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Abeasi DA, Nkosi NG, Badoe E, Adjeman J. Caring by default: experiences of caregivers of children with developmental disabilities in Ghana mirrored in the context of the stress process model. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:482. [PMID: 39010050 PMCID: PMC11251246 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a child with developmental disabilities (DD) is associated with significant stress and burden. Caregivers' experiences are influenced by factors such as poverty, stigma, and the lack of accessibility to services, equipment, and assistive devices. These factors are prevalent in a low-resource setting like Ghana which ultimately influences the experiences of caregivers. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of caregivers of children with DD in the context of the Stress Process Model. METHODS The study employed a descriptive phenomenological design Caregivers of children with DD attending the Neurodevelopmental Clinic of a Teaching Hospital were purposively sampled. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, reaching saturation with 14 participants. The interviews were audio-recorded transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Four main themes emerged: perception of caregiving, stressors faced by caregivers, negative health outcomes and coping strategies. Perception of caregiving had two sub-themes as stressful nature of caregiving and time-consuming. Six sub-themes were linked to stressors faced by caregivers: the child's ADL needs, communication barrier, managing challenging behaviour, child's health needs, unmet educational needs, and economic burden. Negative health outcomes had three sub-themes: decline in physical, mental and social well-being. While some caregivers used maladaptive coping strategies like blaming, others employed adaptive coping strategies like religious coping through prayer, self-encouragement and support from other family members. CONCLUSION The study highlights the complex interaction between caregivers' perception of their caregiving situation, the stressors they experience, their coping resources, and the negative health outcomes associated with caregiving. These findings underscore the need for context-specific caregiver programmes to mitigate the negative impacts of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Asantewa Abeasi
- Department of Nursing Science Education, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Presbyterian University, Abetifi, Ghana.
| | - Nokuthula Gloria Nkosi
- Department of Nursing Science Education, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ebenezer Badoe
- Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
- University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Josephine Adjeman
- Department of Child Health, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
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Larson E, Jeglum N, Shmays C. Mixed-method evaluation of fidelity of motivational interviewing-based coaching in 5Minutes4Myself Wellness Program for caregivers of children with autism. PEC INNOVATION 2023; 2:100149. [PMID: 37214523 PMCID: PMC10194175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective This mixed method analysis examined fidelity of the motivational interviewing (MI) delivered during the 5Minutes4Myself wellness program for caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Methods Coaches used a manualized MI-approach to collaboratively design participants' individualized wellness programs, and then used it in monthly coaching sessions to support goal pursuit. Audio-recorded consultations and post-participation focus groups were transcribed verbatim. Consultation transcripts were rated for MI adherence using Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code. Focus group data was coded by the team to identify conceptual categories. Results Eighty-seven percent of consultations achieved a beginning (competent) level expert-derived MI standard. Caregivers noted that coaches' MI approach evoked deep emotions and understandings about their lives related to wellness goals, allowed for a permissive flexibility in goal pursuit, and fostered supportive accountability. Conclusion MI was used with high levels of fidelity. Participants described the MI approach as more productive, precise, and useful in addressing their needs compared to other available interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Larson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Chloe Shmays
- Providence Child Development Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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Gudka R, Kelman C, Bryant E, Farooq B, Berry V, Bjornstad G, Martin F, Glover SL, Russell A. Parent-carer experiences using a peer support network: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2007. [PMID: 37845646 PMCID: PMC10577900 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parent-carers of children and young people (CYP) with mental health problems are at greater risk of poor outcomes, such as poor physical and mental health. Peer interventions for parent-carers of CYP with disabilities may improve parent-carer outcomes. This qualitative study investigates parent-carer experiences of using Parental Minds (PM), a multi-component peer support service for parent-carers of CYP with disabilities. METHODS Twelve current service-users and four staff/volunteers at PM participated in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. All participants were white females, except for one service-user who was male. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of results was used to explore perceived benefits and disadvantages of PM and possible behaviour change mechanisms. RESULTS Three themes and eight subthemes were identified. Participants identified that internal and external factors influence their self-concept. The identification of themselves as a priority, and empowerment by reassurance and affirmation lead to improved parent-carer self-efficacy and agency to better care for their CYP. Participants described the difficulty of speaking honestly with friends and family about what they experience because it is perceived as different to what "normal" parents experience. From participant accounts, PM enables the construction of a support network and links external services to help manage family circumstances rather than offer curative treatment/intervention. Proactive and immediate advice which is constantly and consistently available was valued by participants. Participants expressed the need for a flexible range of service components which provide holistic support that encompasses both health and social care. CONCLUSIONS PM was perceived to be beneficial as a multi-component peer support service which increases parenting self-efficacy and empowerment, reduces isolation, improves access to services, and is tailored to individual needs. Parent-carers reported benefits in parenting and wellbeing practices. The development of a refined logic model will inform a future study of the effectiveness of PM on parent-carer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gudka
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Charlotte Kelman
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Eleanor Bryant
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Vashti Berry
- Children and Young People's Mental Health Research Collaboration, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gretchen Bjornstad
- Children and Young People's Mental Health Research Collaboration, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Abigail Russell
