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Bido AT, Ember KJI, Trudel D, Durand M, Leblond F, Brolo AG. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by a low-cost LSPR-based sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3955-3966. [PMID: 37530390 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started more than 3 years ago, but the containment of the spread is still a challenge. Screening is imperative for informed decision making by government authorities to contain the spread of the virus locally. The access to screening tests is disproportional, due to the lack of access to reagents, equipment, finances or because of supply chain disruptions. Low and middle-income countries have especially suffered with the lack of these resources. Here, we propose a low cost and easily constructed biosensor device based on localized surface plasmon resonance, or LSPR, for the screening of SARS-CoV-2. The biosensor device, dubbed "sensor" for simplicity, was constructed in two modalities: (1) viral detection in saliva and (2) antibody against COVID in saliva. Saliva collected from 18 patients were tested in triplicates. Both sensors successfully classified all COVID positive patients (among hospitalized and non-hospitalized). From the COVID negative patients 7/8 patients were correctly classified. For both sensors, sensitivity was determined as 100% (95% CI 79.5-100) and specificity as 87.5% (95% CI 80.5-100). The reagents and equipment used for the construction and deployment of this sensor are ubiquitous and low-cost. This sensor technology can then add to the potential solution for challenges related to screening tests in underserved communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Tuckmantel Bido
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Katherine J I Ember
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- CHUM Research Center, Internal Medicine Service of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Univsersité de Montréal (CHUM), Canada
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre G Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Bestwick C, Yates C, Carter V. Developing an oral healthcare assessment strategy to enhance patient care. Nurs Stand 2023; 38:41-47. [PMID: 36872892 DOI: 10.7748/ns.2023.e12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of oral healthcare is an integral part of nursing care. However, research has shown that staff in hospitals and community care settings often lack oral healthcare skills. This article details a quality improvement project in which a scoping exercise was undertaken in one NHS trust to assess whether ward-based oral healthcare provision was adequate. The scoping exercise identified that there was a need to address the lack of oral healthcare provision in the trust. Subsequently, a multidisciplinary working group developed an oral healthcare assessment tool and rolled this out across the trust. The authors also provided online training for nurses in the trust to assist them in using the new tool. At the same time, an audit of the oral healthcare products used in the trust, and their appropriateness, was undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Yates
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, England
| | - Vanda Carter
- The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, England
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Tang Y, Lei L, Yang D, Zheng J, Zeng Q, Xiao H, Zhou Z. Calcium release-mediated adsorption and lubrication of salivary proteins on resin-based dental composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Villavicencio P, Bravo C, Ibarz A, Solé S. Effects of Acute Psychological and Physiological Stress on Rock Climbers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215013. [PMID: 34768532 PMCID: PMC8584542 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the effects that psychological and physiological stressors have on indoor rock climbers, as well as to identify sex differences. METHODS 14 intermediate rock climbers participated in the study, 10 males and 4 females. Mean age was 31 ± 8 years for males and 21 ± 2 years for females. Day 1 consisted of test familiarization and baseline measurements. Day 2 included two test conditions, startle and fatigue, separated by 20 min. In the startle condition, participants had to lead climb a route, and a loud audio stimulus was presented near the top of the climb. In the fatigue condition, participants were required to climb as fast as they could until muscular failure. The competitive state anxiety inventory second review (CSAI-2R) questionnaire was used to assess somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence. The four-square step test (FSST) was used to assess motor control, and cortisol levels were acquired via passive drool (PD). RESULTS Cortisol concentrations were highest in the pre-startle condition (1.72 μg/dL ± 0.66), and values decreased post-startle (1.67 μg/dL ± 0.74) and post-fatigue (1.42 μg/dL ± 0.72). However, cortisol concentrations increased post-startle in females (1.57 μg/dL ± 0.96). Somatic anxiety in males was significantly higher post-startle (16.36 ± 5.54) than pre-startle (14.23 ± 5.09). Females had significantly higher somatic anxiety post-startle (18.00 ± 8.76), and they had lower self-confidence levels (30.00 ± 5.89) than males. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in the way that males and females prepare and respond to stressful situations. Furthermore, time of day may have had a significant impact on cortisol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Villavicencio
- Master Program Integrative Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Cristina Bravo
