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Al-Essa A. Snellen iPad App versus Traditional Light-Box Snellen Chart in Distance Visual Acuity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1745-S1747. [PMID: 38882850 PMCID: PMC11174297 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_875_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to discover distance visual acuity (VA) assessments through the display of the Snellen chart on the iPad tablet. The findings are equivalent to those obtained using the conventional light-box Snellen chart. In this work, the Snellen iPad app and Eye Chart HD iOS app are utilized among the participants in the Ophthalmology Outpatient Department (OPD) for determining VA. A cross-sectional method was used for the examination, which included 100 new patients who were chosen by random selection. The age requirement for new patients was 8 years and up for both genders. Patients with a VA of less than 6/30 were disqualified from the experiment. Two testing modalities are used to measure VA, such as the iPad Mini 2 with the iOS software Eye Chart HD and the classic Snellen light-box chart. The observation revealed that the Snellen iPad app and the classic light-box Snellen chart produced equivalent findings. The classic Snellen chart may have been memorized by participants before their eye examination, undermining the accuracy of the conclusions of the initial testing modality used. Patient-related variables were also identified as confounders. Future studies should adjust the brightness of the iPad Mini 2 and the traditional light-box Snellen chart to make sure that neither experiment modality's brightness affects the accuracy of the findings. Future research should also investigate the use of premium apps, use both devices, and employ a bigger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiad Al-Essa
- Department of Ophthalmology, MMU Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Abdelshafy Tabl A, Bendary M, Abdelshafy Tabl M. Accuracy of Mobile-Based Vision Chart in Clinical Practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024; 31:107-111. [PMID: 37114364 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2207202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The accuracy of mobile-based visual acuity testing in clinical practice is debatable. This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of mobile-based distant vision chart in comparison to the standard chart projector. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, monocular distant best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in 571 eyes of 288 subjects was measured twice, using the Tumbling E vision chart by standard chart projector and repeated using mobile-based vision chart application with screen mirroring on a 22-inch monitor. The decimal results of BCVA were compared to analyze the accuracy of the mobile-based chart in comparison to the standard vision chart projector. RESULTS The mean age of the studied patients was 29 ± 14 years. The most frequent refractive error was hyperopia (35.4%), followed by emmetropia (26.7%), myopia (22.9%), and astigmatism (14.9%). The mean BCVA in decimal form was 0.9 ± 0.2 and 0.91 ± 0.26 by the standard and mobile-based charts, respectively. An excellent agreement was reported between both tests as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.976, with a confidence interval (CI) of 0.965-0.982. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that most visual acuity differences between both methods lie on the equality line or within the allowed difference zone. CONCLUSIONS The mobile-based vision chart is an economical, accessible, and accurate way for distant vision assessment, and its results are comparable to the standard chart projector in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Bendary
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Atchison DA, Lal B, Schmid KL, Romeo B, Carkeet A. Vision screening using the Acuidrive device. Clin Exp Optom 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38350442 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2255867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding devices used for vision screening, including their potential utilisation and validity, will facilitate proper utilisation of this technology. BACKGROUND The Acuidrive is a self-illuminated, hand-held, visual acuity screening device intended for use in policing, with visual acuity assessed roadside to identify drivers who may not meet vision standards for driving. The target is presented binocularly at 24 cm, and +4.00 D lenses eliminate the accommodation requirement. This study investigates its validity and applicability relative to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. METHODS There were 36 participants, half younger adults aged 18-30 years and half older adults aged 50-70 years. The subjects underwent binocular visual acuity testing using the Acuidrive device and an ETDRS chart displayed on a monitor. Eyes were corrected for distance using lenses in a trial frame, and additional trial lenses provided four blur levels: zero, +0.50 DS, +1.00 DS and +1.50 DS. Luminances for the devices were similar at approximately 100 cd/m2. ETDRS chart measurements were conducted both with room lighting on and off. RESULTS The Acuidrive device underestimated the ETDRS visual acuity across all blur levels, with mean differences of 0.24 ± 0.07 logMAR and 0.18 ± 0.10 logMAR for room lights on and off, respectively. To predict ETDRS visual acuity of poorer than 0.34 logMAR (6/12=), a screening level of 0.50 logMAR (6/19) with the Acuidrive device provided high sensitivity and specificity (86% and 79% with lights-on, and 85% and 78% with lights-off). Visual acuity was better for the older group than the younger group by approximately 0.10 logMAR. CONCLUSION There was an offset of 0.2 logMAR (two lines) between visual acuity measures for the Acuidrive device and an ETDRS chart. The Acuidrive device has the potential to be a viable screening tool with refinement to its construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Atchison
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barsha Lal
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrina L Schmid
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bianca Romeo
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Carkeet
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Cheng L, Peng S, Hao H, Ye D, Xu L, Zuo Y, Huang J. Effect of different screen brightness and devices on online visual acuity test. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:641-649. [PMID: 37606825 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to study the difference in test results of online visual acuity (VA) test under different devices and screen brightness conditions and to compare online VA test with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). METHODS Healthy volunteers with the best corrected VA of 0.0 LogMAR or higher were recruited. VAs under ETDRS were tested first, and then online VA test (the Stanford Acuity Test, StAT) visual acuities using iPad Air2 and Microsoft Surface pro4 under 50% and 100% screen brightness were performed. The VA results and the testing times were compared between different devices and screen brightness conditions. RESULTS A total of 101 eyes were included in this study. The VA results measured by the StAT were better than those of ETDRS. The VA results measured at 100% screen brightness were better than those of 50% brightness (mean difference, 0.013 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter); the VA results measured by iPad Air2 were better than those of Surface pro4 (mean difference, -0.009 logMAR at most, less than 1 letter). Significantly less time was spent on VA testing under StAT than that under ETDRS. CONCLUSION The impact of screen brightness and the device on the VA results generated by online VA tests was clinically insignificant. In addition, online VA tests are found to be reliable and more time efficient than ETDRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hua Hao
- Environmental Health Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Yajing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen University, 7 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Schmetterer L, Scholl H, Garhöfer G, Janeschitz-Kriegl L, Corvi F, Sadda SR, Medeiros FA. Endpoints for clinical trials in ophthalmology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101160. [PMID: 36599784 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With the identification of novel targets, the number of interventional clinical trials in ophthalmology has increased. Visual acuity has for a long time been considered the gold standard endpoint for clinical trials, but in the recent years it became evident that other endpoints are required for many indications including geographic atrophy and inherited retinal disease. In glaucoma the currently available drugs were approved based on their IOP lowering capacity. Some recent findings do, however, indicate that at the same level of IOP reduction, not all drugs have the same effect on visual field progression. For neuroprotection trials in glaucoma, novel surrogate endpoints are required, which may either include functional or structural parameters or a combination of both. A number of potential surrogate endpoints for ophthalmology clinical trials have been identified, but their validation is complicated and requires solid scientific evidence. In this article we summarize candidates for clinical endpoints in ophthalmology with a focus on retinal disease and glaucoma. Functional and structural biomarkers, as well as quality of life measures are discussed, and their potential to serve as endpoints in pivotal trials is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore; Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hendrik Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucas Janeschitz-Kriegl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Corvi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felipe A Medeiros