- Children and Young People's Mental Health Research Collaboration, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Thomas N, Atherton H, Dale J, Smith K, Crawford H. General practice experiences for parents of children with intellectual disability: a systematic review. BJGP Open 2023; 7:BJGPO.2023.0010. [PMID: 37185167 PMCID: PMC10646198 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of children diagnosed with intellectual disability are at increased risk of mental and physical health difficulties compared with other parents. They are likely to regularly seek medical treatment for their health concerns from general practice as well as on behalf of their child with intellectual disability, yet there is limited evaluation of the role general practice plays for this patient group. AIM To explore parents' experiences of general practice support when caring for a child with intellectual disability. DESIGN & SETTING Systematic review of studies reporting experiences of general practice as described by parents who care for children with intellectual disability. METHOD Databases were searched using a pre-defined search strategy. Studies were included based on detailed inclusion criteria, title, abstract, and full-text screening. Quality assessment was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). A narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS A total of nine studies were identified. There was a clear absence of data on parents' own health experience and consultation in general practice. Findings related to navigating general practice on behalf of their child's health including accessibility of general practice and positive and negative experiences of GPs. CONCLUSION Findings from this review highlight priority areas for research, including further exploration of parents' perspectives on seeking support specifically for their own health concerns, while caring for a child with intellectual disability, to bring more awareness and understanding of the role general practice plays in supporting the health of this carer group. This review also considers implications for clinical services, including tailoring appointments for this patient group as a priority for continuity of care, which may result in improved experiences of general practice and encourage better communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Thomas
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helen Atherton
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jeremy Dale
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kayla Smith
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hayley Crawford
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Abeasi DA, Nkosi NG, Suglo JN. Well-being focused interventions for caregivers of children with developmental disabilities: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066179. [PMID: 37080621 PMCID: PMC10124195 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with developmental disability (DD) may depend on their family caregivers to fulfil their complex health needs. Family caregivers are generally described as persons providing unpaid for services for the child with DD at home who need to be supported in a manner that supports and promotes his/her well-being. This review aims to identify and map the range of interventions available for caregivers of children between the ages of 5-16 with DD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The methodological framework for conducting scoping review as published by Arksey and O'Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute's guidelines will used in this study. Primary research articles will be obtained through a systematic search of CINAHL, Psych INFO, PubMed, ERIC and COCHRANE Library. Further grey literature will be obtained from Google Scholar search. Study selection process will be done by two independent researchers based on a predetermined inclusion criteria. Review findings comprising interventions, intervention components and outcomes will be presented using tables and narrative text. DISCUSSION The proposed scoping review will give an extensive review of interventions aimed at improving the well-being of caregivers of children with DD. This scoping review would provide recommendations on interventions that have significantly improved the well-being caregivers of children with DD. Additionally, the review would guide future work on intervention development and primary research in this field. REGISTRATION This scoping review protocol has been registered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/tkbrh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Asantewa Abeasi
- Nursing Science Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Presbyterian University, Abetifi, Ghana
| | - Nokuthula Gloria Nkosi
- Nursing Science Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Oti-Boadi M, Osei-Tutu A, Mate-Kole CC. Challenges and support needs of parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) in Accra, Ghana. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 128:104274. [PMID: 35753167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) have diverse challenges and needs. If met, these parents are able to provide adequate care for their children. Unfulfilled needs like information about their child's diagnosis, counselling, and poor access to informal and formal supports increase parental stress and hinder their potential to provide optimal care for their children and themselves. AIMS This study explores the unique challenges and needs of parents caring for children with DD in the Accra metropolis. This is the first study exploring the needs of parents in a Lower-middle income (LMIC) country like Ghana. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A qualitative research design was adopted for this study. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews from 9 parents of children with DD. RESULTS Findings from thematic analysis revealed five themes including; Emotional needs; Informational needs; Financial needs; Informal Support, and Formalized Support. Parents indicated their great need for information on their children's condition, support from family, religious groups, and other formalized institutions and how to provide better care. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Parents have several expectations and needs which must be addressed. Findings have the potential of influencing the design and development of appropriate interventions to meet the needs and improve the quality of life of parents of children with DD in the Ghanaian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oti-Boadi
- Department of Psychology/Center for Ageing Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - A Osei-Tutu
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - C C Mate-Kole
- Department of Psychology/Center for Ageing Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Ghim S, Ku B. The prevalence of health problems and their association with physical activity in caregivers of children with disabilities: 2018 National Health Interview Survey. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 48:347-357. [PMID: 34850443 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregivers of children with disabilities often experience poor health. One way for caregivers to promote their own health may be to participate in physical activity (PA). AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the association between PA and psychological and physical health problems in caregivers of children with disabilities. METHODS The 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data were used, and 890 household representatives were identified as caregivers of children with disabilities. Based on the national PA guidelines, caregivers were classified into three groups: inactive (IA), aerobically active (AA), and aerobically and muscularly active (AMA). RESULTS Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the AMA group had a lower likelihood of reporting depression compared to the IA group (OR: 0.73 [95% confidence interval: 0.54, 0.98]). The AMA group also had a lower likelihood of reporting back pain and obesity compared to the IA group (OR:0.69 [95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.84] and OR:0.63 [95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.76], respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that caregivers of children with disabilities may benefit from PA, especially from the combination of aerobic and muscle-strengthening PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeen Ghim
- Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Byungmo Ku
