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Trujanovic R, Rohrbach H. Ultrasound-Guided Block of the Sciatic and the Femoral Nerves in Rabbits-A Descriptive Anatomical Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2393. [PMID: 37508169 PMCID: PMC10376789 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rabbit is a popular animal model for human biomechanical research involving surgery on the hind limb. Mortality is higher in rabbits when undergoing general anesthesia compared to dogs and cats. Moreover, due to their nature as prey animals, rabbits have a tendency to hide signs of pain, making it challenging to detect discomfort at an early stage. Incorporating regional anesthesia into an anesthetic protocol can greatly reduce the requirements for systemic anesthetic and analgesic drugs, thereby minimizing associated side effects. In other species, a block of the sciatic (ScN) and the femoral nerves (FN) is usually applied in patients undergoing hind limb surgery. In phase 1 of this study, the ScN and the FN have been localized and an appropriate approach has been evaluated under sonographic guidance. In phase 2, a mixture of new methylene blue and lidocaine have been administered to the ScN and the FN in 10 cadavers (20 hind limbs). Staining of the nerves was evaluated by dissection. Ultrasonographically, the ScN appeared as a binocular structure surrounded by a hyperechoic rim. The FN appeared as a hypoechoic structure in the dorsal part of the iliopsoas muscle (IPM), becoming hyperechoic/honey-comb-like in the ventral part. Both nerves could be successfully stained in all animals over a median length of 2.3 cm which was considered effective. This technique allows feasible and accurate access to block the ScN and the FN and may lead to successful analgesia in rabbits undergoing hind limb surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Trujanovic
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Intensive Care Unit, Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 2210 Vienna, Austria
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Section, Department for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Vörös K, Becker Z, Dudás Györki Z, Schulze Gronover B, Szalay F. Ultrasonography of the paralumbar muscles as a new aid during melarsomine treatment in canine heartworm disease. Description and illustration of the method - A preliminary study. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:263-268. [PMID: 36422692 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Melarsomine is used intramuscularly to destroy adult heartworms when treating canine heartworm disease (HWD). This drug is highly irritative and can elicit local complications. Therefore, melarsomine should be injected into the paralumbar muscles by strictly adhering to the manufacturers' prescriptions. However, it is not known how to determine the optimal location of the needle during the injection process. Ultrasonography (US) of the epaxial (paralumbar) musculature was used as a new method to measure the cross-sectional diameter of the paralumbar musculature, to determine the required location of the injection needle, and to study the local side effects in two dogs with HWD. The macroscopic appearance of the melarsomine solution during injection was demonstrated by video imaging. Melarsomine was not fully gravitating, but its majority was spreading along the thickest fascia of the musculature. Three minutes thereafter, no ultrasound signs of the melarsomine solution were seen, suggesting a full absorption at least ultrasonographically. This procedure was simulated in vitro with methylene blue solution having the same appearance. Removing the injection needle only after 5 min post-injection could prevent undesirable leakage of the drug through the injection channel into the subcutaneous tissue. Ultrasonography can be a useful aid during the treatment of HWD with melarsomine according to this preliminary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Vörös
- 1Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Becker
- 1Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dudás Györki
- 1Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Bernd Schulze Gronover
- 1Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Szalay
- 2Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
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Casoria V, Flaherty D, Auckburally A. Hyperkalaemia during two consecutive anaesthetics in an aggressive Bengal cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Proximal Perineural Femoral Nerve Injection in Pigs Using an Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Subiliac Approach-A Cadaveric Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061759. [PMID: 34204599 PMCID: PMC8231242 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Desensitizing the femoral nerve improves pain control in several species undergoing pelvic limb surgeries. Despite possible advantages, this method has not yet been described in pigs, although they make an accepted surgical animal model. We developed an approach for femoral nerve blockade using ultrasound guidance in pigs which could be useful for pain control in pigs undergoing pelvic limb surgery. Abstract Desensitizing the femoral nerve (FN) improves pain control in several species undergoing pelvic limb surgeries. Despite its advantages, this method has not yet been described in pigs, although they make an accepted surgical animal model. Based on anatomical dissections, first performed in two pig cadavers, an ultrasound-guided access for localization and perineural infiltration of the FN trunk at the iliopsoas compartment level was specified. The FN was found running between the psoas major and medial portion of iliac muscle. Ultrasonographically, the FN appeared as a hypoechogenic round–oval structure surrounded by a hyperechogenic rim. Technical feasibility and accuracy were assessed in six additional pig cadavers by injecting 0.15 mL kg−1 methylene blue dye bilaterally in direct proximity to the nerve. The needle was inserted caudoventral to the coxal tuber, traversing the ultrasound plane as it progressed towards the FN in dorsomedial direction. Staining of the nerve was evaluated by dissection. The injection was considered effective if the nerve was stained in its entire circumference over a length of 2 cm. FNs of all investigated individuals could be successfully stained. This ultrasound-guided subiliac approach allows feasible and accurate access to the FN and may be useful in producing a successful blockade in vivo.