- Vision, Imaging and Performance Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Samanta A, Mauntana S, Barsi Z, Yarlagadda B, Nelson PC. Is your vision blurry? A systematic review of home-based visual acuity for telemedicine. J Telemed Telecare 2023; 29:81-90. [PMID: 33222600 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20970398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visual acuity (VA) testing is a vital screening tool for the assessment of ocular function. The coronavirus 2019 pandemic has caused an immediate need for synchronous telemedicine in all specialties, including ophthalmology. While a plethora of mobile VA applications exist, there is no consensus as to what technology can accurately and reproducibly measure a patient's vision at home. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in April 2020 using PubMed, Embase and Medline, identifying English publications from 2010 to 2020 on remote VA tests: 4338 articles were identified and 14 were ultimately included in the review. RESULTS Of those 14, the highest quality studies, best reproducibility and correlation with in-clinic acuities measured were found using the Peek Acuity application. The studies included patients throughout the world aged 3-97, with and without correction, with known ocular pathology.The Peek Acuity studies measured distance vision on a Samsung Galaxy S3 with a mean difference of 0.055 Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (LogMAR) for home testing compared with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Test-retest variability was ±0.029 LogMAR for 95% confidence interval limits. DISCUSSION There can be one or more lines of variability in vision testing in a clinical setting using reference standard ETDRS and clinical standard Snellen charts. Test-retest reliability is not perfect even on standard clinical charts (variation up to 0.48 LogMAR). Of the technologies reviewed, Peek Acuity home testing had the greatest correlation with ETDRS clinical vision and high test-retest reliability. Peek Acuity performed no worse than Snellen and ETDRS charts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Samanta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shielah Mauntana
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Zahra Barsi
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Bina Yarlagadda
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia C Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Abdulhussein D, Abdul Hussein M, Szymanka M, Farag S. A systematic review of the current availability of mobile applications in eyecare practices. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 33:11206721221131397. [PMID: 36199266 PMCID: PMC9999269 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221131397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing shift towards non-communicable eye diseases (NCEDs) because of a demographic transition. Incorporation of telemedicine into everyday clinical practice is becoming increasingly popular. We sought to carry out a systematic review to look at which applications on portable devices are available for use in eyecare practices for patients with NCEDs, specifically refractive error, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma. METHODS Pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, PsychInfo databases were systematically searched using keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible articles included peer-reviewed, original full text articles evaluating apps for use on portable devices aimed at patients with NCEDs. RESULTS The initial search yielded 100 studies. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, and an additional eight studies were identified through reference screening. Of the included studies, 29.4%% (n = 5) evaluated applications aimed for use to identify refractive errors, 35.3% (n = 6) aimed at patients with glaucoma, 23.5% (n = 4) for use by patients with AMD, 11.7% (n = 2) for the non-specific monitoring of visual acuity/fields. 76.5% (n = 13) of the studies showed that the application evaluated was an effective and reliable tool compared to clinical standards. CONCLUSIONS Portable device applications in patients with NCED have been shown to be effective. The use of these apps for patients is limited to either diagnostic or monitoring use. There is scope for apps which encompass other aspects of patient care that have been used in other specialties that may be applied to ophthalmic patients, including those with an educational aim which have a role in increasing compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abdulhussein
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - M Szymanka
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Farag
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Stoll N, Di Foggia E, Speeg-Schatz C, Meunier H, Rimele A, Ancé P, Moreau PH, Sauer A. Development and validation of a new method for visual acuity assesment on tablet in pediatric population: eMOVA test. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35439959 PMCID: PMC9020062 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amblyopia is a major public health concern. Its screening and management require reliable methods of visual acuity assessment. New technologies offer nowadays many tests available on different app stores for smartphone or tablet but most of them often lack of scientific validation for a medical use. The aim of our study was to attempt validating a tablet-based near visual acuity test adapted to the pediatric population: the eMOVA test (electronic Measurement Of Visual Acuity) by comparing visual acuity measured with more conventional test. METHODS A cohort of 100 children aged 3 to 8 attending the ophthalmic-pediatric for eye examination between September 2016 and June 2017 were included in the study. Near visual acuity was assessed on participants using both the eMOVA test and a Standard test (Rossano-Weiss test). Duration of each test, its comprehension, its acceptability and the attention of the child during the test was also investigated. RESULTS The eMOVA test overestimated near visual acuity by 0.06 logMAR. This difference, statistically significant, was not clinically relevant. The duration of the eMOVA test was longer than the reference test, but less discomfort and preferred by children and their parents compared to standard tests. CONCLUSION The eMOVA test appears as a reliable test to assess near visual acuity in children. By its portability and efficiency, this application proved to be a relevant tool to be used for children eye examination in daily routine at the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Stoll
- Three borders ophthalmologic center, 76 rue de Battenheim, 68170, Rixheim, France.
| | - Elsa Di Foggia
- Colmar Civil Hospitals, 39 avenue de la Liberté, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Claude Speeg-Schatz
- University professor, University hospitals of Strasbourg, 1 quai Louis Pasteur, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Cognitive and Adaptative Neuroscience Laboratory, Strasbourg University, 67000, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Adam Rimele
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Pascal Ancé
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Moreau
- SILABE Platform, Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, 67207, Niederhausbergen, France
| | - Arnaud Sauer
- University professor, University hospitals of Strasbourg, 1 quai Louis Pasteur, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Bellsmith KN, Gale MJ, Yang S, Nguyen IB, Prentiss CJ, Nguyen LT, Mershon S, Summers AI, Thomas M. Validation of Home Visual Acuity Tests for Telehealth in the COVID-19 Era. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:465-471. [PMID: 35357405 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Visual acuity (VA) is one of the most important clinical data points in ophthalmology. However, few options for validated at-home VA assessments are currently available. Objective To validate 3 at-home visual acuity tests in comparison with in-office visual acuity. Design, Setting, and Participants Between July 2020 and April 2021, eligible participants with VA of 20/200 or better were recruited from 4 university-based ophthalmology clinics (comprehensive, cornea, glaucoma, and retina clinics). Participants were prospectively randomized to self-administer 2 of 3 at-home VA tests (printed chart, mobile phone app, and website) within 3 days before their standard-of-care clinic visit. Participants completed a survey assessing usability of the at-home tests. At the clinic visit, best-corrected Snellen distance acuity was measured as the reference standard. Main Outcomes and Measures The at-home VA test results were compared with the in-office VA test results using paired and unpaired t tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and Cohen κ agreement. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of each at-home test were calculated to detect significant VA changes (≥0.2 logMAR) from the in-office baseline. Results A total of 121 participants with a mean (SD) age of 63.8 (13.0) years completed the study. The mean in-office VA was 0.11 logMAR (Snellen equivalent 20/25) with similar numbers of participants from the 4 clinics. Mean difference (logMAR) between the at-home test and in-office acuity was -0.07 (95% CI, -0.10 to -0.04) for the printed chart, -0.12 (95% CI, -0.15 to -0.09) for the mobile phone app, and -0.13 (95% CI, -0.16 to -0.10) for the website test. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the printed chart was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.79), mobile phone app was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.46-0.69), and website test was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.53-0.73). Conclusions and Relevance The 3 at-home VA test results (printed chart, mobile phone app, and website) appeared comparable within 1 line to in-office VA measurements. Older participants were more likely to have limited access to digital tools. Further development and validation of at-home VA testing modalities is needed with the expansion of teleophthalmology care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Gale
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Sen Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | | | | | - Luan T Nguyen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Sam Mershon
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | | | - Merina Thomas
