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Zhang CXW, Candia AA, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Placental inflammation, oxidative stress, and fetal outcomes in maternal obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:638-647. [PMID: 38418281 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has led to a growing body of research investigating the consequences of maternal obesity on pregnancy and offspring health. The placenta, traditionally viewed as a passive intermediary between mother and fetus, is known to play a critical role in modulating the intrauterine environment and fetal development, and we now know that maternal obesity leads to increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered placental function. Here, we review recent research exploring the involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress as mechanisms impacting the placenta and fetus during obese pregnancy. Understanding them is crucial for informing strategies that can mitigate the adverse health effects of maternal obesity on offspring development and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X W Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alejandro A Candia
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Institute of Health Sciences, University of O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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Duffley E, Grynspan D, Scott H, Lafrenière A, Borba Vieira de Andrade C, Bloise E, Connor KL. Gestational Age, Infection, and Suboptimal Maternal Prepregnancy BMI Independently Associate with Placental Histopathology in a Cohort of Pregnancies without Major Maternal Comorbidities. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3378. [PMID: 38929907 PMCID: PMC11204067 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The placenta undergoes morphological and functional adaptations to adverse exposures during pregnancy. The effects ofsuboptimal maternal body mass index (BMI), preterm birth, and infection on placental histopathological phenotypes are not yet well understood, despite the association between these conditions and poor offspring outcomes. We hypothesized that suboptimal maternal prepregnancy BMI and preterm birth (with and without infection) would associate with altered placental maturity and morphometry, and that altered placental maturity would associate with poor birth outcomes. Methods: Clinical data and human placentae were collected from 96 pregnancies where mothers were underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese, without other major complications. Placental histopathological characteristics were scored by an anatomical pathologist. Associations between maternal BMI, placental pathology (immaturity and hypermaturity), placental morphometry, and infant outcomes were investigated for term and preterm births with and without infection. Results: Fetal capillary volumetric proportion was decreased, whereas the villous stromal volumetric proportion was increased in placentae from preterm pregnancies with chorioamnionitis compared to preterm placentae without chorioamnionitis. At term and preterm, pregnancies with maternal overweight and obesity had a high percentage increase in proportion of immature placentae compared to normal weight. Placental maturity did not associate with infant birth outcomes. We observed placental hypermaturity and altered placental morphometry among preterm pregnancies with chorioamnionitis, suggestive of altered placental development, which may inform about pregnancies susceptible to preterm birth and infection. Conclusions: Our data increase our understanding of how common metabolic exposures and preterm birth, in the absence of other comorbidities or complications, potentially contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes and developmental programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Duffley
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (E.D.); (H.S.)
| | - David Grynspan
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Pathology, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Hailey Scott
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (E.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Anthea Lafrenière
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cherley Borba Vieira de Andrade
- Histology and Embryology Department, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil;
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kristin L. Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (E.D.); (H.S.)
