1
|
Lee S, Park S, Hong S, Kim S, Yoon J, Choi J. Comparison of computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted imaging in canine brain. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1298215. [PMID: 38528871 PMCID: PMC10961344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1298215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion allows for the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics, particularly in brain infarcts and tumors. Computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) provides reliable data; however, it has a limited scan field of view and radiation exposure. Magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion provides detailed imaging of small structures and a wide scan field of view. However, no study has compared CTP and MR perfusion and assessed the correlation between the perfusion parameters measured using CTP and MR perfusion. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation and agreement of the cerebral perfusion derived from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI and CTP in dogs. In this crossover design study, the cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time, and time to peak were measured in the temporal cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, piriform lobe, and hippocampus using CTP and DSC-MRI in six healthy beagle dogs and a dog with a pituitary tumor. On the color map of healthy beagles, blood vessels and the perivascular brain parenchyma appeared as red-green, indicating high perfusion, and the areas distant from the vessels appeared as green-blue, indicating low perfusion levels in CTP and DSC-MRI. CTP parameters were highest in the piriform lobe (CBF = 121.11 ± 12.78 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 8.70 ± 2.04 mL/100 g) and lowest in the thalamus (CBF = 63.75 ± 25.24 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 4.02 ± 0.55 mL/100 g). DSC-MRI parameters were also highest in the piriform lobe (CBF = 102.31 ± 14.73 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 3.17 ± 1.23 mL/100 g) and lowest in the thalamus (CBF = 37.73 ± 25.11 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 0.81 ± 0.44 mL/100 g) although there was no statistical correlation in the quantitative perfusion parameters between CTP and DSC-MRI. In a dog with a pituitary tumor, the color map of the tumor appeared as a red scale, indicating high perfusion and higher CBF and CBV on CTP (149 mL/100 g and 20 mL/100 g/min) and on DSC-MRI (116.3 mL/100 g and 15.32 mL/100 g/min) compared to those measured in healthy dogs. These findings indicate that DSC-MRI and CTP maps exhibit comparability and interchangeability in the assessment of canine brain perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Korff CP, Chu SA, Percival AJ, Nelissen S, Wood JH, Davies E, Miller AD, Newman AW. Unique cytologic and imaging features of a lumbosacral oligodendroglioma in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:289-294. [PMID: 37010018 PMCID: PMC10185999 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-y-old castrated male domestic longhaired cat had progressive paraparesis and neurolocalization of L4-S3. MRI revealed a circumscribed intradural-extraparenchymal mass from L5 to S1 that was T2 and short tau inversion recovery hyperintense and strongly contrast-enhancing. Cytologic interpretation of a blind fine-needle aspirate obtained through the L5-L6 space was a tumor of probable mesenchymal origin. A pair of suspect neoplastic cells was seen on a cytocentrifuged preparation of the atlanto-occipital CSF sample, despite a normal nucleated cell count (0 × 106/L) and total protein (0.11 g/L) with only 3 RBCs × 106/L. Clinical signs progressed despite increasing doses of prednisolone and cytarabine arabinoside. Repeat MRI on day 162 demonstrated tumor progression from L4 to Cd2 vertebral segments with intraparenchymal extension. Surgical tumor debulking was attempted, but an L4-S1 dorsal laminectomy revealed diffusely abnormal neuroparenchyma. Intraoperative cryosection favored lymphoma, and the cat was euthanized intraoperatively 163 d following presentation. Postmortem examination was performed, and the final diagnosis was a high-grade oligodendroglioma. This case illustrates the cytologic, cryosection, and MRI features of a unique clinical presentation of oligodendroglioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P. Korff
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shelley A. Chu
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Aaron J. Percival
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Nelissen
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Wood
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emma Davies
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashleigh W. Newman
