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Felicione NJ, Blank MD, Wright CD, McNeil DW. Pain, Fear, Anxiety, and Stress: Relations to the Endogenous Opioid System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 35:157-182. [PMID: 38874723 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Pain, fear, stress, and anxiety are separate yet interrelated phenomena. Each of these concepts has an extensive individual body of research, with some more recent work focusing on points of conceptual overlap. The role of the endogenous opioid system in each of these phenomena is only beginning to be examined and understood. Research examining the ways in which endogenous opioids (e.g., beta-endorphin; βE) may mediate the relations among pain, fear, stress, and anxiety is even more nascent. This chapter explores the extant evidence for endogenous opioid activity as an underpinning mechanism of these related constructs, with an emphasis on research examining βE.
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Bedair AF, Wahid A, El-Mezayen NS, El-Yazbi AF, Khalil HA, Hassan NW, Afify EA. Nicorandil/ morphine crosstalk accounts for antinociception and hepatoprotection in hepatic fibrosis in rats: Distinct roles of opioid/cGMP and NO/KATP pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115068. [PMID: 37392650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous report indicated that nicorandil potentiated morphine antinociception and attenuated hepatic injury in liver fibrotic rats. Herein, the underlying mechanisms of nicorandil/morphine interaction were investigated using pharmacological, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular docking studies. Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 40%, 2 ml/kg) twice weekly for 5 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis. Nicorandil (15 mg/kg/day) was administered per os (p.o.) for 14 days in presence of the blockers; glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker, 5 mg/kg, p.o.), L-NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 15 mg/kg, p.o.), methylene blue (MB, guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) and naltrexone (opioid antagonist, 20 mg/kg, i.p.). At the end of the 5th week, analgesia was evaluated using tail flick and formalin tests along with biochemical determinations of liver function tests, oxidative stress markers and histopathological examination of liver tissues. Naltrexone and MB inhibited the antinociceptive activity of the combination. Furthermore, combined nicorandil/morphine regimen attenuated the release of endogenous peptides. Docking studies revealed a possible interaction of nicorandil on µ, κ and δ opioid receptors. Nicorandil/morphine combination protected against liver damage as evident by decreased liver enzymes, liver index, hyaluronic acid, lipid peroxidation, fibrotic insults, and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Nicorandil/morphine hepatoprotection and antioxidant activity were inhibited by glibenclamide and L-NAME but not by naltrexone or MB. These findings implicate opioid activation/cGMP versus NO/KATP channels in the augmented antinociception, and hepatoprotection, respectively, of the combined therapy and implicate provoked cross talk by nicorandil and morphine on opioid receptors and cGMP signaling pathway. That said, nicorandil/morphine combination provides a potential multitargeted therapy to alleviate pain and preserve liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asser F Bedair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Wahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El-Mezayen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hadeel A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nayera W Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elham A Afify
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Endogenous opioid signaling in the retina modulates sleep/wake activity in mice. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100078. [PMID: 35800978 PMCID: PMC9254600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Wang F, Li H, Mu Q, Shan L, Kang Y, Yang S, Chang HC, Su KP, Liu Y. Association of Acute Postoperative Pain and Cigarette Smoking With Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Beta-Endorphin and Substance P. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:755799. [PMID: 35177964 PMCID: PMC8845024 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.755799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cigarette smoking is associated with postoperative pain perception, which might be mediated by beta-endorphin and substance P. These effects on postoperative pain perception have never been investigated in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which reflects biochemical alterations in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the associations among cigarette smoking, postoperative pain, and levels of beta-endorphin and substance P in human CSF. Methods: We recruited 160 Chinese men (80 active smokers and 80 nonsmokers) who underwent lumbar puncture before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and 5-ml CSF samples were collected. Pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, post-anesthetic recovery duration (PARD), and smoking variables were obtained. CSF levels of beta-endorphin and substance P were measured. Results: Compared to non-smokers, active smokers had significantly higher pain VAS (2.40 ± 0.67 vs. 1.70 ± 0.86, p < 0.001) and PARD scores (9.13 ± 2.11 vs. 7.27 ± 1.35, p = 0.001), lower CSF beta-endorphin (33.76 ± 1.77 vs. 35.66 ± 2.20, p = 0.001) and higher CSF substance P (2,124.46 ± 217.34 vs. 1,817.65 ± 302.14, p < 0.001) levels. Pain VAS scores correlated with PARD in active smokers (r = 0.443, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking is associated with increased postoperative pain intensity, shown by delayed pain perception, higher pain VAS scores, and lower beta-endorphin and higher substance P levels in the CSF of active smokers. The more extended postoperative pain perception is delayed, the more pain intensity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qingshuang Mu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ligang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yimin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Shizhuo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-Chih Chang