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Suo L, Ke X, Zhang D, Qin X, Chen X, Hong Y, Dai W, Wu D, Zhang C, Zhang D. Use of Mobile Apps for Visual Acuity Assessment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2022; 10:e26275. [PMID: 35156935 PMCID: PMC8887635 DOI: 10.2196/26275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vision impairments (VIs) and blindness are major global public health issues. A visual acuity (VA) test is one of the most crucial standard psychophysical tests of visual function and has been widely used in a broad range of health care domains, especially in many clinical settings. In recent years, there has been increasing research on mobile app–based VA assessment designed to allow people to test their VA at any time and any location. Objective The goal of the review was to assess the accuracy and reliability of using mobile VA measurement apps. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant articles on mobile apps for VA assessment published between January 1, 2008, and July 1, 2020. Two researchers independently inspected and selected relevant studies. Eventually, we included 22 studies that assessed tablet or smartphone apps for VA measurement. We then analyzed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the 6 papers we found through a meta-analysis. Results Most of the 22 selected studies can be considered of high quality based on the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2. In a meta-analysis of 6 studies involving 24,284 participants, we categorized the studies based on the age groups of the study participants (ie, aged 3-5 years, aged 6-22 years, and aged 55 years and older), examiner (ie, professional and nonprofessional examiners), and the type of mobile devices (ie, smartphone, iPad). In the group aged 3 to 5 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.93; P=.39), and the pooled specificity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.85; P=.37). In the group aged 6 to 22 years, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (95% CI 0.84-0.87; P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91; P=.27). In the group aged 55 years and older, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.85 (95% CI 0.55-0.98), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). We found that the nonprofessional examiner group (AUC 0.93) had higher accuracy than the professional examiner group (AUC 0.87). In the iPad-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86, and the pooled specificity was 0.79. In the smartphone-based group, the pooled sensitivity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.86 (P<.001), and the pooled specificity for VA app tests versus clinical VA tests was 0.91 (P<.001). Conclusions In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the research on existing mobile apps for VA tests to investigate their diagnostic value and limitations. Evidence gained from this study suggests that mobile app–based VA tests can be useful for on-demand VI detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingge Suo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghan Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanwei Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsong Zhang
- Department of Business Information Systems and Operations Management, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Mena-Guevara KJ, Piñero DP, de Fez D. Validation of Digital Applications for Evaluation of Visual Parameters: A Narrative Review. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5040058. [PMID: 34842847 PMCID: PMC8628957 DOI: 10.3390/vision5040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review aimed to collect and critically analyze the scientific peer-reviewed literature that is available about the use of digital applications for evaluation of visual parameters in electronic devices (tablets and smartphones), confirming if there are studies calibrating and validating each of these applications. Three bibliographic search engines (using the search equation described in the paper) and the Mendeley reference manager search engine were used to complete the analysis. Only articles written in English and that are evaluating the use of tests in healthy patients to measure or characterize any visual function aspects using tablets or smartphones were included. Articles using electronic visual tests to assess the results of surgical procedures or are conducted in pathological conditions were excluded. A total of 19 articles meeting these inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally analyzed. One critical point of all these studies is that there was no mention of the characterization (spatial and/or colorimetrical) of screens and the stimuli used in most of them. Only two studies described some level of calibration of the digital device before the beginning of the study. Most revised articles described non-controlled comparatives studies (73.7%), reporting some level of scientific evidence on the validation of tools, although more consistent studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Mena-Guevara
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
- Department of Pathology, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - David P. Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965903500
| | - Dolores de Fez
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (K.J.M.-G.); (D.d.F.)
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12
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Bardes JM, Grabo DJ, Donovan J, Albuquerque A, Coleman KC, Wen S, Wilson A, Nguyen J, Bardes A. Half of geriatric trauma patients have significant ocular disease: Findings of a novel trauma provider eye examination for vision screening. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:148-153. [PMID: 34144562 PMCID: PMC8243858 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geriatric ground level fall is a common admission diagnosis for trauma centers in the United States. Visual health has been linked to fall risk reduction in older adult but is rarely fully evaluated during a trauma admission. Using a commercial application and a questionnaire, we developed and tested a trauma provider eye examination (TPEE) to screen visual health. This study used the TPEE to (1) evaluate the prevalence of undiagnosed or undertreated visual disease in geriatric trauma patients and (2) determine the feasibility and reliability of the TPEE to screen for vision disease. METHODS This prospective study included patients older than 60 years evaluated by the trauma service from June 2019 to May 2020. Patients with ocular or globe trauma were excluded. The primary outcome was significant abnormal vision (SAV) found using the TPEE. Ophthalmology performed a dilated examination as the criterion standard for comparison. We assessed the feasibility and reliability of the TPEE. Fisher's exact test and logistic model were used in the data analysis. RESULTS Enrollment concluded with 96 patients. Mean age was 75 years, and fall (79%) was the most common mechanism of injury. Significant abnormal vision was common: undiagnosed disease was found in 39% and undertreated in 14%. Trauma provider examination was 94% sensitive and 92% specific for SAV cases. Congruence between TPEE and ophthalmology examination was highest in pupil examination (86%), visual fields (58%), and Amsler grid (52%). Multivariate analysis found that a combination of an abnormal Amsler test and abnormal visual field defect was significantly associated with SAV (odds ratio, 4.1; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Trauma provider eye examination screening can identify patients with visual deficits. Given the association between visual deficits and fall risk, older adults may benefit from such a screening or a formal ophthalmology referral. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management, level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Bardes
- From the Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (J.M.B., D.J.G., K.C.C., A.W.), West Virginia University; West Virginia University School of Medicine (J.D.); West Virginia University Health Sciences Research and Graduate Education (A.A.); Division of Biostatistics (S.W.), West Virginia University School of Public Health; and Department of Ophthalmology (J.N., A.B.), West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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13
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Claessens JLJ, Geuvers JR, Imhof SM, Wisse RPL. Digital Tools for the Self-Assessment of Visual Acuity: A Systematic Review. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 10:715-730. [PMID: 34169468 PMCID: PMC8225487 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-021-00360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous digital tools to self-assess visual acuity have been introduced. The recent COVID-19 pandemic underlined the need for high-quality remote care. This review gives a current overview of digital tools for remotely assessing visual function and reports on their accuracy. Methods We searched the databases of Embase and Pubmed, and systematically reviewed the literature, conforming to PRISMA guidelines. Two preliminary papers were added from medRxiv.org. The main outcome was the agreement of the digital tools with conventional clinical charts, as expressed by mean differences and 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA). Results Seventeen publications included studies reported on 13 different digital tools. Most of the tools focus on distance visual acuity. The mean differences of the digital tools ranged from − 0.08 to 0.10 logMAR, when compared to traditional clinical assessments. The 95% LoA differed considerably between studies: from ± 0.08 logMAR to ± 0.47 logMAR, though the variability was less pronounced for higher visual acuities. Conclusion The low mean differences between digital visual acuity assessments and reference charts suggest clinical equivalence, though the wide 95% LoA identify a lower precision of digital self-assessments. This effect diminishes in individuals with better visual acuities, which is a common feature of visual acuity assessments. There is great potential for the digital tools to increase access to eye care and we expect the accuracy of the current tools to improve with every iteration in technology development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40123-021-00360-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneau L J Claessens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Judith R Geuvers
- Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia M Imhof
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P L Wisse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Silverstein E, Williams JS, Brown JR, Bylykbashi E, Stinnett SS. Teleophthalmology: Evaluation of Phone-based Visual Acuity in a Pediatric Population. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 221:199-206. [PMID: 32791067 PMCID: PMC7417903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose With the recent rise of teleophthalmology due to coronavirus disease, health care needs accurate and reliable methods of checking visual acuity remotely. The visual acuity as measured by the GoCheck Kids application was compared with that of the Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS) and the authors' clinic protocol. Design This was a prospective, comparison of visual acuity assessment methods. Methods Established patients (3-18 years of age) in the practice of a single pediatric ophthalmologist were eligible. Visual acuity was measured 1) by GoCheck Kids mobile application, by the patient's family member; 2) by HOTV-ATS, by study personnel; and 3) by regular clinic protocol, by an ophthalmic technician. To assess agreement between measurement of acuity, intraclass correlations with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. Results A total of 53 children participated. The mean differences between GoCheck Kids and HOTV-ATS acuities (0.094) were significantly different (P < .001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.40-0.68). The mean differences between GoCheck Kids and chart acuities (0.010) were not significantly different (P = .319; ICC: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.45-0.71). The mean differences between HOTV-ATS and chart acuities (0.084) were significantly different (P < .001; ICC: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.53-0.76). The percentages of eyes with visual acuity measured by GoCheck Kids within 1 line of the HOTV-ATS and chart acuity were 65.3% and 86.7%, respectively. Conclusions GoCheck Kids as checked by a family member provided a modest correlation of visual acuity compared to the chart screen and a fair correlation of visual acuity compared to HOTV-Amblyopia Treatment Study protocol, although most were within 1 line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Silverstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Brown