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Lisciandro GR. Cageside Ultrasonography in the Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1445-1467. [PMID: 32912606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Global Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) and point-of-care ultrasonography carry the potential to screen for and monitor conditions rather than traditional means without ultrasonography. Advantages include being point of care, cageside, low impact, rapid, safe, and radiation sparing, and requiring no shaving and/or minimal patient restraint. Moreover, information is real time for free fluid and soft tissue abnormalities of the abdomen, heart, and lung, which are missed or only suspected by physical examination, basic blood and urine testing, and radiography. A standardized approach with recording of patient data is integral to a successful Global FAST program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Lisciandro
- Emergency and Critical Care, Hill Country Veterinary Specialists, Spicewood, TX, USA; FASTVet.com, Spicewood, TX, USA.
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Foster A, McSloy A, Monticelli P. Ultrasound-guided psoas compartment and sciatic nerve blocks for pain management of hind limb procedures in the alpaca ( Vicugna pacos). Open Vet J 2020; 10:120-127. [PMID: 32821656 PMCID: PMC7419066 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Loco-regional anesthetic techniques are considered important in the multimodal approach to analgesia in both human and veterinary medicine. No such techniques are described in the alpaca, bar the use of epidural. This is in part due to the lack of anatomical description for this species. While this limitation exists, the use of ultrasound guidance makes peripheral nerve blocks a viable possibility in the alpaca. Case description: A 12-month-old alpaca was referred for the treatment of a septic left tarso-crural joint. Due to a poor prognosis, amputation of the limb under general anesthesia was performed. Sciatic and psoas compartment blocks were attempted with the ultrasound-guided injection of ropivacaine prior to the start of the procedure. While the femoral nerve was possible to visualize, no obturator nerve was identified. A 5-year old alpaca was also referred for a left hind lateral claw removal, due to a squamous cell carcinoma. The sciatic nerve block was performed prior to the claw amputation under general anesthesia. No changes in heart and respiratory rate, or blood pressure suggestive of nociception, were observed in either of these cases. At the end of both the procedures, the patients experienced uneventful recoveries characterized by the ability to maintain the standing position, interest in food, and normal behavior. Conclusion: This report identifies the ease of performance and the challenges encountered using the ultrasound-guided psoas compartment and sciatic nerve blocks in the alpaca. It is our hope that this report encourages the use of ultrasound-guided loco-regional techniques in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foster
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alex McSloy
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Paolo Monticelli
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Rodrigo-Mocholi D, Martinez-Taboada F. Novel ultrasound-guided lateral approach for femoral nerve block in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:339-343. [PMID: 31070543 PMCID: PMC10814667 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19845719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the technique for a novel lateral approach to femoral nerve block in cat cadavers. METHODS Five feline cadavers were used in our prospective cadaveric experimental study. Ultrasonography was used to identify the anatomy injection site. Both pelvic limbs were injected with a volume (0.1 ml/kg) of methylene blue in each cat. The cadavers were placed in lateral recumbency, with the limb to be blocked positioned uppermost. The transducer was held perpendicular to the most proximal area of the pelvic limb, ventral to the greater trochanter and slightly cranial to the femur. Methylene blue was injected after the localisation of the femoral nerve. Immediately after the injection, the cat was turned and the technique was repeated on the contralateral side. After performing the 'block' in both limbs, the area was dissected bilaterally and the success was evaluated. A positive femoral nerve staining was considered for a coverage of ⩾1 cm. RESULTS A total of 10 ultrasound-guided femoral nerve injections were performed. Ninety percent (n = 9/10) of the nerves were successfully dyed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The novel ultrasound-guided lateral approach may be suitable and reproducible for a successful femoral nerve blockade in cats. Further investigations about the clinical usefulness and safety of this femoral nerve block in live cats are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martinez-Taboada