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Moriwaki M, Yuasa H, Kakehashi M, Suzuki H, Kobayashi Y. Impact of social support for mothers as caregivers of cerebral palsy children in Japan. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 63:e64-e71. [PMID: 34736819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social supports are critical to alleviate the psychological and physical burden of primary caregivers of children with disabilities. This study aims to (1) clarify how cerebral palsy in children affects caregiving burden of the mother, and (2) identify the social supports that can effectively reduce that burden. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in which mothers of children with cerebral palsy completed questionnaires and provided data regarding their child's condition, family support, social support usage, degree of satisfaction with supports, and caregiving burden. RESULTS We analyzed responses from 1190 mothers. Support usage, particularly of home-visit nursing, home care, home-visit rehabilitation, and mobility support, was higher in severely burdened groups. However, the proportion of satisfaction with social support in groups with light or no burden were higher, particularly in home care, home-visit rehabilitation, training/treatment, and short stays. Mothers whose children have an intellectual disability and gross exercise ≥1 in addition to tube feeding or intravenous nutrition especially felt a strong sense of burden. The most effective measure in reducing mother's sense of burden was short stays. CONCLUSIONS Mothers with children who can move and have an intellectual disability felt more burden compared with mothers of bedridden children. The findings clarify that supports, such as home care and short stays, have a significant impact on reducing the mother's sense of burden. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Due to the large sample size, we believe that the results can inform efforts to increase social support for caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Moriwaki
- Quality Management Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Yuasa
- Japan Council for Quality Health Care, 1-4-17, Toyo Bldg., Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Kakehashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Japan Council for Quality Health Care, 1-4-17, Toyo Bldg., Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-17 0033, Japan.
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Dembo RS, Huntington N, Mitra M, Rudolph AE, Lachman ME, Mailick MR. Social network typology and health among parents of children with developmental disabilities: Results from a national study of midlife adults. Soc Sci Med 2022; 292:114623. [PMID: 34891030 PMCID: PMC8748422 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing interest in the role of contextual factors in promoting well-being among parents of children with developmental disabilities. This study aimed to examine whether social network types moderate the impacts of having a child with a developmental disability on parents' health. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from the Midlife in the United States survey (MIDUS 2 and Refresher cohorts), we analyzed a sample of 363 parents of children with developmental disabilities and 4,919 parents of children without developmental disabilities. K-means cluster analysis was implemented to identify a social network typology. Modified Poisson and negative binomial regression models estimated the effect of having a child with a developmental disability and the typology on parents' physical health (self-rated health, number of chronic conditions) and mental health (self-rated mental health, major depression). RESULTS The cluster analysis revealed two social network types. Parents of children with developmental disabilities were more likely to have "restricted/unsupported" networks, whereas parents in the comparison group were more likely to have "diverse/supported" networks. Social support was more important for differentiating the network types of parents of children with developmental disabilities, while social integration was more salient for the comparison group. Parents of children with developmental disabilities fared worse on all outcomes relative to parents of children without disabilities. However, the typology had a compensatory psychological effect; the diverse/supported network type conferred greater mental health benefits to parents of children with developmental disabilities than to those in the comparison group. The diverse/supported network type was also associated with better physical health, but the associations did not differ between the two parent groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study emphasize the importance of social determinants of well-being for those with exceptional parenting responsibilities. Strengthening social networks may have a particularly positive impact on such parents' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Dembo
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Nick Huntington
- Institute for Behavioral Health, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, 415 S. Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA.
| | - Monika Mitra
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, 415 S. Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA.
| | - Abby E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Margie E Lachman
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, 415 S. Street, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA.
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Provenzi L, Grumi S, Rinaldi E, Giusti L. The porridge-like framework: A multidimensional guidance to support parents of children with developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 117:104048. [PMID: 34375793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with developmental disabilities face many daily challenges that can lead to emotional and affective problems, difficulties in caregiving, and partial mental representations about themselves and their children. The multi-faceted nature of these parents' needs requires a multi-component approach that should include the analysis of priority support goals and the planning of tailored therapeutic actions. Despite different types of validated interventions are available, the choice of the most appropriate strategy to pursue a family-centered approach to support parents of infants with developmental disabilities is not obvious. In this scenario, we propose a multi-dimensional model, the porridge-like framework of parenting. It considers three interrelated domains in parents' experience - affective (A), behavioral (B), and cognitive (C) aspects - that are intertwined with the specific degree of the child's impairment (D). This ABCD model may provide professionals with pragmatically valid guidance to plan and deliver family-centered healthcare interventions. By covering the multi-dimensional nature of parenting challenges, it provides clinicians with conceptual categories to recognize the specific needs and to choose the most suitable therapeutic action to address them. In addition, it aims to promote an ethical approach to family-centered rehabilitation for children with developmental disabilities, maximizing the potentials of a collaborative assessment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Provenzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Serena Grumi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rinaldi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giusti
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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Lovell B, Elder GJ, Wetherell MA. Sleep disturbances and physical health problems in caregivers of children with ASD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 113:103932. [PMID: 33730686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder self-report more physical health problems than controls. Sleep disturbances are also more prevalent in caregivers, and are positively associated with physical health problems. The negative impact of caring for a child with ASD on physical health therefore, might occur indirectly via poorer sleep. METHODS Participants, of which n = 43 were caregivers and n = 17 were controls, completed self-report measures of physical health problems and, to capture objective measures of sleep, wore an actigraphy device. RESULTS Physical health problems were greater in caregivers, as were subjective reports of disturbed sleep. Objectively, waking after sleep onset (WASO) and average number of awakenings were higher, as was sleep latency, and sleep efficiency was poorer, in caregivers. Total sleep time however, was greater in caregivers, as was time in bed. Physical health problems, while unrelated to actigraphy measures, were positively associated with self-reported sleep disturbances. Caregivers' increased risk for physical health problems occurred indirectly via greater self-reports of disturbed sleep. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that help alleviate caregivers' sleep disturbances might be effective, by reducing physical health problems, for improving quality of provided care, and this might be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, United Kingdom.