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group of Health Care (GRECS), Institute of Biomedical Research Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Silvia Solé
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Research Group of Health Care (GRECS), Institute of Biomedical Research Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Quantification of DNA Double Strand Breaks and Oxidation Response in Children and Adults Undergoing Dental CBCT Scan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2113. [PMID: 32034200 PMCID: PMC7005754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the possible biological effects of exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the prime challenges in radiation protection, especially in medical imaging. Today, radiobiological data on cone beam CT (CBCT) related biological effects are scarce. In children and adults, the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in buccal mucosa cells and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and antioxidant capacity in saliva samples after CBCT examination were examined. No DNA DSBs induction was observed in children nor adults. In children only, an increase in 8-oxo-dG levels was observed 30 minutes after CBCT. At the same time an increase in antioxidant capacity was observed in children, whereas a decrease was observed in adults. Our data indicate that children and adults react differently to IR doses associated with CBCT. Fully understanding these differences could lead to an optimal use of CBCT in different age categories as well as improved radiation protection guidelines.
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Belmans N, Gilles L, Virag P, Hedesiu M, Salmon B, Baatout S, Lucas S, Jacobs R, Lambrichts I, Moreels M. Method validation to assess in vivo cellular and subcellular changes in buccal mucosa cells and saliva following CBCT examinations. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2019; 48:20180428. [PMID: 30912976 PMCID: PMC6747439 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20180428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a medical imaging technique used in dental medicine. However, there are no conclusive data available indicating that exposure to X-ray doses used by CBCT are harmless. We aim, for the first time, to characterize the potential age-dependent cellular and subcellular effects related to exposure to CBCT imaging. Current objective is to describe and validate the protocol for characterization of cellular and subcellular changes after diagnostic CBCT. METHODS Development and validation of a dedicated two-part protocol: 1) assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in buccal mucosal (BM) cells and 2) oxidative stress measurements in saliva samples. BM cells and saliva samples are collected prior to and 0.5 h after CBCT examination. BM cells are also collected 24 h after CBCT examination. DNA DSBs are monitored in BM cells via immunocytochemical staining for γH2AX and 53BP1. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and total antioxidant capacity are measured in saliva to assess oxidative damage. RESULTS Validation experiments show that sufficient BM cells are collected (97.1 ± 1.4 %) and that γH2AX/53BP1 foci can be detected before and after CBCT examination. Collection and analysis of saliva samples, either sham exposed or exposed to IR, show that changes in 8-oxo-dG and total antioxidant capacity can be detected in saliva samples after CBCT examination. CONCLUSION The DIMITRA Research Group presents a two-part protocol to analyze potential age-related biological differences following CBCT examinations. This protocol was validated for collecting BM cells and saliva and for analyzing these samples for DNA DSBs and oxidative stress markers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liese Gilles
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Piroska Virag
- ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Hedesiu
- ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- Department of Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Lab and Dental Medicine, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bretonneau Hospital, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- University of Namur, Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
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The Effects of Low-Dose Irradiation on Human Saliva: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9030101. [PMID: 31443529 PMCID: PMC6787699 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological effects of low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) have been unclear until now. Saliva, because of the ease of collection, could be valuable in studying low-dose IR effects by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The objective of our study was to compare the salivary SER spectra recorded before and after low-dose IR exposure in the case of pediatric patients (PP). Unstimulated saliva was collected from ten PP before and after irradiation with a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) machine used for diagnostic purposes. The SERS measurements have been recorded on dried saliva samples using a solid nanosilver plasmonic substrate synthesized using an original method developed in our laboratory. The experimental results showed that salivary SER spectra are dominated by three vibrational bands (441,735 and 2107 cm-1) that can be assigned to bending and stretching vibrations of salivary thiocyanate (SCN-). After exposure, an immediate increase of vibrational bands assigned to SCN- has been recorded in the case of all samples, probably as a result of IR interaction with oral cavity. This finding suggests that SCN- could be used as a valuable biomarker for the detection and identification of low-dose radiation effects.