- The University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Portela DA, Verdier N, Otero PE. Regional anesthetic techniques for the pelvic limb and abdominal wall in small animals: A review of the literature and technique description. Vet J 2018; 238:27-40. [PMID: 30103913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing interest in using peripheral nerve blocks in small animals is evident, given the numerous studies published recently on this topic in important veterinary journals. Initially, research was focused on intraoperative analgesia to the pelvic limb, and several descriptions of lumbosacral plexus, femoral and sciatic nerve blocks have been described in studies. There is recent interest in developing techniques for somatosensory blockade of the abdominal wall. This article is the second part of a two-part review of regional anesthesia (RA) in small animals, and its aim is to discuss the most relevant studies in the veterinary literature, where objective methods of nerve location have been used, and to illustrate in pictures the currently used techniques for providing RA to the abdominal wall and the pelvic limb in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Portela
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - N Verdier
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P E Otero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Gerard MP. Defining local nerve blocks for feline distal pelvic limb surgery: a cadaveric study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1215-1223. [PMID: 28186424 PMCID: PMC11104168 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17690652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Anatomical and methodological detail is lacking regarding local anesthetic peripheral nerve block techniques for distal pelvic limb surgery in cats. The aim of this study was to develop, describe and test nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and dye injections. Methods Ten pairs of feline pelvic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and the tibial nerve (T n.), common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CF n., and its two branches, the superficial fibular [peroneal] nerve [SpF n.] and the deep fibular [peroneal] nerve [DpF n.]) and the saphenous nerve (Sa n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a 'distal crus block' (selective blockade of the CF n., T n. and Sa n.) and a 'distal pes block' (selective blockade of the SpF n., DpF n., T n. and Sa n.) were developed for surgical procedures in two different regions of the distal pelvic limb. Techniques were tested using new methylene blue (NMB) dye injections in feline pelvic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.1 ml/kg of NMB dye solution was injected at the site of the CF n., and 0.05 ml/kg was injected at the sites of the SpF n., DpF n., Sa n. and T n. The length and circumference (fully or partially stained) of each stained nerve were measured. Results Positive staining of nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for the CF n., DpF n., SpF n., Sa n. and T n. were 27.19 ± 7.13, 20.39 ± 5.57, 22.82 ± 7.13, 30.89 ± 6.99 and 25.16 ± 8.09 mm, respectively. The nerves were fully stained in 12, 12, 10, 11 and 11 out of 12 limbs, respectively. Conclusions and relevance These two, three-point injection methods may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal pelvic limb procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mathew P Gerard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Evangelista MC, de Lassalle J, Chevrier C, Carmel EN, Fantoni DT, Steagall PVM. Distribution of bupivacaine hydrochloride after sciatic and femoral nerve blocks in cats: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:61-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vettorato E, Corletto F. Retrospective assessment of peripheral nerve block techniques used in cats undergoing hindlimb orthopaedic surgery. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:826-33. [PMID: 26239941 PMCID: PMC11112211 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15598185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess retrospectively the efficacy and complication rate of hindlimb peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in cats. METHODS Clinical records of cats that received PNBs and underwent hindlimb orthopaedic surgery from February 2010 to October 2014 were examined. Type of PNB, type and dose of local anaesthetic used, end-expiratory fraction of isoflurane (FE'Iso) administered, additional intraoperative analgesia, incidence of hypotension, postoperative opioid requirement, postoperative contralateral limb paralysis and neurological complications at the 6 week re-examination were investigated. RESULTS Eighty-nine records were retrieved but only 69 were analysed. Four combinations of PNBs were used: 34 lateral preiliac (LPI) approach to lumbar plexus (LP) associated with lumbar paravertebral approach to sciatic nerve (SN); 20 LPI-LP associated with the lateral approach to SN; three LPI-LP associated with gluteal approach to SN; 12 dorsal-paravertebral (DPV) approach to LP associated with lateral SN. Levobupivacaine was used for the majority of PNBs. The mean intraoperative FE'Iso was 1.15%; hypotension was documented in 55.1% of anaesthetics, while 31.8% of cats received fentanyl and/or ketamine intraoperatively. Postoperatively, 72.7% of cats received at least one dose of opioid, while five cats required further postoperative analgesia (ketamine constant rate infusion and/or gabapentin). No cats showed contralateral limb paralysis and neurological complications at the 6 week re-examination. No differences were found when comparing the different PNBs used. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PNBs contributed to perioperative anaesthesia/analgesia in cats undergoing hindlimb orthopaedic surgery. However, the clinical relevance of intraoperative hypotension needs further investigation.