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Hietalati S, Pham D, Arora H, Mochizuki M, Santiago G, Vaught J, Lin ET, Mestan KK, Parast M, Jacobs MB. Placental pathology and fetal growth outcomes in pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01546-y. [PMID: 38822073 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of maternal obesity presents a significant health concern because of the possible implications for obstetric complications and neonatal outcomes. Understanding the impact of obesity on placental structure and function as well as fetal growth and infant outcomes is important to improve the care of these potentially high-risk pregnancies. This study aimed to determine the effect of elevated maternal BMI on histopathologic patterns of placental injury and its consequences on fetal growth. METHODS Data were collected from an ongoing cohort of maternal-infant dyads in the UCSD Obstetric Registry spanning 2011-2020. Maternal characteristics, including BMI, hypertensive disease and diabetes, placental gross and histopathology, and infant characteristics, including sex and birthweight, were recorded and analyzed. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used in initial analyses, followed by log-binomial and linear regression models adjusted for relevant confounders to determine associations between maternal BMI, specific patterns of placental injury, and infant birthweight percentiles. RESULTS Among 1366 maternal-infant dyads, placentas from mothers with overweight and obesity were heavier and demonstrated higher adjusted relative risks of chronic villitis (CV), decidual vasculopathy, intervillous thrombosis, and normoblastemia. Placental efficiency, determined by fetal-placental weight ratio, was decreased with increasing BMI. Maternal obesity was associated with higher rates of preterm birth and higher birthweight percentiles. Multiple placental lesions, including maternal (MVM) and fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM), exhibited significant effects on birthweight percentiles; however, only MVM showed a differential effect based on maternal obesity. CONCLUSIONS Presence of obesity in pregnancy is associated with increased rates of placental patterns of injury, decreased placental efficiency, and increased birthweight percentiles. While placental lesions, such as CV, have the potential to negatively impact fetal growth, the resulting birthweight percentiles demonstrate a more complex relationship between maternal obesity and fetal growth, that likely involves placental and fetal adaptation to the altered in utero environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hietalati
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donna Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harneet Arora
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marina Mochizuki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gisselle Santiago
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Vaught
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erika T Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen K Mestan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mana Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marni B Jacobs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Teo SM, Segurado R, Mehegan J, Douglass A, Murrin CM, Cronin M, Kelleher CC, McAuliffe FM, Phillips CM. Sociodemographic factor associations with maternal and placental outcomes: A cluster and partial least squares regression analysis. Placenta 2024; 150:62-71. [PMID: 38593637 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal social disadvantage adversely affects maternal and offspring health, with limited research on placental outcomes. Therefore, we examined maternal sociodemographic factor associations with placental and birth outcomes in general (Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort) and at-risk (PEARS Study of mothers with overweight or obesity) populations of pregnant women. METHODS TwoStep cluster analysis profiled Lifeways mothers (n = 250) based on their age, parity, marital status, household income, private healthcare insurance, homeowner status, and education. Differences in placental and birth outcomes (untrimmed placental weight (PW), birthweight (BW) and BW:PW ratio) between clusters were assessed using one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests. Partial least squares regression analysed individual effects of sociodemographic factors on placental and birth outcomes in Lifeways and PEARS mothers (n = 461). RESULTS Clusters were classified as "Married Homeowners" (n = 140, 56 %), "Highest Income" (n = 58, 23.2 %) and "Renters" (n = 52, 20.8 %) in the Lifeways Cohort. Renters were younger, more likely to smoke, have a means-tested medical card and more pro-inflammatory diets compared to other clusters (p < 0.01). Compared to Married Homeowners, renters' offspring had lower BW (-259.26 g, p < 0.01), shorter birth length (-1.31 cm, p < 0.01) and smaller head circumference (-0.59 cm, p = 0.02). PLS regression analyses identified nulliparity as having the greatest negative effect on PW (Lifeways and PEARS) while being a homeowner had the greatest positive effect on PW (Lifeways). CONCLUSION Certain combinations of sociodemographic factors (particularly homeownership) were associated with less favourable lifestyle factors, and with birth, but not placental outcomes. When explored individually, parity contributed to the prediction of placental and birth outcomes in both cohorts of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevaun M Teo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ricardo Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Mehegan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Alexander Douglass