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Attlee A, Hasan H, AlQattan A, Sarhan N, Alshammari R, Ali S, Nabil M, Alattrash A, Raigangar V, Madkour M, Unnikannan H, Awadallah S. Relationship of salivary adipocytokines, diet quality, physical activity, and nutrition status in adult Emirati females in United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:40-46. [PMID: 30641732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The United Arab Emirates (UAE) ranks as the fifth most obese country with increasing cardio-metabolic risks. In this paper, relationships of salivary adipocytokines (markers of cardio-metabolic syndrome), diet quality and physical activity in 90 normal-weight, overweight and obese (30 subjects in each group) Emirati adult females were investigated. METHODS A cross-sectional research design was adopted. Anthropometric measurements, diet quality and physical activity questionnaires were administered. Overnight fasting saliva was collected to determine levels of adiponectin, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS Salivary adiponectin was significantly lower, while TNF-α was higher in obese than normal-weight subjects. IL-10 displayed a lower trend in obese subjects. Though diet quality and physical activity did not exhibit significant differences among the three groups, better diet quality and higher physical activity level were reported among normal-weight subjects. Salivary TNF-α correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.37; p < 0.001) and waist circumference (r = 0.31; p < 0.001), while adiponectin correlated negatively with BMI (r = -0.28; p < 0.05). IL-10 showed negative trend in correlation with obesity measures. Correlations were not observed between diet quality and physical activity with salivary adipocytokines. Interestingly, a significant negative correlation emerged between diet quality and neck circumference (r = -0.24; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that salivary adipocytokines correlate with obesity measures and can serve as convenient adjunct method in predicting cardio-metabolic risks in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Attlee
- Nutrition and Health Department, College of Food and Agriculture, University Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Afra AlQattan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nada Sarhan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Razan Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shaikha Ali
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Maryam Nabil
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Alaa Alattrash
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Veena Raigangar
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed Madkour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hema Unnikannan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Samir Awadallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Nasiriani K, Torki F, Jarahzadeh MH, Rashidi Maybodi F. The Effect of Brushing with a Soft Toothbrush and Distilled Water on the Incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit. TANAFFOS 2016; 15:101-107. [PMID: 27904542 PMCID: PMC5127611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common nosocomial infection, which results in longer hospitalization, increased treatment costs, and higher mortality rates. One major cause of VAP is colonization and microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions following the formation of dental plaque, which is due to poor oral hygiene and failure to mechanically remove these microorganisms from the teeth. This study was conducted to determine the effect of brushing teeth with distilled water on the incidence of VAP in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 168 intubated patients, who had at least 20 teeth were randomly assigned to two groups. In the experimental group, the patients' teeth were brushed twice a day with a children's toothbrush and distilled water in addition to the routine oral care. The clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) was used to diagnose VAP. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. RESULTS A total of 38.6% of the patients in each group developed VAP. There was a significant difference in incidence of VAP on day five between the two groups (P<0.05). The incidence of VAP had a significant relationship with smoking (P<0.001), underlying diseases (P<0.001), duration of hospitalization (P=0.002), and age (P<0.001). Enterobacter was the most common microorganism identified in both groups. CONCLUSION According to our results, tooth brushing twice daily with distilled water reduced the incidence of VAP in patients admitted to the ICU. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses caring for ventilator-dependent patients brush the patients' teeth with distilled water as a part of their routine oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Nasiriani
- Nursing Department, Nursing - Midwifery School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd-Iran
| | - Fakhri Torki
- Nursing Department, Nursing - Midwifery School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd-Iran,,Correspondence to: Torki F Address: Nursing Department, Nursing - Midwifery School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd-Iran Email address:
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jarahzadeh