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Enjana Bylykbashi
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Sandra S Stinnett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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15
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Hazari H, Curtis R, Eden K, Hopman WM, Irrcher I, Bona MD. Validation of the visual acuity iPad app Eye Chart Pro compared to the standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart in a low-vision population. J Telemed Telecare 2020; 28:680-686. [PMID: 32985378 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20960640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A low-vision assessment (LVA) is central to developing a vision rehabilitation plan. However, access to LVAs is often limited by the quantity and geographic distribution of low-vision providers, as well as patient-centred transportation challenges. A tablet-based LVA tool kit, delivered virtually, has the potential to overcome many of these barriers. The purpose of this research was to validate a key component of the tablet-based tool kit - a commercially available iPad visual acuity (VA) test (Eye Chart Pro) iPad app - in a low-vision population. METHODS Participants with low vision (n = 26) and those who were normally sighted (n = 25) underwent VA testing with both the iPad VA test application and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. The VA data were compared using a t-test, linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the mean absolute difference in VA (log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)=0.11; p = 0.82). Eye Chart Pro and Standard ETDRS Chart measures were also not significantly different (p = 0.98). However, there were significant differences between test methods in the low-vision group and the normally sighted group (p > 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean bias (difference) of -0.0005 logMAR between methods, and 95% limits of agreement of 0.298 and -0.299 logMAR. DISCUSSION The ETDRS chart function on the Eye Chart Pro application can reliably measure VA across a range, from normally sighted patients to those with low vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Karen Eden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre- Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
| | - Mark D Bona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Canada
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16
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Curtis R, Hazari H, Eden K, Hopman WM, Irrcher I, Bona MD. Validation of a portable, remotely delivered refraction approach compared to standard in-clinic refraction in a low-vision population. J Telemed Telecare 2020; 28:662-669. [PMID: 32985381 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x20960628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A low-vision assessment (LVA) is critical in developing a vision rehabilitation plan. A remotely delivered LVA that replicates a standard in-clinic assessment may bridge the gap for patients not accessing care due to the limited quantity and distribution of low-vision providers. Within an LVA, an accurate and consistent assessment of refraction error is an essential component. No system has currently been validated for the purposes of a remote LVA. The purpose of this study was to validate a commercially available portable refraction approach in a low-vision population. METHODS Low-vision patients (n = 26) or normally sighted patients (n = 25) underwent a refraction assessment using the Adaptica® 2WIN autorefractor, adaptor scope (Kaleidos) and VisionFit phoropter portable refraction devices, as well as a standard autorefractor (Huvitz) and phoropter (Haag-Streit). Refraction data between systems and populations were compared using intraclass correlations. Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the differences between devices. RESULTS Spherical equivalent values were found to be reproducible between standard and experimental autorefraction devices (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.8) in both low-vision and normally sighted groups. Similarly, manifest refraction was highly consistent (ICC > 0.8) between devices in all groups. The Bland-Altman plots showed clinically acceptable mean differences of 0.701 between autorefraction methods and -0.116 between manifest refraction methods. DISCUSSION The 2WIN/VisionFit system can reliably generate refraction values across a spectrum of errors in normally sighted and visually impaired people, and would be feasible to deliver remotely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Curtis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Hazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Eden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Bona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University and Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Di Foggia E, Stoll N, Meunier H, Rimelé A, Ance P, Moreau PH, Speeg-Schatz C, Sauer A. A new visual acuity test on touchpad for vision screening in children. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1436-1442. [PMID: 32953584 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.09.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To validate a visual acuity (VA) test application on touchpad in the screening of pediatric population by comparing VA results obtained with conventional tests. METHODS A cohort of 101 patients, 44 girls and 57 boys with a median of 6.5 years old (3-10 years of age), presenting for eye examinations in Ophthalmology Department (Strasbourg, France) between November 1st, 2018, and February 1st, 2019 were enrolled. Monocular and binocular VA testing was performed on the subject using both a standard test and the touchpad application (Monoyer, "E" or, Pigassou depending of children's capacities). Patients were excluded if they were physically or mentally unable to use the touchpad. The duration of each tests, the painfulness, the comprehension, the attention of children during the test and test's preferences were also evaluated. RESULTS There was a good linear correlation and intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC=0.50 (0.34, 0.64) for binocular acuity, 0.74 (0.64, 0.82) for right eyes and 0.525 (0.37, 0.66) for left eye]. The standard errors of measurement were very low (0.08, 0.05, 0.08 for binocular VA, right eyes VA and left eyes VA, respectively). There was no difference between two tests for right eye (P=0.126), left eye (P=0.098) and binocular acuity (P=0.085). Non inferiority was proved for all binocular [-0.06 (-0.09, -0.03)], right eye [-0.04 (-0.07, -0.01)] and left eye [-0.06 (-0.09, -0.02)] VA. The sensitivity and specificity, which correspond to the ability for our app to detect amblyopia, were 92% and 80% respectively. CONCLUSION Our touchpad application represents an efficient and valid test of VA in children with a high specificity to detect visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Di Foggia
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace 67091, France
| | - Noémie Stoll
- Ophthalmology Department, CH Colmar, Colmar, Alsace 68024, France
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Cognitive and Adaptative Neuroscience Laboratory, Strasbourg, Alsace 67000, France
| | - Adam Rimelé
- Plateforme SILABE, Strasbourg University, Alsace 67207, France
| | - Pascal Ance
- Plateforme SILABE, Strasbourg University, Alsace 67207, France
| | | | | | - Arnaud Sauer
- Ophthalmology Department, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace 67091, France
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18
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Metsing TI, Hansraj R, Jacobs W. Comparison of the Snellen and Spectrum LogMAR visual acuity charts in schoolgoing children. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v79i1.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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19
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Ansell K, Maconachie G, Bjerre A. Does the EyeChart App for iPhones Give Comparable Measurements to Traditional Visual Acuity Charts? Br Ir Orthopt J 2020; 16:19-24. [PMID: 32999989 PMCID: PMC7510399 DOI: 10.22599/bioj.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate if the EyeChart app gives accurate visual acuity (VA) measurements that are comparable to those achieved using traditional VA charts. Method Twenty-four participants (aged 18-27 years, mean 20.13 ± 1.78 years) with VA of 6/60 Snellen or better regardless of any strabismus, amblyopia, or ocular pathology volunteered for this prospective study. The best-corrected monocular VA of each participant's right eye was measured on the Snellen chart at 6 m, the ETDRS chart at 3 m, and the EyeChart app presented on an iPhone SE at 1.2 m (4ft). Results The mean VA scores obtained were: -0.13 ± 0.08 logMAR on the Snellen chart, -0.11 ± 0.08 logMAR on the ETDRS chart, and -0.09 ± 0.07 logMAR on the EyeChart app. After Bonferroni Correction adjustments were applied, a significant difference was found between the EyeChart app and the Snellen chart (t = -3.756, p = 0.003), however the difference between the EyeChart app and the ETDRS chart did not reach statistical significance (t = -2.391, p = 0.076). The EyeChart app had a strong correlation with both the Snellen (r = 0.79, p < 0.01) and ETDRS charts (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). The Coefficients of Agreement revealed a variation of less than one logMAR line between the EyeChart app and the traditional VA charts (Snellen: 0.09 logMAR; ETDRS: 0.08 logMAR). Conclusion This study found that the EyeChart app gives accurate VA scores that are comparable to those achieved using the gold-standard ETDRS chart in a healthy young adult population. However, the accuracy and repeatability of the EyeChart app when testing a patient population must be investigated before it can be integrated into clinical practice.