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rissi DR. A review of primary central nervous system neoplasms of cats. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:294-307. [PMID: 36803009 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231155400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms are uncommonly diagnosed in cats. The majority of primary feline CNS neoplasms described in the veterinary literature consist of meningioma and glioma occurring mainly in the brain and less often in the spinal cord. Although most neoplasms can be diagnosed based on routine histologic evaluation, less typical tumors need to be further characterized using immunohistochemistry. This review compiles the relevant information about the most common primary CNS neoplasms of cats available in the veterinary literature, aiming to serve as a converging source of information for the topic.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A, Lörincz BA, Schmidt MJ, Glantschnigg-Eisl U, Binks S. Temporal lobe epilepsy in cats. Vet J 2023; 291:105941. [PMID: 36549606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been increased attention to the proposed entity of feline temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Epileptic discharges in certain parts of the temporal lobe elicit very similar semiology, which justifies grouping these epilepsies under one name. Furthermore, feline TLE patients tend to have histopathological changes within the temporal lobe, usually in the hippocampus. The initial aetiology is likely to be different but may result in hippocampal necrosis and later hippocampal sclerosis. The aim of this article was not only to summarise the clinical features and the possible aetiology, but also being work to place TLE within the veterinary epilepsy classification. Epilepsies in cats, similar to dogs, are classified based on the aetiology into idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsy and unknown cause. TLE seems to be outside of this classification, as it is not an aetiologic category, but a syndrome, associated with a topographic affiliation to a certain anatomical brain structure. Magnetic resonance imaging, histopathologic aspects and current medical therapeutic considerations will be summarised, and emerging surgical options are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akos Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Halasz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria
| | - Borbala A Lörincz
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic-Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Binks
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hasegawa D, Kanazono S, Chambers JK, Uchida K. Neurosurgery in feline epilepsy, including clinicopathology of feline epilepsy syndromes. Vet J 2022; 290:105928. [PMID: 36347391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Feline epilepsy is treated with antiseizure medications, which achieves fair to good seizure control. However, a small subset of feline patients with drug-resistant epilepsy requires alternative therapies. Furthermore, approximately 50 % of cats with epileptic seizures are diagnosed with structural epilepsy with or without hippocampal abnormality and may respond to surgical intervention. The presence of hippocampal pathology and intracranial tumors is a key point to consider for surgical treatment. This review describes feline epilepsy syndrome and epilepsy-related pathology, and discusses the indications for and availability of neurosurgery, including lesionectomy, temporal lobectomy with hippocampectomy, and corpus callosotomy, for cats with different epilepsy types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Kanazono
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Center, 815 Ishigami, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0823, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scalia B, Caine A, Pittaway R, Cherubini GB. Feline temporal lobe epilepsy: seven cases of hippocampal and piriform lobe necrosis in England and literature review. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:596-608. [PMID: 34355984 PMCID: PMC11104249 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211035049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY Seven cases of feline hippocampal and piriform lobe necrosis (FHN) are described, with particular emphasis on clinical, radiographic and histopathological correlations. FHN is an uncommon acute epileptic condition resembling human autoimmune limbic encephalitis and temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizures are typically focal and feature uni- or bilateral orofacial or head twitching, hypersalivation, lip smacking, mydriasis, vocalisation and motionless staring, with inter-ictal behavioural changes such as unprovoked aggression and rapid running. Emerging evidence supports an autoimmune aetiology, although disruption of hippocampal architecture secondary to brain neoplasia has also been recognised. Most commonly, however, the underlying cause remains unknown. Diagnosis is achieved clinically and with brain MRI; electroencephalography and voltage-gated potassium channel-complex autoantibodies are currently the subject of research. Affected cats are frequently refractory to conventional antiepileptic treatment. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Following a review of the literature, including potential complicating factors and comparisons with human medicine, the hippocampus and piriform lobe are proposed as the neuroanatomical localisation for focal seizures with orofacial involvement in cats, regardless of aetiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riegler E, Pákozdy Á, Klang A, Tichy A, Braunöder B, Prüllage M, Lőrincz BB, Lőrincz BA. [Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 143 epileptic cats]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:13-22. [PMID: 35235959 DOI: 10.1055/a-1697-4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is one of the more common chronic neurological diseases in cats in which MRI plays a key role in the diagnostic work-up. Hippocampal MRI changes are common in cats, however it is unclear whether these changes represent the reason or the consequence of the disease.The goal of the present study was the retrospective analysis of the MRI findings in a large cohort of epileptic cats. