 2% aq (7.8%), formaldehyde 1% aq (7.8%), quaternium-15 2% petrolatum (pet) (7.7%), and methyldibromo glutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2% pet (5.1%). Paraben mix 12% pet (1%), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate 0.1% pet (0.4%), benzyl alcohol 1% pet (0.3%), and phenoxyethanol 1% pet (0.2%) had the lowest PPTRs. Linear regression analysis of preservatives tested showed that only methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 0.01% aq (parameter estimate, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.17-0.66; P < .005) had a significant increase in PPTRs over time. LIMITATIONS Collected variables are dependent on clinical judgment. Results may be prone to referral selection bias. CONCLUSIONS This large North American study provides insight on preservative PPTRs and trends from 1994 through 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Reck Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Amy J Petty
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Beiyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia L Green
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Medical School, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew J Zirwas
- Probity Medical Research, Dermatologists of the Central States, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James G Marks
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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Ramos PM, Anzai A, Duque-Estrada B, Farias DC, Melo DF, Mulinari-Brenner F, Pinto GM, Abraham LS, Santos LDN, Pirmez R, Miot HA. Risk factors for frontal fibrosing alopecia: A case-control study in a multiracial population. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:712-718. [PMID: 32835739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a chronic cicatricial alopecia with unknown etiology and a worldwide rising incidence. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of FFA with demographic and exposure factors in a Brazilian multiracial population. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was conducted in 11 referral centers throughout Brazil. The study was a case-control study that prospectively recruited 902 participants (451 patients with FFA and 451 sex-matched control individuals). Study participants completed a thorough questionnaire comprising variables grouped as baseline demographics, environmental exposure, diet, hormonal factors, allergies, and hair and skin care. RESULTS When adjusted by sex, age, menopause, and skin color, FFA was associated with hair straightening with formalin (odds ratio [OR], 3.18), use of ordinary (nondermatologic) facial soap (OR, 2.09) and facial moisturizer (OR, 1.99), thyroid disorders (OR, 1.69), and rosacea (OR, 2.08). Smokers (OR, 0.33) and users of antiresidue/clarifying shampoo (OR, 0.35) presented a negative association with FFA. There was no association with the use of sunscreen. LIMITATIONS Recall bias. CONCLUSIONS The association with moisturizers, ordinary facial soap, and hair straightening with formalin and the negative association with antiresidue/clarifying shampoo reinforce the possibility of an exogenous particle triggering FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Pirmez
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Pre-column derivatization HPLC method for rapid and sensitive determination of free and total formaldehyde in hair straightening products. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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GDME-based methodology for the determination of free formaldehyde in cosmetics and hygiene products containing formaldehyde releasers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6873-6880. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Dahlgren JG, Talbott PJ. Asthma from hair straightening treatment containing formaldehyde: Two cases and a review of the literature. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:262-269. [PMID: 29554820 DOI: 10.1177/0748233717750982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of formaldehyde-containing hair straighteners causing new onset asthma. Formaldehyde has been reported to cause asthma in other settings. The purpose of this article is to examine two cases of asthma in hairdressers exposed to hair smoothing products and to review the relevant literature on formaldehyde exposure and asthma. The results indicated that both subjects developed asthma from repeated occupational exposure to formaldehyde during hair treatments. Both subjects became unable to tolerate hair straightening activity in their vicinity. Formaldehyde-containing hair smoothing products are sources of exposure, and the risk of developing asthma is high in salon settings where hair straightening is performed using formaldehyde.