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Celine M Murrin
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Martina Cronin
- National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Cecily C Kelleher
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Catherine M Phillips
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Davis DL, Lechner AC, Chapel DB, Slack JC, Carreon CK, Quade BJ, Parra-Herran C. Outcome-Based Risk Stratification Model for the Diagnosis of Placental Maternal Vascular Malperfusion. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100370. [PMID: 38015042 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The Amsterdam Consensus Statement introduced the term maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) to group a constellation of findings associated with impaired maternal-placental circulation. In isolation, these findings are relatively common in placentas from normal gestations, and there is uncertainty on how many, and which, are required. We aimed to determine the criteria essential for MVM diagnosis in correlation with obstetrical outcomes. A total of 200 placentas (100 with a reported diagnosis of MVM and 100 controls matched by maternal age and gravida-para-abortus status) were reviewed to document MVM features. Obstetrical outcomes in the current pregnancy were recorded including hypertension, pre-eclampsia with or without severe features, gestational diabetes, prematurity, fetal growth restriction, and intrauterine fetal demise. On univariate logistic regression analysis, adverse outcome was associated with low placental weight (LPW, <10% percentile for gestational age), accelerated villous maturation (AVM), decidual arteriopathy (DA), infarcts (presence and volume), distal villous hypoplasia, and excess multinucleated trophoblast in basal plate ≥2 mm (all P < .01) but not with retroplacental hemorrhage. In a multivariable model DA, infarcts and AVM were significantly associated with adverse outcomes, whereas LPW showed a trend toward significance. A receiver-operating characteristic curve including these 4 parameters showed good predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC], 0.8256). Based on the probability of an adverse outcome, we recommend consistent reporting of DA, AVM, infarcts, and LPW, summarizing them as "diagnostic of MVM" (DA or AVM plus any other feature, yielding a probability of 65%-97% for adverse obstetrical outcomes) or "suggestive of MVM" (if only 1 feature is present, or only 2 features are infarcts plus LPW, yielding a probability of up to 52%). Other features such as distal villous hypoplasia, excess (≥2 mm) multinucleated trophoblast, and retroplacental hemorrhage can also be reported, and their role in MVM diagnosis should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Davis
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam C Lechner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David B Chapel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonathan C Slack
- Robert J. Tomsich Institute of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Bradley J Quade
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Beneventi F, Bellingeri C, De Maggio I, Cavagnoli C, Fumanelli S, Ligari E, Fiandrino G, Cesari S, Spinillo A. Placental pathologic features in obesity. Placenta 2023; 144:1-7. [PMID: 37922644 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity in pregnancy is associated with adverse long-term consequences both in the mother and in offspring. Maternal obesity induces a metabolic-inflammatory state that could impact on placental function and could mediate the adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the major placental histological characteristics of non-diabetic obese women to lean controls, focusing on uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS Prospective case-control study comparing placental histopathological features between 122 non-diabetic obese women and 185 non-obese controls. The analysis was performed on overall subjects, then uncomplicated pregnancies from both groups were analyzed. Placenta pathologic findings were recorded according to standard classification. RESULTS Both in overall analysis and among the subset of subjects with an uncomplicated pregnancy, obese subjects had higher risks of maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) (respectively OR=2.2, 95%CI =1.3-3.7 and OR=4.2, 95%CI=2.1-8.5), fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM) (respectively OR=6.3, 95%CI=3.1-12.5 and OR=7.2, 95%CI=3-17.2), maternal and fetal inflammatory response placental lesions and villitis (VUE) (respectively OR=2.5, 95%CI=1.1-5.6 and OR=10.8, 95%CI=3.3-35.3) compared to controls. Among uncomplicated pregnancies and after adjustment for confounders, first trimester BMI was significantly associated with overall MVM, overall FVM, maternal inflammatory, fetal inflammatory response and VUE. DISCUSSION Placentas from obese women showed a significantly higher risk of maternal and fetal vascular and inflammatory placental lesions, both in overall population and in the subgroup with uncomplicated pregnancies. The metabolic and inflammatory dysfunctions typical of obesity could have an impact on placental development and function, which could be a mediator of the detrimental effects of obesity on pregnancy outcome and on future health of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Beneventi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Camilla Bellingeri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Irene De Maggio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cavagnoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fumanelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Ligari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Fiandrino