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 143 cats of 3 age groups (< 1 year, 1-6 years, and > 6 years) were included in the study. MRI findings were divided into 4 categories: normal, with extrahippocampal lesions, and hippocampal signal alterations with or without contrast enhancement. The prevalence and frequency of these MRI findings in the age groups were examined using chi-quadrat test and nominal regression model. RESULTS In approximately one half of the cats (49 %), MRI displayed normal findings. Extrahippocampal changes occurred in 18 % of the animals. Hippocampal alterations were present in 33 % of the cats. Hippocampal sclerosis was found histopathologically in all four MRI categories. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Brain MRI was normal in approximately 50 % of the epileptic cats. Extrahippocampal changes are expected mostly in cats older than 6 years. The etiology of the hippocampal alterations is unclear in most cases. Further investigations are needed for a better understanding of the hippocampal signal alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ákos Pákozdy
- Interne Medizin Kleintiere Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department für Bioinformatik und Biostatistik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | | | - Maria Prüllage
- Bildgebende Diagnostik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
Kent M, Song RB, Glass EN, Warren JD, de Lahunta A, Miller A. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:1241-1244. [PMID: 33269964 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.12.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Zilli J, Kressin M, Schänzer A, Kampschulte M, Schmidt MJ. Partial cortico-hippocampectomy in cats, as therapy for refractory temporal epilepsy: A descriptive cadaveric study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244892. [PMID: 33449929 PMCID: PMC7810294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats, similar to humans, are known to be affected by hippocampal sclerosis (HS), potentially causing antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. HS can occur as a consequence of chronic seizure activity, trauma, inflammation, or even as a primary disease. In humans, temporal lobe resection is the standardized therapy in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The majority of TLE patients are seizure free after surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective cadaveric study is to establish a surgical technique for hippocampal resection in cats as a treatment for AED resistant seizures. Ten cats of different head morphology were examined. Pre-surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) studies of the animals’ head were carried out to complete 3D reconstruction of the head, brain, and hippocampus. The resected hippocampal specimens and the brains were histologically examined for tissue injury adjacent to the hippocampus. The feasibility of the procedure, as well as the usability of the removed specimen for histopathological examination, was assessed. Moreover, a micro-CT (mCT) examination of the brain of two additional cats was performed in order to assess temporal vasculature as a reason for possible intraoperative complications. In all cats but one, the resection of the temporal cortex and the hippocampus were successful without any evidence of traumatic or vascular lesions in the surrounding neurovascular structures. In one cat, the presence of mechanical damage (a fissure) of the thalamic surface was evident in the histopathologic examination of the brain post-resection. All hippocampal fields and the dentate gyrus were identified in the majority of the cats via histological examination. The study describes a new surgical approach (partial temporal cortico-hippocampectomy) offering a potential treatment for cats with clinical and diagnostic evidence of temporal epilepsy which do not respond adequately to the medical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Zilli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Monika Kressin
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santifort KM, Jurgens B, Grinwis GC, Gielen I, Meij BP, Mandigers PJ. Invasive nasal histiocytic sarcoma as a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116918811179. [PMID: 30450218 PMCID: PMC6236490 DOI: 10.1177/2055116918811179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 10-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was presented with an acute onset of neurological signs suggestive of a right-sided forebrain lesion, temporal lobe epilepsy and generalised seizure activity. MRI of the head revealed an expansile soft tissue mass in the caudal nasal passages (both sides but predominantly right-sided) involving the ethmoid bone and extending through the cribriform plate into the cranial vault affecting predominantly the right frontal lobe and temporal lobe. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed a histiocytic sarcoma. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of a cat with clinical signs of temporal lobe epilepsy due to an invasive, histiocytic sarcoma. Histiocytic sarcoma, although rare, should be included in the list of differential diagnoses for soft tissue masses extending through the cribriform plate. Other differential diagnoses are primary nasal neoplasia (eg, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, chondrosarcoma and other types of sarcomas), lymphoma and olfactory neuroblastoma. Temporal lobe epilepsy in cats can be the consequence of primary pathology of temporal lobe structures, or it can be a consequence of pathology with an effect on these structures (eg, mass effect or disruption of interconnecting neuronal pathways).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen M Santifort