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yanlong Liu Kuan-Pin Su
| | - Yanlong Liu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanlong Liu Kuan-Pin Su
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Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E338. [PMID: 33396962 PMCID: PMC7796446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist of mu opioid receptors, which can be found throughout the body, brain, and cells of the immune system that regulate a diverse set of systems. As an agonist of the body's opioid receptors, β-endorphins are most noted for their potent analgesic effects, but they also have their involvement in reward-centric and homeostasis-restoring behaviors, among other effects. These effects have implicated the peptide in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a research target of interest. This review briefly summarizes the basics of endorphin function, goes over the behaviors and regulatory pathways it governs, and examines the variability of β-endorphin levels observed between normal and disease/disorder affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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Coffey AA, Fang J, Grigson PS. Heroin self-administration as a function of time of day in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3005-3015. [PMID: 30178302 PMCID: PMC6162178 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug addiction is a complex disease that is impacted by numerous factors. One such factor, time of day, influences drug intake, but there have been no investigations of how time of day affects the amount of drug taken and the development of addiction-like behavior. Previous data from our group show circadian disruption in rats given access to heroin during the light phase, which is important because circadian disruption, itself, can increase drug intake. Thus, the goal of this experiment was to determine how time of day of access affects heroin self-administration and the development of addiction-like behaviors including escalation of heroin intake, willingness to work for heroin on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, seeking during extinction, incubation of seeking, and reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were given the opportunity to self-administer heroin for 6 h per trial during the second half of either the light or dark phase for 18 trials, including one progressive ratio challenge. Rats then underwent 14 days of abstinence, with a 5-h extinction test occurring on both the first and the 14th days of abstinence. The second extinction test was followed by a heroin prime and 1 h of reinstatement testing. On the following day, a subset of rats were tested in an additional extinction test where rats were tested either at the same time of the day as their previous self-administration sessions or during the opposite light/dark phase. RESULTS Relative to Light Access rats, Dark Access rats took more heroin, exhibited more goal-directed behavior, exhibited more seeking during the dark phase, failed to extinguish seeking during the 5-h extinction test in the dark phase, and exhibited greater incubation of heroin seeking following abstinence. However, Dark Access rats did not escalate drug taking over trials, work harder for drug, or seek more during drug-induced reinstatement than Light Access rats. CONCLUSIONS These results show that time of access to heroin affects overall heroin intake and seeking in extinction, but does not affect other addiction-like behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Coffey
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H181, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - J Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H181, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Kervezee L, Hartman R, van den Berg DJ, Meijer JH, de Lange EC. Diurnal variation in the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of morphine and its major metabolite. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109S:S132-S139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheng X, Zhang YE, Lu X, Lu Y, Chen Z. The involvement of central beta-endorphin in the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning mediated by the intracerebroventricular administration of morphine. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:423-31. [PMID: 25971466 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids can mimic the effects of remote cardiac preconditioning and mediate a subsequent reduction in myocardial infarct size. AIM This study investigated the role of beta-endorphin (β-EP) in intracerebroventricular morphine cardioprotection. METHODS Anesthetized, open-chest, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 1 of 9 treatment groups 3 days after intracerebroventricular catheter placement. Remote preconditioning was induced with 3 μg/kg of morphine. The β-EP antagonist was administered via intracerebroventricular or intravenous routes either 10 min before or immediately after morphine or saline administration. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was caused by 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The infarct size, as a percentage of the area at risk, was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. Radioimmunoassay and immunoreactivity were used to determine the β-EP levels in the serum and brain. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular administration of β-EP antiserum (AEP) after morphine administration attenuated the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning. The addition of intravenous AEP either before or after morphine did not affect infarct size. After morphine preconditioning, the β-EP level decreased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and increased significantly in the serum, pituitary gland, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and rostral ventrolateral medulla. CONCLUSION Central but not peripheral β-EP is involved in morphine remote preconditioning and plays a role in the ongoing mediation of cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan, Hefei, China.