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20
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Jones PR, Tigchelaar I, Demaria G, Wilson I, Bi W, Taylor DJ, Crabb DP. Refinement and preliminary evaluation of two tablet-based tests of real-world visual function. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 40:35-46. [PMID: 31879994 PMCID: PMC7028122 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To describe, refine, evaluate, and provide normative control data for two freely available tablet‐based tests of real‐world visual function, using a cohort of young, normally‐sighted adults. Methods Fifty young (18–40 years), normally‐sighted adults completed tablet‐based assessments of (1) face discrimination and (2) visual search. Each test was performed twice, to assess test‐retest repeatability. Post‐hoc analyses were performed to determine the number of trials required to obtain stable estimates of performance. Distributions were fitted to the normative data to determine the 99% population‐boundary for normally sighted observers. Participants were also asked to rate their comprehension of each test. Results Both tests provided stable estimates in around 20 trials (~1–4 min), with only a further reduction of 14%–17% in the 95% Coefficient of Repeatability (CoR95) when an additional 40 trials were included. When using only ~20 trials: median durations for the first run of each test were 191 s (Faces) and 51 s (Search); test‐retest CoR95 were 0.27 d (Faces) and 0.84 s (Search); and normative 99% population‐limits were 3.50 d (Faces) and 3.1 s (Search). No participants exhibited any difficulties completing either test (100% completion rate), and ratings of task‐understanding were high (Faces: 9.6 out of 10; Search: 9.7 out of 10). Conclusions This preliminary assessment indicated that both tablet‐based tests are able to provide simple, quick, and easy‐to‐administer measures of real‐world visual function in normally‐sighted young adults. Further work is required to assess their accuracy and utility in older people and individuals with visual impairment. Potential applications are discussed, including their use in clinic waiting rooms, and as an objective complement to Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete R Jones
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Iris Tigchelaar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Ocusweep, Turku, Finland.,Doctoral Program in Clinical Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Giorgia Demaria
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iain Wilson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Wei Bi
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Deanna J Taylor
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - David P Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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21
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Pang Y, Sparschu L, Nylin E. Validation of an automated-ETDRS near and intermediate visual acuity measurement. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 103:663-667. [PMID: 31822041 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the repeatability of an automated-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) near and intermediate visual acuity measurement in subjects with normal visual acuity and subjects with reduced visual acuity. The agreement of automated-ETDRS with gold standard chart-based visual acuity measurement was also studied. METHODS Fifty-one subjects were tested (aged 23 to 91 years; 33 subjects with normal visual acuity: 6/7.5 or better; 18 subjects with reduced visual acuity: 6/9 to 6/30). Near and intermediate visual acuity of one eye from each subject was measured with an automated tablet-computer system (M&S Technologies, Inc.) and Precision Vision paper chart in a random sequence. Subjects were retested one week later. Repeatability was evaluated using the 95 per cent limits of agreement (LoA) between the two visits. RESULTS Average difference between automated-ETDRS near visual acuity and near visual acuity by paper chart was 0.02 ± 0.10 logMAR (p > 0.05). Agreement of near visual acuity between automated-ETDRS and paper chart was good, with 95 per cent LoA of ±0.19 logMAR. Furthermore, automated-ETDRS near visual acuity showed good repeatability (95 per cent LoA of ±0.20). Mean difference between automated-ETDRS intermediate visual acuity and intermediate visual acuity by paper chart was 0.02 ± 0.10 logMAR (p > 0.05). Agreement of intermediate visual acuity between automated-ETDRS and paper chart was good, with 95 per cent LoA of ±0.20 logMAR. In addition, automated-ETDRS intermediate visual acuity had good repeatability (95 per cent LoA of ±0.16). CONCLUSION Automated-ETDRS near and intermediate visual acuity measurement showed good repeatability and agreement with the gold standard chart-based visual acuity measurement. The findings of this study indicate the automated visual acuity measurement system may have potential for use in both patient care and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Department of Dean's Education, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren Sparschu
- Department of Dean's Education, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elyse Nylin
- Department of Dean's Education, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Nik Azis NN, Chew FLM, Rosland SF, Ramlee A, Che-Hamzah J. Parents' performance using the AAPOS Vision Screening App to test visual acuity in Malaysian preschoolers. J AAPOS 2019; 23:268.e1-268.e6. [PMID: 31520719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate parents' performance in using the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) Vision Screening App (application) as a vision screening tool among preschool children and to evaluate the reliability of this app. METHODS A total of 195 5- and 6-year-old preschoolers were recruited from children attending Hospital Selayang, Selangor, Malaysia, to test the app. Uncooperative children and those with visual acuity of >logMAR 0.6 were excluded. Results from parents and the screening doctor using the app (Lea symbols) to test visual acuity were compared to each other and to gold standard vision testing by an optometrist using the Lea symbols chart. RESULTS Children 5 years of age represented 46.7% of the study population. The mean age of parents was 37.27 ± 7.68 years. Bland-Altman scatterplot agreement between assessors mainly was within the 95% confidence interval for bilateral eyes screening. Parents obtained a sensitivity of 86.6% (right vision) and 79.5% (left vision) and specificity of 78.9% (right vision) and 71.8% (left vision). Parents took a mean of 191.2 ± 70.82 seconds for bilateral screening. The intraclass correlation coefficient between optometrist and parents in bilateral eyes screening was good (P < 0.001). Cronbach's α for all three assessors was >0.7, indicating high internal reliability of the app. Most parents (178/195 [91.3%]) strongly agreed on the app's acceptability and ease of use. CONCLUSIONS The AAPOS Vision Screening App used by parents is a promising tool for visual acuity screening among Malaysian preschool children and a reliable app for vision screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Nazihah Nik Azis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Fiona Lee Min Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Famira Rosland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azura Ramlee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jemaima Che-Hamzah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Han X, Scheetz J, Keel S, Liao C, Liu C, Jiang Y, Müller A, Meng W, He M. Development and Validation of a Smartphone-Based Visual Acuity Test (Vision at Home). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:27. [PMID: 31440424 PMCID: PMC6701871 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the development and validation of a smartphone-based visual acuity (VA) test called Vision at home (V@home). Methods Three study populations (elderly Chinese, adolescent Chinese, and Australian groups) underwent distance and near VA testing using standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and the V@home device; all VA tests used tumbling E optotypes. VA tests were repeated with one eye, selected randomly. Distance VA was measured monocularly at 2 m, and near VA was measured binocularly at 40 cm. Participants also completed a questionnaire about their satisfaction with the device. V@home VA (logMAR) was compared to VA for ETDRS charts at distance and near and test-retest reliability. Results The mean difference between V@home and ETDRS distance VA across all groups ranged from -0.010 to -0.100 logMAR. Tolerant weighted kappa (TWK) agreement ranged from substantial (0.742) in the Australian group to almost perfect (0.950) in the adolescent Chinese group. There was high agreement of V@home with near ETDRS VA across all groups, with a mean difference of -0.092 to -0.042 logMAR and a TWK of 0.736 to 0.837. Test-retest reliability was also high (difference: -0.018 to 0.026) for both distance and near VA tests (95% limits of agreement: -0.289 to 0.258 for distance and -0.235 to 0.199 for near). The majority of participants were satisfied with V@home. Conclusions V@home could accurately and reliably measure both distance and near VA and is well accepted by participants. Translational Relevance The V@home system could potentially serve as a useful tool to improve eye care accessibility, especially in underdeveloped areas with limited eye care personnel and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Han
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jane Scheetz
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart Keel
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chimei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andreas Müller
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Meng