- Veterinary Referral Practice 'de Pietersberg', Oosterbeek, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Cm Grinwis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Gielen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Björn P Meij
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jj Mandigers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hazenfratz M, Taylor SM. Recurrent seizures in cats: Diagnostic approach - when is it idiopathic epilepsy? J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:811-823. [PMID: 30139320 PMCID: PMC10816265 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1-3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the first of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 1 outlines the classification and terminology used to describe epilepsy and epileptic seizures in cats, and discusses some of the most common and unique causes of recurrent seizures in cats. The diagnostic approach to cats with recurrent seizures is addressed, as are criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. AUDIENCE This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hazenfratz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Case series summary This study aimed to evaluate the pathologic and diagnostic features of 13 cases of feline glioma diagnosed at two veterinary diagnostic institutions over 16 years. A retrospective search was conducted using the laboratory information system. Selected cases were reviewed, tumors were classified according to the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, and tissue sections were submitted to an immunohistochemistry panel for further characterization. Affected cats were adults (average age 8 years), and male neutered (9/13) domestic shorthair cats (12/13) were over-represented. Clinical signs had acute onset and were progressive, lasting from 1-60 days (average course 20.7 days). Euthanasia was elected in all but one case, owing to a poor prognosis or because of a suspicion of rabies. Tumors occurred in the telencephalon (8/13), spinal cord (3/13) and brainstem (2/13). Gross changes in seven cases consisted of well- or poorly demarcated, gray-to-brown, soft, gelatinous masses that often caused secondary changes to the brain. The final diagnosis and classification were made based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Diagnoses consisted of oligodendroglioma (six cases), anaplastic astrocytoma (two cases), oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (one case each). Relevance and novel information This article confirms the need for a full neurologic and neuropathologic examination in cats with clinical neurologic disease. In addition, it highlights and proposes a complete routine immunohistochemical panel for diagnostic confirmation and differentiation between glioma and other morphologically similar central nervous system neoplasms in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chi Y, Wu B, Guan J, Xiao K, Lu Z, Li X, Xu Y, Xue S, Xu Q, Rao J, Guo Y. Establishment of a rhesus monkey model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy using repetitive unilateral intra-amygdala kainic acid injections. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:273-282. [PMID: 28842304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common type of acquired epilepsy refractory to medical treatment. As such, establishing animal models of this disease is critical to developing new and effective treatment modalities. Because of their small head size, rodents are not suitable for comprehensive electroencephalography (EEG) evaluation via scalp or subdural electrodes. Therefore, a larger primate model that closely recapitulates signs of TLE is needed; here we describe a rhesus monkey model resembling chronic TLE. METHODS Eight monkeys were divided into two groups: kainic acid (KA) group (n=6) and saline control group (n=2). Intra-amygdala KA injections were performed biweekly via an Ommaya device until obvious epileptiform discharges were recorded. Video-EEG recording was conducted intermittently throughout the experiment using both scalp and subdural electrodes. Brains were then analyzed for Nissl and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunostaining. RESULTS After 2-4 injections of KA (approximately 1.2-2.4mg, 0.12-0.24mg/kg), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were recorded in all KA-treated animals. Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) accompanied by symptoms mimicking temporal lobe absence (undetectable without EEG recording), but few mild motor signs, were recorded in 66.7% (four of six) KA-treated animals. Both IEDs and seizures indicated a primary epileptic zone in the right temporal region and contralateral discharges were later detected. Segmental pyramidal cell loss and gliosis were detected in the brain of a KA-treated monkey. CONCLUSIONS Through a modified protocol of unilateral repetitive intra-amygdala KA injections, a rhesus monkey model with similar behavioral and brain electrical features as TLE was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Chi
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Bolin Wu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jianwei Guan
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Kuntai Xiao
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Ziming Lu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shan Xue
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Shunde Heping Surgical Hospital of GUCM, Foshan, 528308, China.
