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Solbakken LE, Wynn R. Barriers and opportunities to accessing social support in the transition from community to prison: a qualitative interview study with incarcerated individuals in Northern Norway. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:185. [PMID: 35902977 PMCID: PMC9331082 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarcerated individuals have poor mental health compared to the general population. Social support has a beneficial effect on mental health. The buffering model proposes that social support facilitates coping under stressful conditions, while the main effects model suggests that belonging to social networks and having positive social interactions are beneficial for mental health. Prisons are a highly interesting context for studying social support, as imprisonment is perceived as stressful and disrupts social relationships and the availability of support. This study aims to explore incarcerated individuals' perceptions of social support from various sources in the transition from community to prison, its perceived significance for mental health, and the opportunities and barriers to accessing social support in a Norwegian prison context. METHODS The experiences of eight incarcerated individuals from a prison in Northern Norway were gathered through conducting individual in-depth interviews. The data analysis was inspired by Charmaz's version of Grounded Theory. RESULTS Social support from peers was perceived to be important for the well-being and preserving of mental health in prison. Support from informal sources outside prison and prison officers were not granted the same significance by the participants. Although prison life was perceived as stressful, social support in the form of companionship, the feeling of belonging, shared activities, and everyday conversations were more important for the participants than support focusing on coping with the stress of incarceration. CONCLUSIONS Peers are perceived to be the most important source of social support, and vital for well-being and mental health in prison. Barriers to support from family, friends and prison officers may amplify the significance of support from peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Elisabeth Solbakken
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038, Tromsö, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Substance Use, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsö, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9038, Tromsö, Norway.
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Bashir AY, Moloney N, Elzain ME, Delaunois I, Sheikhi A, O'Donnell P, Dunne CP, Kelly BD, Gulati G. From nowhere to nowhere. Homelessness and incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prison Health 2021; 17:452-461. [PMID: 34107200 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to review international literature systematically to estimate the prevalence of homelessness among incarcerated persons at the time of imprisonment and the time of discharge. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A systematic review methodology was used to identify quantitative observational studies that looked at the prevalence of homelessness at the time of imprisonment, or up to 30 days prior to that point (initial homelessness), and at the time of discharge from prisons. Studies reported in English from inception to 11 September 2019 were searched for using eight databases (PsycInfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycArticles, Scopus, Web of Science and the Campbell Collaboration), in addition to grey literature. Studies were screened independently by three researchers. Results of studies meeting inclusion criteria were meta-analysed using a random effects model to generate pooled prevalence data. FINDINGS A total of 18 out of 2,131 studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies originated from the USA, Canada, UK, Ireland or Australia. The estimated prevalence of initial homelessness was 23.41% and at time of discharge was 29.94%. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among studies. ORIGINALITY/VALUE People in prisons are over twenty times more likely to be homeless than those in the general population. This is likely attributable to a range of health and social factors. Studies in this analysis suggest higher rates of homelessness in minority populations and among those with mental illnesses and neurodevelopmental disorders. While there was significant heterogeneity among studies, the results highlight the global burden of this issue and a clear necessity for targeted interventions to address homelessness in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Bashir
- University of Limerick Hospitals Groups, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Noreen Moloney
- University of Limerick Hospitals Groups, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | - Ali Sheikhi
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Colum P Dunne
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Gautam Gulati
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Brown MJ, Serovich JM, Laschober TC, Kimberly JA, Lescano CM. Mediating Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Perceived Social Support and HIV Disclosure: Assessing Moderation by Sex. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:636-648. [PMID: 30539497 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV may decide to disclose their HIV-positive status after considering the benefits and costs. Studies have shown associations between perceived social support, depressive symptoms and HIV disclosure among men and women; however, research assessing the mediating pathway among these variables and the associated disparities by sex are lacking. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the association between perceived social support from family and friends and HIV disclosure to sexual partners; assess the mediating effects of depressive symptoms; and examine the disparities by sex. Participants included 147 men and 115 women living with HIV who took part in a disclosure intervention study. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine the direct and indirect associations between perceived social support from family and friends, depressive symptoms, and disclosure behavior. Depressive symptoms mediated the association between perceived social support (from family: β = 0.103, p = 0.019; and from friends: β = 0.111, p = 0.009) and HIV disclosure to sexual partners, specifically among women. However, these pathways were not statistically significant among men. Women living with HIV may benefit from two types of interventions: (1) Disclosure to sexual partners interventions, which aim to accentuate perceived social support from family and friends through attenuating depressive symptoms; and (2) Social support interventions, which may increase disclosure to sexual partners via reducing depressive symptoms.