- Guangzhou Healgoo Interactive Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang Z, Li F, Zhang H, Miao Z, Wei Y, Wang L, Zhang S. Development and Testing of a Mobile Phone App for Risk Estimation of Gas Volume Expansion and Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Patients With Intravitreous Gas or Air Tamponade: Interobserver Assessment Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e14592. [PMID: 31244482 PMCID: PMC6617918 DOI: 10.2196/14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intravitreous tamponade of gas or air has been widely used for a series of vitreoretinal diseases. It is estimated that 100,000 patients per year undergo PPV globally, and half of them were subsequently tamponaded with gas or air. According to Boyle’s law (P1V1=P2V2), patients with an intravitreous remnant of gas or air will be under high risk of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and subsequent vision loss owing to the expanded intravitreous gas or air when traveling post operation to a place with a significantly higher altitude. We always explain to patients why postoperative travel is potentially risky. Emergency cases of elevated IOP caused by postoperative traveling would sometimes come to surgeons. However, there have been few disease education or reference tools for both the surgeons and patients to have better communication. Objective The aim of this study was to introduce and evaluate a mobile phone app developed by surgeons (the authors) for preliminary risk estimation of volume expansion and IOP elevation in patients with intravitreous gas or air when traveling to a place of higher altitude. Methods The app was developed on the iOS and Android operating systems. Boyle’s law (P1V1=P2V2) was the theoretical basis of the app. Intravitreous gas or air volume and altitude values were independent factors to deduce the risk report. Consecutive patients underwent vitrectomy, and those with an intravitreous remnant of gas or air were recruited. The surgeons judged the vertical height of the fluid/gas interface through the dilated pupil; the patients were instructed to judge it according to their visual field when looking straight ahead and line it out on a chart included in the app. Finally, all the patients were required to fill a Likert scale–based questionnaire with 2 main items to evaluate the participants’ user experience and attitudes toward the app. Results A total of 50 patients were included (30 males and 20 females). All patients could independently operate the app to complete the test. The median heights of the fluid/gas interface independently judged by the surgeon and patients were 40% (range: 10%-75%) and 41% (range: 9%-78%), respectively (P=.63). The median altitude of the participants’ destinations was 150.0 m (range: 0-3490 m). The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a good agreement between the surgeons’ and patients’ judgments (bias of −0.3%), with 95% limits of agreement of −5.8% to 5.3%. Overall, the Likert scale revealed a positive attitude from the patients toward the app. Conclusions The app is reliable for patients to have preliminary risk estimation of intravitreous gas or air volume expansion and IOP elevation if travel to a place of higher altitude is planned. The surgeons could also use it as a platform for better disease communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haochuan Zhang
- School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Miao
- School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jones PR, Smith ND, Bi W, Crabb DP. Portable Perimetry Using Eye-Tracking on a Tablet Computer-A Feasibility Assessment. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:17. [PMID: 30740267 PMCID: PMC6364754 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Visual field (VF) examination by standard automated perimetry (SAP) is an important method of clinical assessment. However, the complexity of the test, and its use of bulky, expensive equipment makes it impractical for case-finding. We propose and evaluate a new approach to paracentral VF assessment that combines an inexpensive eye-tracker with a portable tablet computer (“Eyecatcher”). Methods Twenty-four eyes from 12 glaucoma patients, and 12 eyes from six age-similar controls were examined. Participants were tested monocularly (once per eye), with both the novel Eyecatcher test and traditional SAP (HFA SITA standard 24-2). For Eyecatcher, the participant's task was to simply to look at a sequence of fixed-luminance dots, presented relative to the current point of fixation. Start and end fixations were used to determine locations where stimuli were seen/unseen, and to build a continuous map of sensitivity loss across a VF of approximately 20°. Results Eyecatcher was able to clearly separate patients from controls, and the results were consistent with those from traditional SAP. In particular, mean Eyecatcher scores were strongly correlated with mean deviation scores (r2 = 0.64, P < 0.001), and there was good concordance between corresponding VF locations (∼84%). Participants reported that Eyecatcher was more enjoyable, easier to perform, and less tiring than SAP (all P < 0.001). Conclusions Portable perimetry using an inexpensive eye-tracker and a tablet computer is feasible, although possible means of improvement are suggested. Translational Relevance Such a test could have significant utility as a case finding device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete R Jones
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D Smith
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Wei Bi
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - David P Crabb
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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26
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Charlesworth JM, Davidson MA. Undermining a common language: smartphone applications for eye emergencies. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:21-40. [PMID: 30697086 PMCID: PMC6339640 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s186529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emergency room physicians are frequently called upon to assess eye injuries and vision problems in the absence of specialized ophthalmologic equipment. Technological applications that can be used on mobile devices are only now becoming available. Objective To review the literature on the evidence of clinical effectiveness of smartphone applications for visual acuity assessment marketed by two providers (Google Play and iTunes). Methods The websites of two mobile technology vendors (iTunes and Google Play) in Canada and Ireland were searched on three separate occasions using the terms “eye”, “ocular”, “ophthalmology”, “optometry”, “vision”, and “visual assessment” to determine what applications were currently available. Four medical databases (Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Medline) were subsequently searched with the same terms AND mobile OR smart phone for papers in English published in years 2010–2017. Results A total of 5,024 Canadian and 2,571 Irish applications were initially identified. After screening, 44 were retained. Twelve relevant articles were identified from the health literature. After screening, only one validation study referred to one of our identified applications, and this one only partially validated the application as being useful for clinical purposes. Conclusion Mobile device applications in their current state are not suitable for emergency room ophthalmologic assessment, because systematic validation is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Charlesworth
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, .,AM Charlesworth & Associates Science and Technology Consultants, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Myriam A Davidson
- AM Charlesworth & Associates Science and Technology Consultants, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
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Dorr M, Elze T, Wang H, Lu ZL, Bex PJ, Lesmes LA. New Precision Metrics for Contrast Sensitivity Testing. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 22:919-925. [PMID: 28650831 PMCID: PMC6706861 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2708745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Visual sensitivity is comprehensively described by the contrast sensitivity function (CSF), but current routine clinical care does not include its assessment because of the time-consuming need to estimate thresholds for a large number of spatial frequencies. The quick CSF method, however, dramatically reduces testing times by using a Bayesian information maximization rule. We evaluate the test-retest variability of a tablet-based quick CSF implementation in a study with 100 subjects who repeatedly assessed their vision with and without optical correction. We first discuss two commonly used measures of repeatability, intraclass correlation and the Bland-Altman Coefficient of Repeatability, and show that they are vulnerable to artifacts. Instead, we propose to formulate precision as an information retrieval task: from all repeat test scores, can we retrieve a certain individual based on their first test score? We then use rank-based analyses such as mean average precision as a better measure to compare different test metrics, and show that the highest test-retest precision is achieved using a summary statistic, the area under the log CSF (AULCSF). This demonstrates the benefit of assessment of the whole CSF compared to sensitivity at individual spatial frequencies only. AULCSF also yields best discrimination performance (99.2%) between measurements that were taken with and without glasses, respectively, even better than CSF Acuity. The tablet-based quick CSF thus enables the rapid and reliable home monitoring of visual function, which has the potential to improve early diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration.