| | - Greg J Elder
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Wetherell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
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12
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Wilkinson K, Ball S, Mitchell SB, Ukoumunne OC, O'Mahen HA, Tejerina-Arreal M, Hayes R, Berry V, Petrie I, Ford T. The longitudinal relationship between child emotional disorder and parental mental health in the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health surveys 1999 and 2004. J Affect Disord 2021; 288:58-67. [PMID: 33839559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests parental psychopathology has an adverse effect on child mental health. However, due to the interactional nature of parent-child relationships and with a high rate of emotional disorders reported in school-age children, it is important to know whether the effect is reciprocal. METHODS We explored the longitudinal relationship between child and parent mental health in the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (N=7,100 child-parent dyads) and their three-year follow-ups. The Development and Well-Being Assessment with DSM-IV diagnostic criteria was used to measure child psychiatric diagnoses, while parental mental health was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the longitudinal association between child emotional disorder and parent mental health. RESULTS Parents of children who had an emotional disorder at baseline were more likely to have poor mental health three years later compared with parents whose children had no psychiatric diagnosis (33.3% versus 16.7%; crude odds ratio=2.52; adjusted odds ratio=2.19, 95% CI=1.58 to 3.05, p<0.001). Children of parents with poor mental health at baseline were more likely to develop an emotional disorder three years later compared with children whose parents had good mental health (5.2% versus 2.5%; crude odds ratio=2.08; adjusted odds ratio=1.63, 95% CI=1.18 to 2.25, p=0.003). LIMITATIONS The findings of this research are limited by the survey data collected, the measures used and survey dropout. CONCLUSIONS We detected a bi-directional relationship between child and parent mental health, suggesting that effective intervention for one individual may benefit other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wilkinson
- NIHR ARC South West Peninsula (PenARC), University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - S Ball
- NIHR ARC South West Peninsula (PenARC), University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - S B Mitchell
- Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - O C Ukoumunne
- NIHR ARC South West Peninsula (PenARC), University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - H A O'Mahen
- University of Exeter Mood Disorders Centre, Sir Henry Wellcome Building, Streatham Drive, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - M Tejerina-Arreal
- Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - R Hayes
- Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - V Berry
- NIHR ARC South West Peninsula (PenARC), University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - I Petrie
- Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - T Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 2AH, UK
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13
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Yilmaz G, Küçük Alemdar D. Evaluation of care burden among mothers of children with a disability: Correlation between physical activity, quality of life, and sleep quality; a cross-sectional study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:129-137. [PMID: 32506491 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between care burden and physical activity, quality of life, and sleep quality of mothers with disabled children. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted with 165 mothers in a private rehabilitation center. FINDINGS There was a significant correlation between care burden and quality of life and sleep quality among mothers with disabled children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is necessary for nurses to consult parents in terms of social support and to provide psychological support for families with disabled children to reduce the care burden of parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics Nursing, Ibrahim Çeçen University School of Health, Ağrı, Turkey
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14
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Mothers Who Take Care of Children with Disabilities in Rural Areas of a Spanish Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082920. [PMID: 32340226 PMCID: PMC7215576 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to describe how the mothers of children with disabilities in rural areas of Extremadura perceive care tasks and the subjective impact that these tasks have on their daily life and health, as well as the subjective assessment that these mothers make of the benefits and services of the Spanish welfare policy. An interpretative paradigm was selected, using a qualitative approach and a phenomenological design. Twelve mothers were included. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. A discourse analysis of the narrative information was performed using open, axial, and selective coding processes and the constant comparative method. Three topics have been extracted from the findings of the analysis: (1) extensive care responsibilities, (2) impacts upon well-being and daily life, and (3) resources that “barely” help. The care tasks performed by mothers of children with disabilities in rural areas have an enormous impact on their daily life and health. This involvement in caregiving generates a significant occupational imbalance which has an impact on their mental health, and which causes economic and social problems.