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Medical School, Shahid Sadooghi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Rashidi Maybodi
- Periodontology Department, Dental School, Shahid Sadoughi University Of Medical Sciences School, Yazd, Iran
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Coker E, Ploeg J, Kaasalainen S, Fisher A. A concept analysis of oral hygiene care in dependent older adults. J Adv Nurs 2013; 69:2360-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Coker
- Hamilton Health Sciences - St Peter's Hospital; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Jenny Ploeg
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Department of Health, Aging, and Society; McMaster University - School of Nursing; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | | | - Anita Fisher
- McMaster University - School of Nursing; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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Couch E, Mead JM, Walsh MM. Oral health perceptions of paediatric palliative care nursing staff. Int J Palliat Nurs 2013; 19:9-15. [DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Marie Mead
- Nursing Education Liaison, George Mark Children’s House, San Leandro, California, USA
| | - Margaret M Walsh
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Ameringer S, Munro C, Elswick RK. Assessing agreement between salivary alpha amylase levels collected by passive drool and eluted filter paper in adolescents with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2012; 39:E317-23. [PMID: 22750901 DOI: 10.1188/12.onf.e317-e323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of filter paper (FP) against the gold standard of passive drool (PD) for collecting salivary alpha amylase as a surrogate biomarker of psychological stress in adolescents with cancer. DESIGN Part of a longitudinal, descriptive study of symptoms in adolescents with cancer during chemotherapy. SETTING A pediatric hematology/oncology treatment center. SAMPLE 33 saliva sample pairs from nine adolescents with cancer, aged 13-18 years. METHODS Salivary alpha amylase was collected by PD and FP at four time points during a cycle of chemotherapy: days 1 (time 1) and 2 (time 2) of chemotherapy, day 7-10 (time 3), and day 1 of the next cycle (time 4). A random effects regression was used to assess the correlation between PD and FP values, and a Bland Altman analysis was conducted to assess agreement between the values. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Salivary alpha amylase. FINDINGS The estimated correlation between PD and FP values was r = 0.91, p < 0.001. Regression results were also used to rescale FP values to the levels of the PD values because the FP values were on a different scale than the PD values. The Bland Altman analysis revealed that the agreement between the rescaled FP values and PD values was not satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS Eluted FP may not be a valid method for collecting salivary alpha amylase in adolescents with cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Psychological stress in adolescents with cancer may be linked to negative outcomes, such as greater symptom severity and post-traumatic stress disorder. Nurses need valid, efficient, biobehavioral measures to assess psychological stress in the clinical setting.
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Effects of a standard versus comprehensive oral care protocol among intubated neuroscience ICU patients: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosci Nurs 2012; 44:134-46; quiz 147-8. [PMID: 22555350 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0b013e3182510688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare changes in oral health during intubation until 48 hours after extubation in neuroscience intensive care unit (ICU) patients enrolled in a standard or a comprehensive oral care protocol. The effects of manual toothbrushing (standard group, n = 31) were compared with those of tongue scraping, electric toothbrushing, and moisturizing (comprehensive group, n = 25) in intubated patients in a neuroscience ICU in a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Oral health was evaluated based on the Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) on enrollment, the day of extubation, and 48 hours after extubation. There were no significant differences in the frequency of the oral care protocol. Protocol compliance exceeded 91% in both groups. The total OAG score and all eight categories significantly deteriorated (Friedman test, p < .001, Bonferroni corrected) in the standard oral care group and did not return to baseline after extubation. Large effect sizes were present at all three points in this group. The total OAG score deteriorated during intubation within the comprehensive protocol group (Friedman test, p < .004) but returned to baseline status after extubation. In four categories, the ratings on tongue, mucous membranes, gingiva, and teeth did not deteriorate significantly over time. Published oral care protocols are substandard in promoting and maintaining oral health in intubated patients. A comprehensive oral care protocol, using a tongue scraper, an electrical toothbrush, and pharmacological moisturizers, was more effective for oral hygiene throughout intubation and after extubation than manual toothbrushing alone.