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cesari
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Layden AJ, Bertolet M, Parks WT, Adibi JJ, Roberts JM, Catov JM. Prepregnancy obesity and risk of placental inflammation at term: a selection bias analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 86:25-33.e7. [PMID: 37302673 PMCID: PMC10546767 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Placental histopathology is a resource for investigating obesity-associated pregnancy conditions. However, studies oversample adverse pregnancies, biasing findings. We examine the association between prepregnancy obesity (risk factor for inflammation) and histologic placental inflammation (correlated with impaired infant neurodevelopment) and how selection bias may influence the association. METHODS Singleton term deliveries between 2008 and 2012 from the Magee Obstetric Maternal and Infant database were analyzed. Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) was categorized as underweight, lean (referent), overweight, and obese. Outcomes were diagnoses of acute (acute chorioamnionitis and fetal inflammation) and chronic placental inflammation (chronic villitis). Risk ratios for associations between BMI and placental inflammation were estimated using selection bias approaches: complete case, exclusion of pregnancy complications, multiple imputation, and inverse probability weighting. E-values approximated how susceptible estimates were to residual selection bias. RESULTS Across methods, obesity was associated with an 8-15% lower risk of acute chorioamnionitis, a 7%-14% lower risk of acute fetal inflammation, and a 12%-30% higher risk of chronic villitis relative to lean women. E-values indicated modest residual selection bias could explain away associations, though few measured indications of placental evaluations met this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Obesity may contribute to placental inflammation, and we highlight robust methods to analyze clinical data susceptible to selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marnie Bertolet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - W Tony Parks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James M Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Janet M Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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Christensen SH, Rom AL, Greve T, Lewis JI, Frøkiær H, Allen LH, Mølgaard C, Renault KM, Michaelsen KF. Maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and associations with birth and breastfeeding outcomes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1223753. [PMID: 37731394 PMCID: PMC10507339 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1223753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conditions in utero influence intrauterine and postnatal infant growth and a few studies indicate that maternal inflammation and insulin resistance might affect birth and breastfeeding outcomes. Furthermore, hormones in human milk (HM) may influence infant appetite-regulation and thereby milk intake, but the associations are less understood. Objective (1) To investigate associations between maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and birth and breastfeeding outcomes, and (2) to assess predictors of maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers in pregnancy. Methods Seventy-one mother-infant dyads participating in the Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) study were included in the present study. Fasting blood samples were collected around 28th gestational week, and HM samples at three time points from 1.0 to 8.5 months, where milk intake was assessed using 24-h test weighing. Maternal plasma inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers included high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, high-, low-, and very-low-density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL, VLDL), total-cholesterol, triglycerides, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, C-peptide, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose concentration at t = 120 min following an oral glucose tolerance test. Of these, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-8, leptin, adiponectin and insulin were also measured in HM samples. Results HDL in pregnancy was inversely associated with gestational age (GA) at birth and GA-adjusted birthweight z-score, whereas triglycerides and glucose (t = 120) were positively associated with GA-adjusted birthweight z-score. Higher hs-CRP, VLDL and triglycerides were associated with a higher placental weight. Furthermore, higher HDL, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR were associated with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Higher pre-pregnancy BMI was the main predictor of higher levels of hs-CRP, log-TNFα, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR. Conclusion Maternal lipid and metabolic markers influenced birthweight z-score and placental weight as well as duration of EBF. Furthermore, pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal age predicted levels of several inflammatory and metabolic markers during pregnancy. Our findings indicate that maternal lipid and metabolic profiles in pregnancy may influence fetal growth and breastfeeding, possibly explained by overweight and/or higher placental weight. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT03254329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hilario Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ane Lilleøre Rom