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15
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Rippon D, McDonnell A, Smith M, McCreadie M, Wetherell M. A grounded theory study on work related stress in professionals who provide health & social care for people who exhibit behaviours that challenge. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229706. [PMID: 32108179 PMCID: PMC7046268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing direct health and social care services for people who exhibit behaviours that challenge can be a highly stressful occupation. Existing literature has suggested that there is a need to develop further theoretical understanding of how work related stress can be reduced in professions that consist of providing care for people who exhibit behaviours that challenge. The aim for this study was to use a Classic Grounded Theory approach to develop a theoretical framework to illustrate a common issue that could influence work related stress levels experienced when managing behaviours that challenge in health and social care settings. A series of focus groups and 1:1 semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the articulated experiences of 47 health/social care professionals who provide care for people who exhibit behaviours that challenge. This led to the development of Therapeutic Engagement Stress Theory (TEST), which illustrates that the perceived capacity to therapeutically engage with people who exhibit behaviours that challenge is an issue that can influence the levels of stress experienced by health/social care professionals. TEST provides a framework that could be applied to identify specific factors that inhibit staff to successfully deliver caring interventions for people who exhibit behaviours that challenge, and also inform bespoke support mechanisms to reduce stress in health/social care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rippon
- University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew McDonnell
- Studio III Training Systems and Clinical Support, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Smith
- University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McCreadie
- Studio III Training Systems and Clinical Support, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wetherell
- University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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16
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Gallagher S, O'Sullivan L, Hughes Z, O'Connell BH. Building Resources in Caregivers: Feasibility of a Brief Writing Intervention to Increase Benefit Finding in Caregivers. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2020; 12:513-531. [PMID: 32026574 PMCID: PMC7384052 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Building Resources in Caregivers (BRiC) is a pilot feasibility trial that compared the effects of a 2-week benefit finding writing expressive intervention to a control intervention, who wrote about the weather. Caregivers completed primary (benefit finding) and secondary (quality of life, depression and anxiety) outcome measures at pre (t1), immediately post-test (t2) and 1 month later (t3). They also completed measures relating to trial feasibility, difficulty, and acceptance. Using complete case analysis only, analysis revealed no effect of the intervention for primary or secondary outcomes. Despite this, there were no differences between the intervention and control groups on key feasibility measures. Caregivers in the control condition were less likely to recommend this to other caregivers. Moreover, qualitative commentary provided by caregivers suggested that not everyone enjoyed the writing, some found it stressful, offering up some explanation for our findings. Our pilot trial suggests that any future benefit-finding writing intervention would require several procedure modifications including tailoring to a specific cohort of caregivers, in particular those who like writing, before it has some utility as a psychosocial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gallagher
- University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Zoe Hughes
- Care Alliance Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Dunn K, Kinnear D, Jahoda A, McConnachie A. Mental health and well-being of fathers of children with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e96. [PMID: 31694727 PMCID: PMC6854361 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a child with intellectual disabilities can be a very rewarding but demanding experience. Research in this area has primarily focused on mothers, with relatively little attention given to the mental health of fathers. AIMS The purpose of this review was to summarise the evidence related to the mental health of fathers compared with mothers, and with fathers in the general population. METHOD A meta-analysis was undertaken of all studies published by 1 July 2018 in Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE, using terms on intellectual disabilities, mental health and father carers. Papers were selected based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS Of 5544 results, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and 12 had appropriate data for meta-analysis. For comparisons of fathers with mothers, mothers were significantly more likely to have poor general mental health and well-being (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.38, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.20), as well as higher levels of depression (SMD, -0.46; 95% CI -0.68 to -0.24), stress (SMD, -0.32; 95% CI -0.46 to -0.19) and anxiety (SMD, -0.30; 95% CI -0.50 to -0.10). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference between the mental health of father and mother carers, with fathers less likely to exhibit poor mental health. However, this is based on a small number of studies. More data is needed to determine whether the general mental health and anxiety of father carers of a child with intellectual disabilities differs from fathers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Dunn
- Research Assistant, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Deborah Kinnear
- Senior Lecturer, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew Jahoda
- Professor, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Professor, Mental Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Glasgow, UK
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18
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Dey NEY, Amponsah B, Wiafe-Akenteng CB. Spirituality and subjective well-being of Ghanaian parents of children with special needs: The mediating role of resilience. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1377-1388. [PMID: 31516014 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319873956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study explored the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between spirituality and subjective well-being of 107 Ghanaian biological parents raising children with special needs. Results from mediational analyses revealed that spirituality indirectly influenced life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect through resilience. Specifically, greater levels of spirituality predicted greater resilience, which successively led to greater life satisfaction, greater positive affect and reduced negative affect. These findings emphasize the necessity of targeting parents' well-being through resilience to help them deal with the burden of providing care for their children with special needs.