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Comparison of biomarkers in blood and saliva in healthy adults. Nurs Res Pract 2012; 2012:246178. [PMID: 22619709 PMCID: PMC3350846 DOI: 10.1155/2012/246178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers measure biomarkers as a reflection of patient health status or intervention outcomes. While blood is generally regarded as the best body fluid for evaluation of systemic processes, substitution of saliva samples for blood would be less invasive and more convenient. The concentration of specific biomarkers may differ between blood and saliva. The objective of this study was to compare multiple biomarkers (27 cytokines) in plasma samples, passive drool saliva samples, and filter paper saliva samples in 50 healthy adults. Demographic data and three samples were obtained from each subject: saliva collected on filter paper over 1 minute, saliva collected by passive drool over 30 seconds, and venous blood (3 mL) collected by venipuncture. Cytokines were assayed using Bio-Rad multiplex suspension array technology. Descriptive statistics and pairwise correlations were used for data analysis. The sample was 52% male and 74% white. Mean age was 26 (range = 19–63 years, sd = 9.7). The most consistent and highest correlations were between the passive drool and filter paper saliva samples, although relationships were dependent on the specific biomarker. Correlations were not robust enough to support substitution of one collection method for another. There was little correlation between the plasma and passive drool saliva samples. Caution should be used in substituting saliva for blood, and relationships differ by biomarker.
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Oral health and hygiene content in nursing fundamentals textbooks. Nurs Res Pract 2012; 2012:372617. [PMID: 22567224 PMCID: PMC3337500 DOI: 10.1155/2012/372617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe the quantity and quality of oral hygiene content in a representative sample of before-licensure nursing fundamentals textbooks. Seven textbooks were examined. Quantity was operationalized as the actual page count and percentage of content devoted to oral health and hygiene. Quality of content was operationalized as congruency with best mouth care practices. Best mouth care practices included evidence-based and consensus-based practices as published primarily by the American Dental Association and supported by both published nursing research and review articles specific to mouth care and published dental research and review articles specific to mouth care. Content devoted to oral health and hygiene averaged 0.6%. Although the quality of the content was highly variable, nearly every textbook contained some erroneous or outdated information. The most common areas for inaccuracy included the use of foam sponges for mouth care in dentate persons instead of soft toothbrushes and improper denture removal.
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Sreenivasan PK, Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ. The effect of a microbead dentifrice on microbial load in oral microenvironments. Int J Dent Hyg 2011; 9:136-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grap MJ, Munro CL, Hamilton VA, Elswick RK, Sessler CN, Ward KR. Early, single chlorhexidine application reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients. Heart Lung 2011; 40:e115-22. [PMID: 21411151 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important complication of mechanical ventilation and is particularly common in trauma, burn, and surgical patients. Interventions that kill bacteria in the oropharynx reduce the pool of viable organisms available for translocation to the lung and thereby lessen the likelihood of developing VAP. Repeated administration of chlorhexidine (CHX) to the mouth and oropharynx has been shown to reduce the incidence of VAP, but use of a single dose has not been studied. This randomized, controlled clinical trial tested an early (within 12 hours of intubation) application of CHX by swab versus control (no swab) on oral microbial flora and VAP. METHODS A total of 145 trauma patients requiring endotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to the intervention (5 mL CHX) or control group. VAP (Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score [CPIS] ≥ 6) was evaluated on study admission and at 48 and 72 hours after intubation. RESULTS A total of 145 patients were enrolled; 71 and 74 patients were randomized to intervention and control groups, respectively. Seventy percent of the patients were male, and 60% were white; their mean age was 42.4 years (±18.2). A significant treatment effect was found on CPIS both from admission to 48 hours (P = .020) and to 72 hours (P = .027). In those subjects without pneumonia at baseline (CPIS < 6), 55.6% of the control patients (10/18) had developed VAP by 48 or 72 hours versus only 33.3% of the intervention patients (7/21). CONCLUSION an early, single application of CHX to the oral cavity significantly reduces CPIS and thus VAP in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Grap
- Adult Health and Nursing Systems Department of the School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0567, USA.