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28
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Boven LC, Jiang QL, Moss HE. Validation of Simplified Visual Acuity Testing Protocols in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neuroophthalmology 2018; 41:247-252. [PMID: 29339958 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2017.1305422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High- and low-contrast visual acuity (HCVA, LCVA) are potential quantitative markers of neurological dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The complex nature and duration of gold standard (GS) protocols precludes widespread use in neurology settings. This study compares simplified to GS visual acuity (VA) protocols. Monocular HCVA and LCVA were measured in ALS (n = 10) and control (n = 4) subjects using six protocols, varying by two chart and three refraction methods. Intraclass correlation coefficients between simplified and GS protocols ranged from 0.83 to 0.98 (HCVA, excellent agreement) and 0.56 to 0.75 (LCVA, moderate agreement). Differences between LCVA and GS protocols exceeded test-retest reliability. Simplified HCVA protocols using LCD (liquid crystal display) tablet charts and/or pinhole correction produced valid measurements. None of the modified LCVA testing protocols produced valid measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Boven
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qin Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather E Moss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Livingstone IAT, Tarbert CM, Giardini ME, Bastawrous A, Middleton D, Hamilton R. Photometric Compliance of Tablet Screens and Retro-Illuminated Acuity Charts As Visual Acuity Measurement Devices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150676. [PMID: 27002333 PMCID: PMC4803292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile technology is increasingly used to measure visual acuity. Standards for chart-based acuity tests specify photometric requirements for luminance, optotype contrast and luminance uniformity. Manufacturers provide some photometric data but little is known about tablet performance for visual acuity testing. This study photometrically characterised seven tablet computers (iPad, Apple inc.) and three ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) visual acuity charts with room lights on and off, and compared findings with visual acuity measurement standards. Tablet screen luminance and contrast were measured using nine points across a black and white checkerboard test screen at five arbitrary brightness levels. ETDRS optotypes and adjacent white background luminance and contrast were measured. All seven tablets (room lights off) exceeded the most stringent requirement for mean luminance (≥ 120 cd/m2) providing the nominal brightness setting was above 50%. All exceeded contrast requirement (Weber ≥ 90%) regardless of brightness setting, and five were marginally below the required luminance uniformity threshold (Lmin/Lmax ≥ 80%). Re-assessing three tablets with room lights on made little difference to mean luminance or contrast, and improved luminance uniformity to exceed the threshold. The three EDTRS charts (room lights off) had adequate mean luminance (≥ 120 cd/m2) and Weber contrast (≥ 90%), but all three charts failed to meet the luminance uniformity standard (Lmin/Lmax ≥ 80%). Two charts were operating beyond manufacturer's recommended lamp replacement schedule. With room lights on, chart mean luminance and Weber contrast increased, but two charts still had inadequate luminance uniformity. Tablet computers showed less inter-device variability, higher contrast, and better luminance uniformity than charts in both lights-on and lights-off environments, providing brightness setting was >50%. Overall, iPad tablets matched or marginally out-performed ETDRS charts in terms of photometric compliance with high contrast acuity standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. A. T. Livingstone
- Department of Ophthalmology & Glasgow Centre for Ophthalmic Research, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - C. M. Tarbert
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Giardini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A. Bastawrous
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Middleton
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R. Hamilton
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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30
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Visual acuity measured with a smartphone app is more accurate than Snellen testing by emergency department providers. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Aslam TM, Parry NRA, Murray IJ, Salleh M, Col CD, Mirza N, Czanner G, Tahir HJ. Development and testing of an automated computer tablet-based method for self-testing of high and low contrast near visual acuity in ophthalmic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:891-9. [PMID: 26899899 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many eye diseases require on-going assessment for optimal management, creating an ever-increasing burden on patients and hospitals that could potentially be reduced through home vision monitoring. However, there is limited evidence for the utility of current applications and devices for this. To address this, we present a new automated, computer tablet-based method for self-testing near visual acuity (VA) for both high and low contrast targets. We report on its reliability and agreement with gold standard measures. METHODS The Mobile Assessment of Vision by intERactIve Computer (MAVERIC) system consists of a calibrated computer tablet housed in a bespoke viewing chamber. Purpose-built software automatically elicits touch-screen responses from subjects to measure their near VA for either low or high contrast acuity. Near high contrast acuity was measured using both the MAVERIC system and a near Landolt C chart in one eye for 81 patients and low contrast acuity using the MAVERIC system and a 25 % contrast near EDTRS chart in one eye of a separate 95 patients. The MAVERIC near acuity was also retested after 20 min to evaluate repeatability. RESULTS Repeatability of both high and low contrast MAVERIC acuity measures, and their agreement with the chart tests, was assessed using the Bland-Altman comparison method. One hundred and seventy-three patients (96 %) completed the self- testing MAVERIC system without formal assistance. The resulting MAVERIC vision demonstrated good repeatability and good agreement with the gold-standard near chart measures. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential utility of the MAVERIC system for patients with ophthalmic disease to self-test their high and low contrast VA. The technique has a high degree of reliability and agreement with gold standard chart based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq M Aslam
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Vision Science Centre, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University, Manchester, UK.,Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil R A Parry
- Vision Science Centre, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Hearing and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian J Murray
- Vision Science Centre, Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 3.005, Carys Bannister Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mahani Salleh
- Centre for Hearing and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Caterina Dal Col
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Naznin Mirza
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Humza J Tahir
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Room 3.005, Carys Bannister Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Available applications for vision testing in mobile devices usually do not include detailed setup instructions, sacrificing rigor to obtain portability and ease of use. In particular, colorimetric characterization processes are generally obviated. We show that different mobile devices differ also in colorimetric profile and that those differences limit the range of applications for which they are most adequate. METHODS The color reproduction characteristics of four mobile devices, two smartphones (Samsung Galaxy S4, iPhone 4s) and two tablets (Samsung Galaxy Tab 3, iPad 4), have been evaluated using two procedures: 3D LUT (Look Up Table) and a linear model assuming primary constancy and independence of the channels. The color reproduction errors have been computed with the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. RESULTS There is good constancy of primaries but large deviations of additivity. The 3D LUT characterization yields smaller reproduction errors and dispersions for the Tab 3 and iPhone 4 devices, but for the iPad 4 and S4, both models are equally good. The smallest reproduction errors occur with both Apple devices, although the iPad 4 has the highest number of outliers of all devices with both colorimetric characterizations. CONCLUSIONS Even though there is good constancy of primaries, the large deviations of additivity exhibited by the devices and the larger reproduction errors make any characterization based on channel independence not recommendable. The smartphone screens show, in average, the best color reproduction performance, particularly the iPhone 4, and therefore, they are more adequate for applications requiring precise color reproduction.