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19
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Hartley SL, DaWalt LS, Hong J, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. Positive Emotional Support in Premutation Carrier Mothers of Adolescents and Adults With Fragile X Syndrome: Gene by Environment Interactions. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 124:411-426. [PMID: 31512951 PMCID: PMC6948144 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-124.5.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the benefit of emotional support on daily health in premutation carrier mothers of adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome (n = 114), and whether this benefit was moderated by the mother's genetic status (FMR1 CGG repeat length). In an 8-day daily diary, maternal daily health was assessed subjectively through self-reported number of physical health symptoms and physiologically via cortisol awakening response. Multilevel lagged-day models indicated that premutation carrier mothers with midrange CGG repeats derived less health benefit from a day with high positive emotional support than those with lower or higher numbers of repeats within the premutation range. The data support the influence of both genetic and environmental influences on the health of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigan L Hartley
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Leann S DaWalt
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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20
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O'leimat AS, Alhussami M, Rayan A. The correlates of psychological distress among parents of children with psychiatric disorders. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2019; 32:24-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Saed O'leimat
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of JordanAmman Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Alhussami
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of JordanAmman Jordan
| | - Ahmad Rayan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa UniversityZarqa Jordan
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21
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Marquis S, Hayes MV, McGrail K. Factors Affecting the Health of Caregivers of Children Who Have an Intellectual/Developmental Disability. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marquis
- School of Public Health and Social PolicyUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Michael V. Hayes
- School of Public Health and Social PolicyUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Kimberlyn McGrail
- Centre for Health Services and Policy ResearchUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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22
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Oti-Boadi M, Oppong Asante K, Malm EK. The Experiences of Ageing Parents of Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-018-09325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Gallagher S, Pilch M, Hannigan A. Prior depressive symptoms and persistent child problem behaviours predict future depression in parents of children with developmental disabilities: The growing up in Ireland cohort study. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 80:170-179. [PMID: 30032060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Predictors of depression over time were examined in parental carers of children with developmental disabilities (DD) and parents of typically developing children (controls) who participated in the Growing up in Ireland Study. Parents completed measures of depression, the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale (CES-D) and child problem behaviours, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire when the children were aged 9 (Wave 1) and 13 (Wave 2). Using CES-D cut-off scores to indicate probable depression, caregivers were more likely to be depressed at both waves compared to controls with a Wave 1 rate of depression of 14.6% vs. 7.9% (p < 0.001, Cramer`s V = 0.059) and Wave 2 (14.8% vs. 10%, p = 0.003, Cramer`s V = 0.038). While overall rates of depression were stable for caregivers, a shifting pattern emerged; 59.6% of those who were depressed at Wave 1, were not at Wave 2; similarly, 10.9% who were not depressed at Wave 1, were at Wave 2. Parents of children with DD were also more likely to report greater problem behaviours in their children compared to controls at both waves. Depression in caregivers at Wave 1 and persistent child problem behaviours were significant predictors of depression at Wave 2. In conclusion, while overall rates of depression remain stable in caregivers, there are shifting patterns evident with prior depression and persistent behaviour problems predictive of ongoing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gallagher
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Monika Pilch
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, Dept. of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ailish Hannigan
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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24
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Ranehov L, Håkansson C. Mothers' experiences of their work as healthcare assistants for their chronic disabled child. Scand J Occup Ther 2018; 26:121-134. [PMID: 29983089 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2018.1483427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the best of our knowledge, no research of the work situation of full-time, paid, parental HC assistants has been done. AIM To examine how parents experienced their work as HC assistants for their chronic disabled child. METHODS Semi-structured interviews based on the Work Environment Impact Scale (WEIS-S) were done with nine mothers who had a child aged 8-17 years old with a cognitive or/and physical chronic disability. Content analysis was used with the Model Of Human Occupation as a framework. RESULTS The studied mothers always needed to be stand-by for their child, and they highlighted physical and psychological health problems caused by their work situation. There were several difficulties working in different environments because of the child's need of technical devices. Further they described the support from their employers as important and in general the participants perceived a lack of understanding about their work situation in the society. CONCLUSION The mothers in the present study had unclear job descriptions, they often worked more than full-time, and had low occupational balance. SIGNIFICANCE Occupational therapists could improve the HC assistants' work place focusing on the physical and psycho-social work environment as well as on their occupational balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ranehov
- a Division of Habilitation Services Region Skåne , Malmoe , Sweden
| | - Carita Håkansson
- b Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Lund University , Sweden
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25
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Gilson KM, Davis E, Johnson S, Gains J, Reddihough D, Williams K. Mental health care needs and preferences for mothers of children with a disability. Child Care Health Dev 2018; 44:384-391. [PMID: 29430692 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mothers of children with a disability are at increased risk of poor mental health compared with mothers of typically developing children. The aim of the study was to describe the mental health care needs and preferences for support of mothers of children and young people aged 0-25 years with a disability. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used, using an online survey with 294 mothers of children with a disability. Questions were asked about mental health, perceived need for support, barriers to accessing mental health care, and preferences for support. Descriptive and chi-squared analyses were performed. RESULTS High rates of mental ill health were self-identified in the previous 12 months, with reported clinically significant depression (44%), anxiety (42%), and suicidality (22%). Nearly half (48%) of the mothers reported high to very high psychological distress. Although 75% of mothers perceived a need for professional support, only 58% attempted to access this. Key barriers to accessing support were caregiving duties making it difficult to schedule appointments (45%) and not perceiving the mental health problem as serious enough to require help (36%). Individual counselling was the preferred type of support (66%) followed by professionally guided relaxation (49%) and education about mental health (47%). Support was considered most critical at the time of diagnosis and during medical intervention for their child. CONCLUSIONS Although mental health problems were common and mothers perceived the need for professional help, several key barriers were preventing mothers from accessing help. Our study suggests that improving mothers' knowledge of when and where to seek help (mental health literacy) may encourage their access to support. There also needs to be more accessible treatment to mothers given the high care demands that are placed upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-M Gilson
- Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodevelopment & Disability, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Davis
- Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Johnson
- Centre for Family Research and Evaluation, Drummond Street Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Gains
- Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Reddihough
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodevelopment & Disability, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Williams
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodevelopment & Disability, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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N’Dri KM, Yaya I, Zigoli R, Endemel Ayabakan F, Ipou SY, Lambert Moke B. Impact du polyhandicap de l’enfant sur les familles à Abidjan. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2018; 30:135-141. [DOI: 10.3917/spub.181.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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27
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Cantwell J, Muldoon O, Gallagher S. The influence of self-esteem and social support on the relationship between stigma and depressive symptomology in parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:948-957. [PMID: 26031805 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the synergistic relationship between stigma, self-esteem and social support, as predictors of depressive symptomology in parents of children with disabilities (e.g. Autism and Down syndrome). METHOD One hundred and seventy-three parents (115 parents of children with disabilities and 58 control parents) completed measures of perceived stigma, self-esteem, social support and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Parents of children with disabilities reported more depressive symptomology; additionally, stigma, self-esteem and social support were associated with depressive symptomology. Moreover, the association between stigma and depressive symptomology was mediated by self-esteem, i.e. parents who reported higher stigma were lower on self-esteem and more depressed. Further, this path varied as a function of emotional support. CONCLUSION Results highlight the need for tailored interventions that offer parents effective strategies in dealing with stigma through social support and self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cantwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Center for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - O Muldoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Center for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - S Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Center for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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28
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O’Donnell AT, Corrigan F, Gallagher S. The impact of anticipated stigma on psychological and physical health problems in the unemployed group. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1263. [PMID: 26379589 PMCID: PMC4548078 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that the unemployed suffer increased psychological and physical health problems compared to their employed counterparts. Further, unemployment leads to an unwanted new social identity that is stigmatizing, and stigma is known to be a stressor causing psychological and physical health problems. However, it is not yet known whether being stigmatized as an unemployed group member is associated with psychological and physical health in this group. The current study tested the impact of anticipated stigma (AS) on psychological distress (PD) and physical health problems, operationalized as somatic symptoms (SSs), in a volunteer sample of unemployed people. Results revealed that AS had a direct effect on both PD and SSs, such that greater AS significantly predicted higher levels of both. Moreover, the direct effect on SSs became non-significant when PD was taken into account. Thus, to the extent that unemployed participants anticipated experiencing greater stigma, they also reported increased PD, and this PD predicted increased SSs. Our findings complement and extend the existing literature on the relationships between stigmatized identities, PD and physical health problems, particularly in relation to the unemployed group. This group is important to consider both theoretically, given the unwanted and transient nature of the identity compared to other stigmatized identities, but also practically, as the findings indicate a need to orient to the perceived valence of the unemployed identity and its effects on psychological and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling T. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Social Issues Research, University of LimerickLimerick, Ireland
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29
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Mcbean AL, Schlosnagle L. Sleep, health and memory: comparing parents of typically developing children and parents of children with special health-care needs. J Sleep Res 2015; 25:78-87. [PMID: 26238150 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Mcbean
- The Center for Excellence in Disabilities; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
| | - Leo Schlosnagle
- The Center for Excellence in Disabilities; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV USA
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30
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Bemister TB, Brooks BL, Dyck RH, Kirton A. Predictors of caregiver depression and family functioning after perinatal stroke. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 26174779 PMCID: PMC4502550 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal stroke is a leading cause of cerebral palsy and lifelong neurological morbidity. Studies on perinatal stroke outcomes are increasing, although examinations of its broader impact on parents and families have been limited. A recent study found that parents of children with moderate and severe outcomes have increased risk for psychosocial concerns, including depressive symptoms and poor family functioning. Other parents adapt remarkably well, but how this occurs is unknown. The primary aim of this study was to examine predictors of parent and family outcomes, namely caregiver depression and family functioning. The secondary aim was to explore potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between condition severity and parent and family outcomes. METHODS Parents were recruited from a large, population-based perinatal stroke research cohort, and they completed measures assessing their demographics, social supports, stress levels, marital quality, feelings of guilt and blame, psychological well-being, and family functioning. Bivariate analyses compared these variables. Predictor variables, mediators, and moderators were chosen according to the strength of their relationship with the outcome variables (i.e., caregiver depression and family functioning) and theory. Hierarchical regression, mediator, and moderator analyses were conducted accordingly. RESULTS A total of 103 parents participated in this study (76 mothers, 27 fathers; mean age of 39.2 years; mean child age of 7.46 years). Condition severity, anxiety, social support, and blame independently predicted caregiver depression while condition severity, stress levels, and marital quality independently predicted family functioning. Blame regarding the cause of their child's condition also mediated the relationship between condition severity and caregiver depression. CONCLUSIONS Adverse parental outcomes can be predicted in perinatal stroke populations. Moreover, anxiety and stress management techniques, marital support, and psychoeducation regarding the unpreventable nature of perinatal stroke may be utilized in the future to enhance family outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn B Bemister
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada. .,Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada.
| | - Brian L Brooks
- Neurosciences, Brain Injury and Rehabilitation Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
| | - Richard H Dyck
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1 N4, Canada.