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Research Unit of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tine Greve
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jack Ivor Lewis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay H. Allen
- USDA, ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Martha Renault
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Teo SM, Murrin CM, Mehegan J, Douglass A, Hébert JR, Segurado R, Kelleher CC, Phillips CM. Associations between the maternal healthy lifestyle score and its individual components during early pregnancy with placental outcomes. Placenta 2023; 139:75-84. [PMID: 37336158 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of maternal lifestyle behaviours on placental growth have been investigated individually, but with conflicting results, and their combined effect is under-researched. Therefore, we examined associations between a composite maternal healthy lifestyle score (HLS), and its individual components, during early pregnancy with placental outcomes. METHODS Participants included Lifeways Cross-Generational Cohort mother-child pairs (n = 202). A composite HLS based on a less inflammatory diet (bottom 40% of the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™)), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), healthy pre-pregnancy BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), never smoking, and non-/moderate alcohol intake was calculated. Quantile regression analysed HLS (and individual components) associations with measures of placental development (untrimmed placental weight (PW)) and function (birth weight:placental weight (BW:PW) ratio) at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th centiles. RESULTS A more pro-inflammatory diet was positively, and smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were negatively, associated with PW at median centiles (B: 41.97 g, CI: 3.71, 80.22, p < 0.05; B: -58.51 g, CI: -116.24, -0.77, p < 0.05; B: -120.20 g, CI: -177.97, -62.43, p < 0.05 respectively). Low MVPA was inversely associated with BW:PW ratio at the 10th and 90th centiles (B: -0.36, CI: -0.132, -0.29, p < 0.01 and B: -0.45, CI: -0.728, -0.182, p < 0.01, respectively). Heavy alcohol intake was positively associated with BW:PW ratio at the 10th centile (B: 0.54, CI: 0.24, 0.85, p < 0.01). Results of sex-stratified analysis provide evidence of sexual dimorphism. DISCUSSION Associations of certain lifestyle factors, but not the composite HLS, during early pregnancy with measures of placental development (PW) and function (BW:PW ratio) varied by quantiles and by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevaun M Teo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Celine M Murrin
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - John Mehegan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Alexander Douglass
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - James R Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Ricardo Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Cecily C Kelleher
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
| | - Catherine M Phillips
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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10
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Maternal Underweight and Obesity Are Associated with Placental Pathologies in Human Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:3425-3448. [PMID: 35739350 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal underweight and obesity are prevalent conditions, associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation, poor fetal development, and long-term adverse outcomes for the child. The placenta senses and adapts to the pregnancy environment in an effort to support optimal fetal development. However, the mechanisms driving these adaptations, and the resulting placental phenotypes, are poorly understood. We hypothesised that maternal underweight and obesity would be associated with increased prevalence of placental pathologies in term and preterm pregnancies. Data from 12,154 pregnancies were obtained from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a prospective cohort study conducted from 1959 to 1974. Macro- and microscopic placental pathologies were analysed across maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) to assess differences in the presence of pathologies among underweight, overweight, and obese BMI groups compared to normal weight reference BMI at term and preterm. Placental pathologies were also assessed across fetal sex. Pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity had placentae with increased fetal inflammation at preterm, and increased inflammation of maternal gestational tissues at term. In term pregnancies, increasing maternal BMI associated with increased maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM), odds of an appropriately mature placenta for gestational age, and placental weight, and decreased placental efficiency. Male placentae, independent of maternal BMI, had increased inflammation, MVM, and placental efficiency than female placentae, particularly at term. Maternal underweight and obesity are not inert conditions for the placenta, and the histomorphological changes driven by suboptimal maternal BMI may serve as indicators of adversities experienced in utero and potential predictors of future health trajectories.