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Rhiu S, Lee HJ, Goo YS, Cho K, Kim JH. Visual Acuity Testing Using a Random Method Visual Acuity Application. Telemed J E Health 2015; 22:232-7. [PMID: 26280910 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2015.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A visual acuity (VA) testing application for the iPad® (Apple, Cupertino, CA) tablet computer using the mirroring technique was developed that randomly presented letters categorized by cognoscibility. The aim of this study was to assess whether measurements of distance VA using this application were in agreement with existing standard clinical tests of VA in adults with normal vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three normally sighted subjects were tested using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. The log minutes of arc (logMAR) VA results were compared with those from the iPad-based application, which contains a Snellen chart, a Tumbling E chart, a Landolt C chart, and a VA chart consisting of Arabic figures. After a 10-min break, subjects were retested with each test in the same order. Agreement was assessed by determining the 95% limits of agreement ± 1.96 standard deviation of the differences between tests. RESULTS The logMAR VA showed no significant difference between the ETDRS chart and the iPad Snellen chart (p = 0.66) and iPad Arabic figure chart (p = 0.29). The logMAR VA of the ETDRS chart was significantly better than that of the iPad Tumbling E chart (p < 0.01) or iPad Landolt C chart (p < 0.01). The subjects showed chart letter memory of the ETDRS chart (p < 0.05), Tumbling E chart (p = 0.03), and Landolt C chart (p = 0.001) but not of the iPad Snellen chart (p = 0.62) and iPad Arabic figure chart (p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS The iPad-based application of VA charts showed similar repeatability and may be a rapid and convenient alternative to some existing measures. The mirroring technique provides portability and accessibility for VA charts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolienah Rhiu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine , Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine , Jeju, Korea
| | - Yong Sook Goo
- 3 Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine , Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyoungrok Cho
- 4 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University College of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Kim
- 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine , Cheongju, Korea
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Wu Z, Guymer RH, Jung CJ, Goh JK, Ayton LN, Luu CD, Lawson DJ, Turpin A, McKendrick AM. Measurement of Retinal Sensitivity on Tablet Devices in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 4:13. [PMID: 26175959 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.4.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared measurements of central retinal sensitivity on a portable, low-cost tablet device to the established method of microperimetry in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A customized test designed to measure central retinal sensitivity (within the central 1° radius) on a tablet device was developed using an open-source platform called PsyPad. A total of 30 participants with AMD were included in this study, and all participants performed a practice test on PsyPad, followed by four tests of one eye and one test of the other eye. Participants then underwent standardized microperimetry examinations in both eyes. RESULTS The average test duration on PsyPad was 53.9 ± 7.5 seconds, and no significant learning effect was observed over the examinations performed (P = 1.000). The coefficient of repeatability of central retinal sensitivity between the first two examinations on PsyPad was ±1.76 dB. The mean central retinal sensitivity was not significantly different between PsyPad (25.7 ± 0.4 dB) and microperimetry (26.1 ± 0.4 dB, P = 0.094), and the 95% limits of agreement between the two measures were between -4.12 and 4.92 dB. CONCLUSIONS The measurements of central retinal sensitivity can be performed effectively using a tablet device, displaying reasonably good agreement with those obtained using the established method of microperimetry. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE These findings highlight the potential of tablet devices as low-cost and portable tools for developing and performing visual function measures that can be easily and widely implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chang J Jung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan K Goh
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren N Ayton
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Lawson
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Turpin
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Rodríguez-Vallejo M, Remón L, Monsoriu JA, Furlan WD. Designing a new test for contrast sensitivity function measurement with iPad. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2015; 8:101-108. [PMID: 25890826 PMCID: PMC4401826 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce a new application (ClinicCSF) to measure Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) with tablet devices, and to compare it against the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). METHODS A total of 42 subjects were arranged in two groups of 21 individuals. Different versions of the ClinicCSF (.v1 and .v2) were used to measure the CSF of each group with the same iPad and the results were compared with those measured with the FACT. The agreements between ClinicCSF and FACT for spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree (cpd) were represented by Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in CSF of both groups were found due to the change of the ClinicCSF version (p<0.05) while no differences were manifested with the use of the same FACT test. The best agreement with the FACT was found with the ClinicCSF.v2 with no significant differences in all the evaluated spatial frequencies. However, the 95% confidence intervals for mean differences between ClinicCSF and FACT were lower for the version which incorporated a staircase psychophysical method (ClinicCSF.v1), mainly for spatial frequencies of 6, 12 and 18 cpd. CONCLUSIONS The new ClinicCSF application for iPad retina showed no significant differences with FACT test when the same contrast sensitivity steps were used. In addition, it is shown that the accurateness of a vision screening could be improved with the use of an appropriate psychophysical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Vallejo
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Óptica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Laura Remón
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A Monsoriu
- Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter D Furlan
- Departamento de Óptica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Black JM, Jacobs RJ, Phillips G, Chen L, Tan E, Tran A, Thompson B. An assessment of the iPad as a testing platform for distance visual acuity in adults. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-002730. [PMID: 23794568 PMCID: PMC3693417 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visual acuity is a common measurement in general practice, and the advent of new technology such as tablet computers offers a change in the way in which these tests are delivered. The aim of this study was to assess whether measurements of distance visual acuity using LogMAR letter charts displayed on an iPad tablet computer were in agreement with standard clinical tests of visual acuity in adults with normal vision. DESIGN Blinded, diagnostic test study. SETTING Single centre (University) in Auckland, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS University staff and students (n=85). Participants were required to have visual acuity better than 6/60 and wear habitual refractive correction during testing. Participants were excluded if there was any history of ocular pathology. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Visual acuity measured under a number of conditions. RESULTS The iPad tablet with its glossy screen was highly susceptible to glare resulting in acuity measurements that were significantly poorer (approximately 2 LogMAR lines) than those made using an ETDRS chart and a standard computerised testing system (n=56). However, fitting the iPad with an antiglare screen and positioning the device away from sources creating reflected (veiling) glare resulted in acuity measurements that were equivalent those made using gold standard charts (n=29). CONCLUSIONS Tablet computers are an attractive option for visual acuity measurement due to portability, the ability to randomise letters, automated scoring of acuity and the ability to select from a range of charts. However, these devices are only suitable for use in situations where sources of glare can be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Black
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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