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Haro P, Laredo F, Gil F, Belda E, Ayala MD, Soler M, Agut A. Validation of the dorsal approach for the blockade of the femoral nerve using ultrasound and nerve electrolocation in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:620-5. [PMID: 26048901 PMCID: PMC10816393 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15590868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to validate the dorsal approach for femoral nerve (FN) blockade in cats and to verify the efficacy of the sole use of peripheral nerve electrolocation (PNE) or ultrasound (US)-guided technique to achieve the block. METHODS This study was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, five adult experimental cats were used to validate the approach. In each cat, one FN was located by US and the accuracy of this location confirmed by PNE. Then, 2 mg/kg lidocaine 2% (diluted in saline to a final volume of 1 ml) was injected around the target nerve and the success of the blockade was evaluated. In phase 2, four adult experimental cats were included in two groups to verify the reliability of this approach to block eight FNs by the sole use of PNE (group 1) or US-guided technique (group 2). Evidence of motor blockade, time required to perform the blockade, onset time and duration of the blockades were determined. RESULTS The FN was successfully located by US in all cats enrolled in phase 1, as confirmed by PNE in all cases. The success rate was clinically higher in group 2 (87.5%) than in group 1 (75.0%). The US-guided technique required less time to perform and produced blocks of longer duration. Recovery was uneventful in all cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The combined use of PNE and US-guided technique enabled validation of the dorsal approach for the FN blockade as it provided a successful FN blockade in all cases. The sole use of a US-guided technique may offer some advantages over the use of a sole PNE-guided technique to perform these blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Haro
- Cathedra's Researcher of National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) of Mexico, assigned to Autonomous University of Yucatan, Regional Research Centre 'Dr Hideyo Noguchi', Merida, Mexico
| | - Francisco Laredo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Belda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María D Ayala
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Soler
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amalia Agut
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Mogicato G, Layssol-Lamour C, Mahler S, Charrouin M, Boyer G, Verwaerde P, Jourdan G. Anatomical and ultrasonographic study of the femoral nerve within the iliopsoas muscle in beagle dogs and cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:425-32. [PMID: 25614950 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An ultrasound (US)-guided ventral suprainguinal approach to block the femoral nerve (FN) within the iliopsoas muscle (IPM) has recently been described in dogs. The goal of the present study was to provide the operator with additional information to locate the FN within the IPM in dogs and cats using US. STUDY DESIGN The study was carried out in three phases: a dissection of the FN (phase 1); an in vivo US-assisted nerve study (phase 2), and an anatomical cross-sectional study (phase 3). ANIMALS Nine healthy adult beagle dogs and nine healthy adult cats. METHODS Dissections were performed to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the FN and its related structures in one dog and one cat. Ultrasound scans of the left and right FN were performed in eight dogs and eight cats. The FN diameter and the distance between the FN and the external iliac artery (EIA) in US images and in anatomical cryosections were measured. RESULTS The median FN diameter did not differ significantly between cats and dogs (1.1 mm versus 1.0 mm) or between the two techniques (US versus anatomical cross-sectional study) (1.1 mm versus 1.1 mm in dogs; 1.0 mm versus 1.1 mm in cats). The US and anatomical measurements of the median distances between the FN and EIA differed significantly between dogs and cats (8.2 mm versus 5.8 mm by US; 5.7 mm versus 4.8 mm in the anatomical study). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The distance between the EIA and FN is reproducible in beagle dogs and cats and can be used in locating the FN within the IPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mogicato
- Anatomy, Imagery and Embryology Unit, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), école Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Cerebral Imaging and Neurological Disorders Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 825, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Maxime Charrouin
- Anatomy, Imagery and Embryology Unit, Institut National Polytechnique (INP), école Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Boyer
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Unit, INP, ENVT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Verwaerde
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Unit, INP, ENVT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Jourdan
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care Unit, INP, ENVT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Gurney MA, Leece EA. Analgesia for pelvic limb surgery. A review of peripheral nerve blocks and the extradural technique. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:445-58. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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