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Craig ZR, Ziv-Gal A. Pretty Good or Pretty Bad? The Ovary and Chemicals in Personal Care Products. Toxicol Sci 2017; 162:349-360. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zelieann R Craig
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayelet Ziv-Gal
- College of Health/School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Boyer IJ, Bergfeld WF, Heldreth B, Fiume MM, Gill LJ. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Program-Expert Safety Assessments of Cosmetic Ingredients in an Open Forum. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:5S-13S. [PMID: 29025345 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817717646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) is a nonprofit program to assess the safety of ingredients in personal care products in an open, unbiased, and expert manner. Cosmetic Ingredient Review was established in 1976 by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), with the support of the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). Cosmetic Ingredient Review remains the only scientific program in the world committed to the systematic, independent review of cosmetic ingredient safety in a public forum. Cosmetic Ingredient Review operates in accordance with procedures modeled after the USFDA process for reviewing over-the-counter drugs. Nine voting panel members are distinguished, such as medical professionals, scientists, and professors. Three nonvoting liaisons are designated by the USFDA, CFA, and PCPC to represent government, consumer, and industry, respectively. The annual rate of completing safety assessments accelerated from about 100 to more than 400 ingredients by implementing grouping and read-across strategies and other approaches. As of March 2017, CIR had reviewed 4,740 individual cosmetic ingredients, including 4,611 determined to be safe as used or safe with qualifications, 12 determined to be unsafe, and 117 ingredients for which the information is insufficient to determine safety. Examples of especially challenging safety assessments and issues are presented here, including botanicals. Cosmetic Ingredient Review continues to strengthen its program with the ongoing cooperation of the USFDA, CFA, the cosmetics industry, and everyone else interested in contributing to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Boyer
- 1 Toxicologist, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- 2 Expert Panel Member, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- 3 Executive Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monice M Fiume
- 4 Senior Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillian J Gill
- 5 Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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Backe WJ. A novel mass spectrometric method for formaldehyde in children's personal-care products and water via derivatization with acetylacetone. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1047-1056. [PMID: 28386963 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New legislation in the state of Minnesota prohibits the sale of children's personal-care products (PCPs) that contain more than 500 ng/mg formaldehyde. Previous attempts to quantify formaldehyde in PCPs use nonspecific derivatization procedures that employ harsh reagents and/or nonspecific detection. Derivatization of formaldehyde by acetylacetone occurs under mild conditions and is specific for formaldehyde but it has not been investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). METHODS To determine formaldehyde, PCPs were dissolved and then interferences were minimized by graphitized-carbon solid-phase extraction. Formaldehyde was derivatized to 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) using an acetylacetone solution. Post-derivatization, samples were diluted and analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was performed by isotopic dilution. Product-ion spectra were acquired for DDL and D12 -DDL. The mass shifts between the two product-ion spectra were used to assign fragment structures. To confirm molecular formulas, high-resolution accurate-mass analysis of the DDL product ions was performed by quadrupole time-of-flight MS. RESULTS Structures were proposed for all product ions of DDL above 10% relative intensity. Method accuracy ranged between 96-104% for all matrices at all concentrations tested. Method precision was less than 4% relative standard deviation. The reporting limit was 10 ng/mg in PCPs and 100 μg/L in water. Twenty children's PCPs were tested to demonstrate the method and formaldehyde was reported in five from 23-1500 ng/mg. Of those five, two samples contained formaldehyde above the Minnesota regulatory limit. CONCLUSIONS The developed method allows for the accurate quantification of formaldehyde in PCPs at levels below those required by a new regulation on children's products in Minnesota. The method includes a derivatization procedure that is newly adapted to HPLC/MS/MS; therefore, structures were proposed for the product ions of the derivative (DDL). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, 55164-0899, USA
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Chow ET, Mahalingaiah S. Cosmetics use and age at menopause: is there a connection? Fertil Steril 2016; 106:978-90. [PMID: 27545020 PMCID: PMC5027605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have been evaluated for potential deleterious health impact: parabens, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and siloxanes. A review of the ingredients in the best-selling and top-rated products of the top beauty brands in the world, as well as a review of highlighted chemicals by nonprofit environmental organizations, reveals 11 chemicals and chemical families of concern: butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene, coal tar dyes, diethanolamine, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, parabens, phthalates, 1,4-dioxane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, talc/asbestos, and triclosan. Age at menopause can be affected by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, failure of DNA repair, oxidative stress, shortened telomere length, and ovarian toxicity. There is a lack of available studies to make a conclusion regarding cosmetics use and age at menopause. What little data there are suggest that future studies are warranted. Women with chronic and consistent use of cosmetics across their lifespan may be a population of concern. More research is required to better elucidate the relationship and time windows of vulnerability and the effects of mixtures and combinations of products on ovarian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika T Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Novel analytical method to measure formaldehyde release from heated hair straightening cosmetic products: Impact on risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:562-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Golden R, Valentini M. Formaldehyde and methylene glycol equivalence: critical assessment of chemical and toxicological aspects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:178-86. [PMID: 24709515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due largely to the controversy concerning the potential human health effects from exposure to formaldehyde gas in conjunction with the misunderstanding of the well-established equilibrium relationship with its hydrated reaction product, methylene glycol, the concept of chemical equivalence between these two distinctly different chemicals has been adopted by regulatory authorities. Chemical equivalence implies not only that any concentration of methylene glycol under some condition of use would be nearly or completely converted into formaldehyde gas, but also that these two substances would be toxicologically equivalent as well. A relatively simple worst case experiment using 37% formalin (i.e., concentrated methylene glycol) dispels the concept of chemical equivalence and a review of relevant literature demonstrates that methylene glycol has no inherent toxicity apart from whatever concentration of formaldehyde that might be present in equilibrium with such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golden
- ToxLogic LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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