| | - Y E Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - X Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan, Hefei, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Zhao Y, Tian L, Sheng W, Miao J, Yang J. Hypalgesia effect of IL-24, a quite new mechanism for IL-24 application in cancer treatment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:606-11. [PMID: 23869901 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) has been extensively regarded as an anti-oncogene; however, that whether IL-24, as a member of IL-10 family, is involved in cancer pain was seldom reported before. In this study, we found that IL-24 mediated by adenovirus could significantly increase the plantar mechanical pain threshold in both operation side and contralateral side of the animal models, which were established by injecting 5×103 Walker 256 rat breast cancer ascitic tumor cells into rats' tibia bone medullary canals; IL-24 could also suppress in vitro Walker 256 cells growth by inducing cell apoptosis. Pathologically, IL-24 could protect bone trabecula and substantia corticalis ossium from being completely destructed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that IL-24 treatment could increase the β-endorphin levels and decrease the IL-6 concentration in plasma of animals. Our study indicated that IL-24 has a potential treatment effect on cancers not only by inhibiting tumor proliferation, but also by the promotion of β-endorphin synthesis, inhibition of IL-6 secretion to relieve cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Zhao
- 1 Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
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10
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Szabadi E. Modulation of physiological reflexes by pain: role of the locus coeruleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:94. [PMID: 23087627 PMCID: PMC3474280 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is activated by noxious stimuli, and this activation leads to inhibition of perceived pain. As two physiological reflexes, the acoustic startle reflex and the pupillary light reflex, are sensitive to noxious stimuli, this review considers evidence that this sensitivity, at least to some extent, is mediated by the LC. The acoustic startle reflex, contraction of a large body of skeletal muscles in response to a sudden loud acoustic stimulus, can be enhanced by both directly ("sensitization") and indirectly ("fear conditioning") applied noxious stimuli. Fear-conditioning involves the association of a noxious (unconditioned) stimulus with a neutral (conditioned) stimulus (e.g., light), leading to the ability of the conditioned stimulus to evoke the "pain response". The enhancement of the startle response by conditioned fear ("fear-potentiated startle") involves the activation of the amygdala. The LC may also be involved in both sensitization and fear potentiation: pain signals activate the LC both directly and indirectly via the amygdala, which results in enhanced motoneurone activity, leading to an enhanced muscular response. Pupil diameter is under dual sympathetic/parasympathetic control, the sympathetic (noradrenergic) output dilating, and the parasympathetic (cholinergic) output constricting the pupil. The light reflex (constriction of the pupil in response to a light stimulus) operates via the parasympathetic output. The LC exerts a dual influence on pupillary control: it contributes to the sympathetic outflow and attenuates the parasympathetic output by inhibiting the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the preganglionic cholinergic nucleus in the light reflex pathway. Noxious stimulation results in pupil dilation ("reflex dilation"), without any change in the light reflex response, consistent with sympathetic activation via the LC. Conditioned fear, on the other hand, results in the attenuation of the light reflex response ("fear-inhibited light reflex"), consistent with the inhibition of the parasympathetic light reflex via the LC. It is suggested that directly applied pain and fear-conditioning may affect different populations of autonomic neurones in the LC, directly applied pain activating sympathetic and fear-conditioning parasympathetic premotor neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elemer Szabadi
- Psychopharmacology Section, Division of Psychiatry, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
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Rasmussen NA, Farr LA. Beta-endorphin response to an acute pain stimulus. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 177:285-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gironi M, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Sacerdote P, Solaro C, Zaffaroni M, Cavarretta R, Moiola L, Bucello S, Radaelli M, Pilato V, Rodegher M, Cursi M, Franchi S, Martinelli V, Nemni R, Comi G, Martino G. A pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008; 14:1076-83. [PMID: 18728058 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508095828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A sixth month phase II multicenter-pilot trial with a low dose of the opiate antagonist Naltrexone (LDN) has been carried out in 40 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). The primary end points were safety and tolerability. Secondary outcomes were efficacy on spasticity, pain, fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Clinical and biochemical evaluations were serially performed. Protein concentration of beta-endorphins (BE) and mRNA levels and allelic variants of the mu-opiod receptor gene (OPRM1) were analyzed. Five dropouts and two major adverse events occurred. The remaining adverse events did not interfere with daily living. Neurological disability progressed in only one patient. A significant reduction of spasticity was measured at the end of the trial. BE concentration increased during the trial, but no association was found between OPRM1 variants and improvement of spasticity. Our data clearly indicate that LDN is safe and well tolerated in patients with PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gironi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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Bruguerolle B, Labrecque G. Rhythmic pattern in pain and their chronotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:883-95. [PMID: 17716777 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain control is one of the most important therapeutic priorities; nonetheless, inadequate pain relief remains a significant health care issue. Thus, it is important to determine whether the analgesic effect can be improved by using the chronopharmacological approach. This paper reviews the data on the rhythmic patterns in pain level and their chronotherapy. It underlines the major issues and problems related to the development of chronotherapeutic strategies, and it examines emerging aspects of new drug-delivery systems for achieving such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bruguerolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Bd J. Moulin, F 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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de Wit M. Therapie chronischer Tumorschmerzen. Visc Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000097481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
This paper is the 26th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2003 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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