| | - Adam Kirton
- Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 293, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
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Brand C, O'Connell BH, Gallagher S. A randomised controlled trial of benefit finding in caregivers: The Building Resources in Caregivers Study Protocol. Health Psychol Open 2015; 2:2055102915595019. [PMID: 28070362 PMCID: PMC5193262 DOI: 10.1177/2055102915595019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregivers may engage in benefit finding, that is, an increase in perceived positive growth, as a cognitive strategy for coping with stress. The Building Resources in Caregivers study will compare effects of a brief benefit finding writing intervention with a control intervention. Caregivers of people with mental and physical disabilities will be randomised into either a benefit-writing group or a neutral writing group. Caregivers will complete measures relating to themselves and care-recipients (e.g. sociodemographics and illness type) and psychometric measures of benefit finding, distress and quality of life at three time points. Additionally, qualitative commentary on participation experiences will be gathered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Brand
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brenda H O'Connell
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Lab, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Lab, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Petner-Arrey J, Howell-Moneta A, Lysaght R. Facilitating employment opportunities for adults with intellectual and developmental disability through parents and social networks. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 38:789-795. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1061605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Alwi N, Harun D, J H L. Multidisciplinary parent education for caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): implications for clinical practice. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2015; 29:5. [PMID: 25634867 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazurah Alwi
- Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Dzalani Harun
- Occupational Therapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
| | - Leonard J H
- Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Gallagher S, Hannigan A. Child problem behaviours are associated with obesity in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:358-365. [PMID: 25462495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that obesity and depression are highly co-morbid. In a national cohort study, we examined whether parents caring for children with disabilities were more likely to be classified as obese compared to parents of children without disabilities and if obesity was associated with depressive symptoms or child behaviour characteristics. Using data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children (2006 to date), 627 parents of children with developmental disabilities were compared with 7941 parents of typically developing children on objectively measured levels of obesity (body mass index ≥30kg/m2), depression, health behaviours, chronic health conditions, socio-demographic and child behavioural characteristics. Parents of children with disabilities were more likely to be classified as obese compared to control parents (24.5% vs. 19.6%, p=0.005, Cramer's V<0.1). Depression was not associated with obesity. However, the odds of obesity increased with increasing child problem behaviour (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.06). Over half (57%) of obese parents caring for children with disabilities reported trying to lose weight often or very often. This study has confirmed, in a population-based sample, the high risk of obesity in parents caring for children with disabilities after adjusting for the presence of depression and other health behaviours; increasing child problem behaviours were predictive of obesity. Importantly, given the negative health correlates of obesity, it is imperative that health professionals pay attention to weight issues in these parents and support their efforts in managing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gallagher
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ailish Hannigan
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Brand C, Barry L, Gallagher S. Social support mediates the association between benefit finding and quality of life in caregivers. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:1126-36. [PMID: 25205775 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314547244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychosocial pathways underlying associations between benefit finding and quality of life are poorly understood. Here, we examined associations between benefit finding, social support, optimism and quality of life in a sample of 84 caregivers. Results revealed that quality of life was predicted by benefit finding, optimism and social support. Moreover, the association between benefit finding and quality of life was explained by social support, but not optimism; caregivers who reported greater benefit finding perceived their social support be higher and this, in turn, had a positive effect on their overall quality of life. These results underscore the importance of harnessing benefit finding to enhance caregiver quality of life.
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Cantwell J, Muldoon OT, Gallagher S. Social support and mastery influence the association between stress and poor physical health in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2215-23. [PMID: 24927515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To date, much of the research linking the stress of caring for children with developmental disabilities (e.g. Autism & Down syndrome) with parental health outcomes have tended to concentrate on mental health with less attention paid to the physical health consequences. Thus, this study sought to explore the psychosocial predictors of poor physical health in these caring parents. One hundred and sixty-seven parents (109 caregivers and 58 control parents) completed measures of stress, child problem behaviours, social support, mastery and physical health. Parents of children with developmental disabilities had poorer physical health compared to control parents. Stress and mastery, but not social support and problem behaviours, were significant predictors of poor physical health within caring parents for children with developmental disabilities. However, the association between mastery and physical health was mediated by perceived stress such that those parents who were higher on mastery reported less stress and better physical health; furthermore, the association between stress and physical health was moderated by social support; those parents high on social support and low in stress had better physical health. These results indicate that the paths between psychosocial factors and poor physical health in the caring parents are working synergistically rather than in isolation. They also underscore the importance of providing multi-component interventions that offer a variety of psychosocial resources to meet the precise needs of the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Cantwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Orla T Muldoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Gallagher S, Hannigan A. Depression and chronic health conditions in parents of children with and without developmental disabilities: the growing up in Ireland cohort study. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:448-454. [PMID: 24361813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that poor physical health and depression are highly co-morbid. To date, however, no study has considered whether depression in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities is partly driven by poor physical health. Using data from the Growing Up in Ireland national cohort study (2006 to date), 627 parents of children with developmental disabilities were compared with 7941 parents of typically developing children on scores from the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale, chronic health conditions, socio-demographic and child behavioural characteristics. Having a child with disabilities was associated with a higher risk of depression (odds ratio (OR)=1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43, 2.35) compared to parents of typically developing children. Adjusting for the presence of chronic health conditions accounted for some of this excess risk (OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.27). The association between having a child with disabilities and increased risk of depression was explained, however, by adjusting for the child problem behaviours (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.43). This study has confirmed, in a population-based sample, the high risk of depression in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities after adjusting for the presence of a chronic health condition. Importantly, given that poor mental health in these parents is associated with a battery of negative health and social family outcomes, it is imperative that health professionals pay attention to the mental health needs of these parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gallagher
- Centre for Social Issues Research, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ailish Hannigan
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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