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11
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Desoye G, Carter AM. Fetoplacental oxygen homeostasis in pregnancies with maternal diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:593-607. [PMID: 35902735 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in clinical management, pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus or obesity carry substantial risks for parent and offspring. Some of the endocrine and metabolic changes in parent and fetus in diabetes mellitus and obesity lead to fetal oxygen deficit, mostly due to insulin-induced accelerated fetal metabolism. The human fetus deals with reduced oxygenation through a wide range of adaptive responses that act at various levels in the placenta as well as the fetus. These responses ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the fetus, increase the oxygen transport capacity of fetal blood and redistribute oxygen-rich blood to vital organs such as the brain and heart. The liver has a central role in adapting to reduced oxygenation by increasing its oxygen extraction and stimulating erythropoietin synthesis to increase haematocrit. The type of adaptive response depends on the onset and duration of hypoxia and the severity of the metabolic disturbance. In pregnancies characterized by diabetes mellitus or obesity, these adaptive systems come under additional strain owing to the increased maternal supply of glucose and resultant fetal hyperinsulinaemia, both of which stimulate oxidative metabolism. In the rare situation that the adaptive responses are overwhelmed, stillbirth can ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anthony M Carter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Comas-Armangue G, Makharadze L, Gomez-Velazquez M, Teperino R. The Legacy of Parental Obesity: Mechanisms of Non-Genetic Transmission and Reversibility. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102461. [PMID: 36289722 PMCID: PMC9599218 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While a dramatic increase in obesity and related comorbidities is being witnessed, the underlying mechanisms of their spread remain unresolved. Epigenetic and other non-genetic mechanisms tend to be prominent candidates involved in the establishment and transmission of obesity and associated metabolic disorders to offspring. Here, we review recent findings addressing those candidates, in the context of maternal and paternal influences, and discuss the effectiveness of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Comas-Armangue
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lela Makharadze
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Melisa Gomez-Velazquez
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (R.T.)
| | - Raffaele Teperino
- German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.G.-V.); (R.T.)
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13
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Abstract
The Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement on Sampling and Definitions of Placental Lesions has become widely accepted and is increasingly used as the universal language to describe the most common pathologic lesions found in the placenta. This review summarizes the most salient aspects of this seminal publication and the subsequent emerging literature based on Amsterdam definitions and criteria, with emphasis on publications relating to diagnosis, grading, and staging of placental pathologic conditions. We also provide an overview of the recent expert recommendations on the pathologic grading of placenta accreta spectrum, with insights on their clinical context. Finally, we discuss the emerging entity of SARS-CoV2 placentitis.
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14
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Langley-Evans SC. Early life programming of health and disease: the long-term consequences of obesity in pregnancy: a narrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:816-832. [PMID: 35475555 PMCID: PMC9540012 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising in all parts of the world and among young women it presents a very clear danger during pregnancy. Women who are overweight or who gain excessive weight during pregnancy are at greater risk of complications in pregnancy and labour, and are more likely to lose their child to stillbirth, or themselves die during pregnancy. This narrative review considers the evidence that in addition to increasing risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, obesity has the capacity to programme fetuses to be at greater risk of cardiometabolic disorders later in life. An extensive body of evidence from prospective and retrospective cohorts, and record linkage studies demonstrates associations of maternal obesity and/or gestational diabetes with cardiovascular disease, type-1 and type-2 diabetes. Studies in animals suggest that these associations are underpinned by adaptations that occur in fetal life, which remodel the structures of major organs including the brain, kidney and pancreas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD
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15
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Scott H, Martinelli LM, Grynspan D, Bloise E, Connor KL. Preterm Birth Associates With Increased Placental Expression of MDR Transporters Irrespective of Prepregnancy BMI. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1140-1158. [PMID: 34748636 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Preterm birth (PTB) and suboptimal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) operate through inflammatory pathways to impair fetoplacental development. Placental efflux transporters mediate fetal protection and nutrition; however, few studies consider the effect of both PTB and BMI on fetal protection. We hypothesized that PTB would alter the expression of placental multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters and selected proinflammatory cytokines, and that maternal underweight and obesity would further impair placental phenotype. OBJECTIVE To determine whether placental MDR transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), and proinflammatory cytokine levels are altered by PTB and maternal BMI. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the effect of PTB (with/without chorioamnionitis), or the effect of maternal prepregnancy BMI on placental MDR transporter and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 expression in 60 preterm and 36 term pregnancies. RESULTS ABCB1 expression was increased in preterm compared to term placentae (P = .04). P-gp (P = .008) and BCRP (P = .01) immunolabeling was increased among all preterm compared to term placentae, with P-gp expression further increased in preterm pregnancies with chorioamnionitis (PTC, P = .007). Placental IL-6 mRNA expression was decreased in PTC compared to term placentae (P = .0005) and PTC associated with the greatest proportion of anti-inflammatory medications administered during pregnancy. Maternal BMI group did not influence placental outcomes. CONCLUSION PTB and infection, but not prepregnancy BMI, alter placental expression of MDR transporters and IL-6. This may have implications for fetal exposure to xenobiotics that may be present in the maternal circulation in pregnancies complicated by PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Scott
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lilian M Martinelli
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David Grynspan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Enrrico Bloise
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kristin L Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Logsdon DM, Grimm CK, West RC, Engelhorn HJ, Kile R, Reed LC, Swain JE, Katz-Jaffe M, Schoolcraft WB, Krisher RL, Yuan Y. Maternal physiology and blastocyst morphology are correlated with an inherent difference in peri-implantation human embryo development. Fertil Steril 2022; 117:1311-1321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Rodríguez-Soto AE, Pham D, Tran T, Meads M, Stanley V, Melber D, Lamale-Smith L, Zhang-Rutledge K, Rakow-Penner R, Alshawabkeh L, Parast MM, Contijoch F. Evidence of maternal vascular malperfusion in placentas of women with congenital heart disease. Placenta 2022; 117:209-212. [PMID: 34953287 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Pham
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Meads
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dora Melber
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leah Lamale-Smith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathy Zhang-Rutledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Laith Alshawabkeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Contijoch
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Adibi JJ, Layden AJ, Birru RL, Miragaia A, Xun X, Smith MC, Yin Q, Millenson ME, O’Connor TG, Barrett ES, Snyder NW, Peddada S, Mitchell RT. First trimester mechanisms of gestational sac placental and foetal teratogenicity: a framework for birth cohort studies. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27:747-770. [PMID: 33675653 PMCID: PMC8222765 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of the gestational sac (GS) and the placenta in the closely related processes of embryogenesis and teratogenicity in the first trimester has been minimally described. The prevailing assumption is that direct teratogenic effects are mediated by the critical extraembryonic organ, the placenta, which either blocks or transfers exposures to the foetus. Placental transfer is a dominant mechanism, but there are other paradigms by which the placenta can mediate teratogenic effects. Knowledge of these paradigms and first trimester human developmental biology can be useful to the epidemiologist in the conduct of biomarker-based studies of both maternal and child health. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Our aim is to provide a causal framework for modelling the teratogenic effects of first trimester exposures on child health outcomes mediated by the GS and placenta using biomarker data collected in the first trimester. We initially present first trimester human developmental biology for the sake of informing and strengthening epidemiologic approaches. We then propose analytic approaches of modelling placental mechanisms by way of causal diagrams using classical non-embryolethal teratogens (diethylstilboestrol [DES], folic acid deficiency and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) as illustrative examples. We extend this framework to two chronic exposures of particular current interest, phthalates and maternal adiposity. SEARCH METHODS Information on teratogens was identified by a non-systematic, narrative review. For each teratogen, we included papers that answered the five following questions: (i) why were these exposures declared teratogens? (ii) is there a consensus on biologic mechanism? (iii) is there reported evidence of a placental mechanism? (iv) can we construct a theoretical model of a placental mechanism? and (v) can this knowledge inform future work on measurement and modelling of placental-foetal teratogenesis? We prioritized literature specific to human development, the organogenesis window in the first trimester and non-embryolethal mechanisms. OUTCOMES As a result of our review of the literature on five exposures considered harmful in the first trimester, we developed four analytic strategies to address first trimester placental mechanisms in birth cohort studies: placental transfer and direct effects on the foetus (DES and maternal adiposity), indirect effects through targeted placental molecular pathways (DES and phthalates), pre-placental effects through disruptions in embryonic and extraembryonic tissue layer differentiation (folic acid deficiency), and multi-step mechanisms that involve maternal, placental and foetal immune function and inflammation (DES and CMV). WIDER IMPLICATIONS The significance of this review is to offer a causal approach to classify the large number of potentially harmful exposures in pregnancy when the exposure occurs in the first trimester. Our review will facilitate future research by advancing knowledge of the first trimester mechanisms necessary for researchers to effectively associate environmental exposures with child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander J Layden