| | - Junhua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Yanwu Guo
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kitz S, Thalhammer JG, Glantschnigg U, Wrzosek M, Klang A, Halasz P, Shouse MN, Pakozdy A. Feline Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Review of the Experimental Literature. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:633-640. [PMID: 28382749 PMCID: PMC5435036 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that epileptic seizures originating from the temporal lobe (TL) occur in cats. Typically, affected animals have clinically focal seizures with orofacial automatisms including salivation, facial twitching, lip smacking, chewing, licking, and swallowing. Motor arrest and autonomic and behavioral signs also may occur. Many affected cats have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes within the hippocampus or histopathologically confirmed hippocampal sclerosis or necrosis. From the 1950s to the 1980s, cats frequently were used as animal models for neurophysiological experiments and electrophysiological studies, from which important basic knowledge about epilepsy originated, but which has been rarely cited in clinical veterinary studies. These studies were reviewed. Experimental research on cats showed the widespread anatomical connections among TL structures. The ictal clinical signs originating from the hippocampus, amygdala, or lateral temporal cortex are similar, because of their dense interconnections. The ictal signs can be divided into autonomic, somatic, and behavioral. For research purposes, a 6‐stage system was established, reflecting the usual sequential progression from focal to generalized seizure: attention response (1), arrest (2), salivation, licking (3), facial twitching (4), head turning or nodding (5), and generalized clonic convulsions (6). Knowledge of this data may help in recognizing low‐stage (stage 1 or stage 2) epileptic seizures in clinical practice. Early experimental research data are in accordance with recent clinical observations regarding ictal clinical signs of TL epileptic seizures in cats. Furthermore, the research data supports the idea that TL epilepsy represents a unique clinical entity with a specific seizure type and origin in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kitz
- Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J G Thalhammer
- Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Glantschnigg
- Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Disease with Clinic of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Klang
- Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Halasz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M N Shouse
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Health Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - A Pakozdy
- Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hartmann A, Driesen A, Lautenschläger IE, Scholz VB, Schmidt MJ. Quantitative analysis of brain perfusion in healthy dogs by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1227-1235. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Claßen AC, Kneissl S, Lang J, Tichy A, Pakozdy A. Magnetic resonance features of the feline hippocampus in epileptic and non-epileptic cats: a blinded, retrospective, multi-observer study. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:165. [PMID: 27515840 PMCID: PMC4982318 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal necrosis in cats has been reported to be associated with epileptic seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of temporal lobe (TL) abnormalities in epileptic cats have been described but MR images from epileptic and non-epileptic individuals have not yet been systematically compared. TL abnormalities are highly variable in shape, size and signal, and therefore may lead to varying evaluations by different specialists. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there were differences in the appearance of the TL between epileptic and non-epileptic cats, and whether there were any relationships between TL abnormalities and seizure semiologies or other clinical findings. We also investigated interobserver agreement among three specialists. METHODS The MR images of 46 cats were reviewed independently by three observers, who were blinded to patient data, examination findings and the review of the other observers. Images were evaluated using a multiparametric scoring system developed for this study. Mann-Whitney U-tests and chi-square were used to analyse the differences between observers' evaluations. The kappa coefficient (k) and Fleiss' kappa coefficient were used to quantify interobserver agreement. RESULTS The overall interobserver agreement was moderate to good (k =0.405 to 0.615). The MR scores between epileptic and non-epileptic cats did not differ significantly. However, there was a significant difference between the MR scores of epileptic cats with and without orofacial involvement according to all three observers. Likewise, MR scores of cats with cluster seizures were higher than those of cats without clusters. CONCLUSION Cats presenting with recurrent epileptic seizures with orofacial involvement are more likely to have hippocampal pathologies, which suggests that TL abnormalities are not merely unspecific epileptic findings, but are associated with a certain type of epilepsy. TL signal alterations are more likely to be detected on FLAIR sequences. In contrast to severe changes in the TL which were described similarly among specialists, mild TL abnormalities may be difficult to interpret, thus leading to different assessments among observers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, A 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Lang