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Soh KL, Soh KG, Japar S, Raman RA, Davidson PM. A cross-sectional study on nurses’ oral care practice for mechanically ventilated patients in Malaysia. J Clin Nurs 2011; 20:733-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roca Biosca A, Anguera Saperas L, García Grau N, Rubio Rico L, Velasco Guillén MC. [Prevention of mechanical ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of two different oral hygiene methods]. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2011; 22:104-11. [PMID: 21256786 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfi.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral hygiene (OH) forms a part of the patient's safety in the prevention of mechanical ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The dental plaque index (DP) is considered as a quality marker for OH. HYPOTHESIS The association of electric toothbrush and conventional OH in intubated patients decreases the DP and incidence of VAP. OBJECTIVE To verify the reduction of DP in patients receiving OH and electric toothbrush and its association with to the decrease of VAP incidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3-year long randomized, single blind and prospective study conducted in a 14-bed polyvalent intensive care unit. Patients were included when there was more than 48hours of mechanical ventilation and no expected respiratory infection. Patients were randomized into two groups: Standard (OH with chlorhexidine) (GS) and Raspall (Standard OH with electric dental brush) (GR). The VAP was identified following clinical, medical and microbiological criteria. The DP and halitosis were observed daily. Oral and pharyngeal swabs were collected during the first 5 days. RESULTS 147 patients were included. Mean age was 53.9±17.5. No significant differences were found in the VAP incidence between the two groups (OR=0.78; 95% IC, 0.36-1.68; p=0.56). The relation between halitosis and DP was p=0.7. The dental plaque index on the 5th day was 1.98 (n=60) in GR and 2.04 (n=57) in GS (p=0.3). The dental plaque index on the 10th day was 1.68 (n=29) in GR and 1.91 (n=32) in GS (p=0.7). CONCLUSIONS There is a tendency towards a decrease in the DP which is clearing in the GR group and no relation between VAP and greater DP or halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roca Biosca
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, and Departament d'Infermeria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
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Dias GG, Prado EFGB, Vadasz E, Siqueira JTT. Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Dental Plaque Control Program in Autistic Patients. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40:704-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barrow SYL. Is your knowledge up-to-date? COPD. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 7:303-7. [PMID: 19832921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan L Barrow
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Jablonski RA, Swecker T, Munro C, Grap MJ, Ligon M. Measuring the Oral Health of Nursing Home Elders. Clin Nurs Res 2009; 18:200-17. [DOI: 10.1177/1054773809335306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary purposes of this descriptive and prospective pilot study was to test the feasibility of a nursing and dental hygiene team to measure specific oral health indices in a sample of older adults residing in nursing homes (NHs). The secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between plaque and dentate status. Oral health indicators, functional status scores, and behavioral scores were collected and analyzed from 38 female NH residents from two geographically, organizationally, and economically diverse NHs. Persons with dentures had significantly lower plaque scores than those with natural dentition. Rural NH residents and African American NH residents had fewer filled teeth, indicating a potential lack of access to dental care. Oral health indicators were collected safely and efficiently from NH residents using a nursing and dental hygiene collaborative approach. Nursing and dental hygiene collaborations hold promise for improving the oral health in institutionalized elders.
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Powers J, Brower A, Tolliver S. Impact of oral hygiene on prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in neuroscience patients. J Nurs Care Qual 2007; 22:316-21. [PMID: 17873728 DOI: 10.1097/01.ncq.0000290412.04522.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications among critically ill patients. Growth of pathogenic bacteria in dental plaque may serve as the source of these infections. This performance improvement initiative evaluated an aggressive oral care approach to prevent the accumulation of plaque containing bacteria. Our data support the use of these oral care measures and deep oral-pharyngeal suctioning for the prevention of aspiration of oral contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Powers
- Critical Care and Neuroscience, Methodist Hospital, Clarian Health Partners, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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