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Li J, Mo PKH, Wu AMS, Lau JTF. Roles of Self-Stigma, Social Support, and Positive and Negative Affects as Determinants of Depressive Symptoms Among HIV Infected Men who have Sex with Men in China. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:261-273. [PMID: 26896120 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poor mental health was prevalent among HIV positive men who have sex with men (HIVMSM), and a tremendous burden extents on their families and society. The present study investigated the prevalence of depression and its relationship with social support, HIV self-stigma, positive affect and negative affect among 321 HIVMSM in Chengdu, China. The study was conducted during July 2013 through October 2013. Findings showed that 55.8 % of the participants had mild to severe depression. The results of structural equation modeling showed that social support and positive affect were negatively associated with depression, while HIV self-stigma and negative affect were positively associated with depression. Social support, positive affect, and negative affect mediated the association between HIV self-stigma and depression. The hypothesized model had a satisfactory fit. Interventions improving mental health among this population are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Phoenix K H Mo
- Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- Division of Behavioral Health and Health Promotion, The School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
- Centre for Medical Anthropology and Behavioral Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Yu Y, Yang JP, Shiu CS, Simoni JM, Xiao S, Chen WT, Rao D, Wang M. Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey among people living with HIV/AIDS in China. Appl Nurs Res 2015; 28:328-33. [PMID: 26608434 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese (Mandarin) version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS-CM) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Mainland China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 200 Chinese PLWHA. They completed the MOS-SSS-CM along with the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory Revised (BDI-II) scale, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) scale. RESULTS Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was 0.97 for the overall MOS-SSS-CM and 0.82-0.91 for the five subscales originally proposed. However, 11 of the 19 items demonstrated unsatisfactory item discriminant validity. An exploratory factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution with tangible and social-emotional dimensions, which demonstrated satisfactory reliability and better discrimination between different subscales than did the original five-factor model. The concurrent validity of the two-factor scale was further confirmed by its significant negative correlations with the BDI-II (r=-0.41, p<0.01); the SAS (r=-0.27, p<0.01); and the PSS-10 (r=-0.30, p<0.01), and significant positive correlation with the WHOQOL-BREF scale (r=0.61, p<0.01). CONCLUSION We found a two-factor solution for the MOS-SSS-CM, which demonstrated good reliability and validity when applied to Chinese PLWHA. This was consistent with results from a study of Taiwanese caregivers. Further validation in other populations and disease states is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Public Health School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7765, USA.
| | - Joyce P Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
| | - Cheng-Shi Shiu
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Jane M Simoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Public Health School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Wei-Ti Chen
- Yale school of nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA.
| | - Deepa Rao
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | - Mingjiong Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Medical School, Lei feng road nine kilometers, Traditional Chinese Medicine department of Changsha Medical School, Wangcheng, Changshang city, Hunan province 410219, China.
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Yu Y, Shiu CS, Yang JP, Wang M, Simoni JM, Chen WT, Cheng J, Zhao H. Factor analyses of a social support scale using two methods. Qual Life Res 2014; 24:787-94. [PMID: 25267103 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-014-0815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation and comparison of the factor structure of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) using both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with two samples of people living with HIV/AIDS in China. METHODS Secondary analyses were conducted with data from two comparable samples of 320 people living with HIV/AIDS from the same hospital using the same inclusion criteria. The first sample of 120 was collected in 2006, and the second sample of 200 was collected in 2012. For each sample, CFA was first performed on the original four-factor structure to check model fit, followed by EFA to explore other factor structures and a subsequent CFA for model fit statistics to be compared to the original four-factor CFA. RESULTS In both samples, CFA on the originally hypothesized four-factor structure yielded an acceptable model fit. The EFA yielded a two-factor solution in both samples, with different items included in each factor for the two samples. Comparison of CFA on the a priori four-factor structure and the new two-factor structure in both samples indicated that both factor structures were of acceptable model fit, with the four-factor model performing slightly better than the two-factor model. CONCLUSION Factor structure of the MOS-SSS is method-dependent, with CFA supporting a four-factor structure, while EFA yielded a two-factor structure in two separate samples. We need to be careful in selecting the analytic method when applying the MOS-SSS to various samples and choose the factor structure that best fits the theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Public Health School, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
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