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, A 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, A 1210, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fors S, Van Meervenne S, Jeserevics J, Rakauskas M, Cizinauskas S. Feline hippocampal and piriform lobe necrosis as a consequence of severe cluster seizures in two cats in Finland. Acta Vet Scand 2015. [PMID: 26215252 PMCID: PMC4515920 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline hippocampal and piriform lobe necrosis (FHN) has been reported from several countries worldwide and is considered an important aetiology for feline epileptic seizures. The aetiology of FHN remains unclear, however it is suspected that FHN might occur secondary to intense epileptic activity as described in humans and dogs although this has not yet been documented in cats. The purpose of our report is to describe the first cases of FHN in Finland diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology. The two cases we describe had a well documented history of pre-existing seizures with normal brain MRI at the onset of cluster seizures but MRI done when the cats exhibited clinical deterioration secondary to severe seizure activity, revealed lesions in the hippocampus and piriform lobes typical of FHN. Our report confirms that feline hippocampus and piriform lobe necrosis does occur in the Finnish cat population and should therefore be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats with seizures. In addition, the presentation, clinical findings, results of MRI and/or histopathology shows that cats may develop FHN secondary to severe seizure activity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pakozdy A, Patzl M, Zimmermann L, Jokinen TS, Glantschnigg U, Kelemen A, Hasegawa D. LGI Proteins and Epilepsy in Human and Animals. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:997-1005. [PMID: 26032921 PMCID: PMC4895363 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated (LGI) protein was first thought to have a suppressor effect in the formation of some cancers. Developments in physiology and medicine made it possible to characterize the function of the LGI protein family and its crucial role in different conditions more precisely. These proteins play an important role in synaptic transmission, and dysfunction may cause hyperexcitability. Genetic mutation of LGI1was confirmed to be the cause of autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. The LGI2 mutation was identified in benign familial juvenile epilepsy in Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs. Cats with familial spontaneous temporal lobe epilepsy have been reported, and the etiology might be associated with LGI protein family dysfunction. In addition, an autoimmune reaction against LGI1 was detected in humans and cats with limbic encephalitis. These advances prompted a review of LGI protein function and its role in different seizure disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Zimmermann
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - T S Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - U Glantschnigg
- University Clinic of Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kelemen
- Epilepsy Center, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashinoshi, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
IgG and complement deposition and neuronal loss in cats and humans with epilepsy and voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:403-13. [PMID: 24709680 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC-complex) antibody (Ab) encephalitis is a well-recognized form of limbic encephalitis in humans, usually occurring in the absence of an underlying tumor. The patients have a subacute onset of seizures, magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of hippocampal inflammation, and high serum titers of Abs against proteins of the VGKC-complex, particularly leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1). Most patients are diagnosed promptly and recover substantially with immunotherapies; consequently, neuropathological data are limited. We have recently shown that feline complex partial cluster seizures with orofacial involvement (FEPSO) in cats can also be associated with Abs against VGKC-complexes/LGI1. Here we examined the brains of cats with FEPSO and compared the neuropathological findings with those in a human with VGKC-complex-Ab limbic encephalitis. Similar to humans, cats with VGKC-complex-Ab and FEPSO have hippocampal lesions with only moderate T-cell infiltrates but with marked IgG infiltration and complement C9neo deposition on hippocampal neurons, associated with neuronal loss. These findings provide further evidence that FEPSO is a feline form of VGKC-complex-Ab limbic encephalitis and provide a model for increasing understanding of the human disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A. Epilepsy in cats: theory and practice. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:255-63. [PMID: 24438024 PMCID: PMC4857998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The veterinary literature on epilepsy in cats is less extensive than that for dogs. The present review summarizes the most important human definitions related to epilepsy and discusses the difficulties in applying them in daily veterinary practice. Epileptic seizures can have a wide range of clinical signs and are not necessarily typical in all cases. Whether a seizure event is epileptic can only be suspected based on clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings as electroencephalography diagnostic techniques have not yet been developed to a sufficiently accurate level in veterinary medicine. In addition, the present review aims to describe other diagnoses and nonepileptic conditions that might be mistaken for epileptic seizures. Seizures associated with hippocampal lesions are described and discussed extensively, as they seem to be a special entity only recognized in the past few years. Furthermore, we focus on clinical work‐up and on treatment that can be recommended based on the literature and summarize the limited data available relating to the outcome. Critical commentary is provided as most studies are based on very weak evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, Clinical Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This paper reports findings from a feline case of hippocampal necrosis. A seven-year-old neutered female cat was seen with a history of behavioural change followed by complex focal seizures. The cat was severely pyrexic on presentation and anisocoria was present. It was treated with cooling, intravenous fluid, and phenobarbitone administration which was later changed to levetiracetam. An MRI was performed and revealed findings of a hypointense T1 and hyperintense T2 signal in the hippocampus and inferior temporal gyrus with mild gadolinium uptake, findings which were consistent with previous cases of hippocampal necrosis. The cat was witnessed to vomit and aspirate 24 hours after diagnosis leading to cardiac arrest and death. Postmortem examination revealed a subacute degenerative encephalopathy involving the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamura M, Hasegawa D, Uchida K, Kuwabara T, Mizoguchi S, Ochi N, Fujita M. Feline anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term remission through radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1137-40. [PMID: 23651604 PMCID: PMC10816470 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13488383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old spayed female Abyssinian cat was presented with cluster limbic focal seizures with secondary generalisation. From magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, the cat was diagnosed clinically as having a glioma in the left piriform lobe, and hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) was performed using a linear accelerator. Although the tumour size had reduced significantly at 4 months after RT, recurrence was observed at 11 months after RT. Additional RT was performed and was effective; however, recurrence was observed at 11 months after the additional RT. Chemotherapy was started using nimustine (ACNU; 30 mg/m(2), every 6 weeks). Tumour regression was confirmed by follow-up MRIs from 2 to 5 months after starting chemotherapy. Four years and 2 months after the first presentation the cat died as a result of tumour lysis syndrome following treatment of a high-grade lymphoma. Histopathological diagnosis of the brain tumour confirmed anaplastic oligodendroglioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tamura
- 1Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wahle AM, Brühschwein A, Matiasek K, Putschbach K, Wagner E, Mueller RS, Fischer A. Clinical characterization of epilepsy of unknown cause in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:182-8. [PMID: 24237601 PMCID: PMC4895554 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of feline epilepsy of unknown cause (EUC) requires a thorough diagnostic evaluation, otherwise the prevalence of EUC could be overestimated. HYPOTHESIS Feline EUC is a clinically defined disease entity, which differs from feline hippocampal necrosis by the absence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal alteration of the hippocampus. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of EUC in a hospital population of cats by applying well-defined inclusion criteria, and (2) to describe the clinical course of EUC. ANIMALS Eighty-one cats with recurrent seizures. METHODS Retrospective study--medical records were reviewed for cats presented for evaluation of recurrent seizures (2005-2010). Inclusion criteria were a defined diagnosis based on laboratory data, and either MRI or histopathology. Final outcome was confirmed by telephone interview with the owner. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed to evaluate hippocampal morphology and signal alterations. RESULTS Epilepsy of unknown cause was diagnosed in 22% of cats with epilepsy. Physical, neurologic, and laboratory examinations, and either 1.5 T MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis or postmortem examination failed to identify an underlying cause. Cats with EUC had a higher survival rate (P < .05) and seizure remission occurred frequently (44.4%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A detailed clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging with MRI is recommended in any cat with recurrent seizures. The prognosis of cats with normal MRI findings and a clinical diagnosis of EUC are good. Standardized imaging guidelines should be established to assess the hippocampus in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Wahle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|