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rahel L Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Miragaia
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Megan C Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Thomas G O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Parisi F, Milazzo R, Savasi VM, Cetin I. Maternal Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation and Intrauterine Programming of Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041732. [PMID: 33572203 PMCID: PMC7914818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity during pregnancy have been associated with increased birth weight, childhood obesity, and noncommunicable diseases in the offspring, leading to a vicious transgenerational perpetuating of metabolic derangements. Key components in intrauterine developmental programming still remain to be identified. Obesity involves chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that, in addition to physiological adaptations to pregnancy, may potentially expand to the placental interface and lead to intrauterine derangements with a threshold effect. Animal models, where maternal inflammation is mimicked by single injections with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resembling the obesity-induced immune profile, showed increased adiposity and impaired metabolic homeostasis in the offspring, similar to the phenotype observed after exposure to maternal obesity. Cytokine levels might be specifically important for the metabolic imprinting, as cytokines are transferable from maternal to fetal circulation and have the capability to modulate placental nutrient transfer. Maternal inflammation may induce metabolic reprogramming at several levels, starting from the periconceptional period with effects on the oocyte going through early stages of embryonic and placental development. Given the potential to reduce inflammation through inexpensive, widely available therapies, examinations of the impact of chronic inflammation on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes, as well as preventive interventions, are now needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, ‘V. Buzzi’ Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20141 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Milazzo
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, ‘V. Buzzi’ Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20141 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valeria M. Savasi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, ‘V. Buzzi’ Children Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20141 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (I.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
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20
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Gilles FH, Leviton A. Neonatal white matter damage and the fetal inflammatory response. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 25:101111. [PMID: 32299712 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In 1962 a long-recognized pathologic abnormality in neonatal brains characterized by multiple telencephalic focal white matter necroses was renamed periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and the authors inappropriately asserted that their entity was caused by anoxia. They also failed to include three other white matter histologic abnormalities. In this essay, we identify the breadth of white matter pathology, especially in very preterm newborns, and show that none of the four histologic expressions of white matter damage, including focal necrosis, are associated with hypoxemia or correlates as hypotension, but are instead associated with markers of fetal or perinatal inflammation, particularly in preterm babies. We begin with the background needed to evaluate the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Gilles
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, The University of Southern California, USA.
| | - A Leviton
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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21
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St-Germain LE, Castellana B, Baltayeva J, Beristain AG. Maternal Obesity and the Uterine Immune Cell Landscape: The Shaping Role of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3776. [PMID: 32471078 PMCID: PMC7312391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is often equated to the physiological response to injury or infection. Inflammatory responses defined by cytokine storms control cellular mechanisms that can either resolve quickly (i.e., acute inflammation) or remain prolonged and unabated (i.e., chronic inflammation). Perhaps less well-appreciated is the importance of inflammatory processes central to healthy pregnancy, including implantation, early stages of placentation, and parturition. Pregnancy juxtaposed with disease can lead to the perpetuation of aberrant inflammation that likely contributes to or potentiates maternal morbidity and poor fetal outcome. Maternal obesity, a prevalent condition within women of reproductive age, associates with increased risk of developing multiple pregnancy disorders. Importantly, chronic low-grade inflammation is thought to underlie the development of obesity-related obstetric and perinatal complications. While diverse subsets of uterine immune cells play central roles in initiating and maintaining healthy pregnancy, uterine leukocyte dysfunction as a result of maternal obesity may underpin the development of pregnancy disorders. In this review we discuss the current knowledge related to the impact of maternal obesity and obesity-associated inflammation on uterine immune cell function, utero-placental establishment, and pregnancy health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. St-Germain
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Barbara Castellana
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Jennet Baltayeva
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
| | - Alexander G. Beristain
- The British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (L.E.S.-G.); (B.C.); (J.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K8, Canada
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