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Rani I, Joshi H, Sharma U, Kaur J, Sood S, Ramniwas S, Chauhan A, Abdulabbas HS, Tuli HS. Potential use of cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat drugs in fighting monkeypox infection: recent trends and advancements. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2055-2065. [PMID: 37837475 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of more recent pandemic outbreaks including COVID-19 and monkeypox. A multinational monkeypox outbreak creates a complex situation that necessitates countermeasures to the existing quo. The first incidence of monkeypox was documented in the 1970s, and further outbreaks led to a public health emergency of international concern. Yet as of right now, neither vaccines nor medicines are certain to treat monkeypox. Even the inability of conducting human clinical trials has prevented thousands of patients from receiving effective disease management. The current state of the disease's understanding, the treatment options available, financial resources, and lastly international policies to control an epidemic state are the major obstacles to controlling epidemics. The current review focuses on the epidemiology of monkeypox, scientific ideas, and available treatments, including potential monkeypox therapeutic methods. As a result, a thorough understanding of monkeypox literature will facilitate in the development of new therapeutic medications for the prevention and treatment of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, Ambala, 134007, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shivani Sood
- GIOSTAR-USA, Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, Mohali, 140308, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, 51002, Iraq
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India.
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Smith TG, Gigante CM, Wynn NT, Matheny A, Davidson W, Yang Y, Condori RE, O'Connell K, Kovar L, Williams TL, Yu YC, Petersen BW, Baird N, Lowe D, Li Y, Satheshkumar PS, Hutson CL. Tecovirimat Resistance in Mpox Patients, United States, 2022-2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2426-2432. [PMID: 37856204 PMCID: PMC10683829 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.231146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During the 2022 multinational outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, the antiviral drug tecovirimat (TPOXX; SIGA Technologies, Inc., https://www.siga.com) was deployed in the United States on a large scale for the first time. The MPXV F13L gene homologue encodes the target of tecovirimat, and single amino acid changes in F13 are known to cause resistance to tecovirimat. Genomic sequencing identified 11 mutations previously reported to cause resistance, along with 13 novel mutations. Resistant phenotype was determined using a viral cytopathic effect assay. We tested 124 isolates from 68 patients; 96 isolates from 46 patients were found to have a resistant phenotype. Most resistant isolates were associated with severely immunocompromised mpox patients on multiple courses of tecovirimat treatment, whereas most isolates identified by routine surveillance of patients not treated with tecovirimat remained sensitive. The frequency of resistant viruses remains relatively low (<1%) compared with the total number of patients treated with tecovirimat.
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Contag CA, Mische L, Fong I, Karan A, Vaidya A, McCormick DW, Bower W, Hacker JK, Johnson K, SanJuan P, Crebbin L, Temmins C, Sahni H, Bogler Y, Cooper JD, Narasimhan S. Treatment of Mpox with Suspected Tecovirimat Resistance in Immunocompromised Patient, United States, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2520-2523. [PMID: 37856215 PMCID: PMC10683816 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of tecovirimat-resistant mpox have emerged after widespread use of antiviral therapy during the 2022 mpox outbreak. Optimal management of patients with persistent infection with or without suspected resistance is yet to be established. We report a successfully treated case of severe mpox in California, USA, that had suspected tecovirimat resistance.
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Vo C, Zomorodi R, Silvera R, Bartram L, Lugo LA, Kojic E, Urbina A, Aberg J, Sigel K, Chasan R, Patel G. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Mpox Who Received Tecovirimat in a New York City Health System. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad552. [PMID: 38023539 PMCID: PMC10644828 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 2022 global mpox outbreak was notable for transmission between persons outside of travel and zoonotic exposures and primarily through intimate contact. An understanding of the presentation of mpox in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromising conditions and knowledge of the efficacy of tecovirimat continue to evolve. Methods This retrospective study describes clinical features and outcomes of persons with mpox who received tecovirimat. Data were obtained via medical record review of patients prescribed tecovirimat in a health system in New York City during the height of the outbreak in 2022. Results One hundred thirty people received tecovirimat between 1 July and 1 October 2022. People with HIV (n = 80) experienced similar rates of recovery, bacterial superinfections, and hospitalization compared to patients without immunocompromising conditions. Individuals determined to be severely immunocompromised (n = 14) had a higher risk of hospitalization than those without severe immunocompromise (cohort inclusive of those with well-controlled HIV, excluding those without virologic suppression, n = 101): 50% versus 9% (P < .001). Hospitalized patients (n = 18 [13% of total]) were primarily admitted for bacterial superinfections (44.4%), with a median hospital stay of 4 days. Of those who completed follow-up (n = 85 [66%]), 97% had recovery of lesions at time of posttreatment assessment. Tecovirimat was well tolerated; there were no reported severe adverse events attributed to therapy. Conclusions There were no significant differences in outcomes between people with HIV when evaluated as a whole and patients without immunocompromising conditions. However, mpox infection was associated with higher rates of hospitalization in those with severe immunocompromise, including patients with HIV/AIDS. Treatment with tecovirimat was well tolerated.Key Points: In our mpox cohort, people with HIV had similar rates of recovery and complications as those without HIV or other immunocompromising conditions. Severe immunocompromise was associated with a higher hospitalization rate. Tecovirimat was well tolerated, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Rustin Zomorodi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Richard Silvera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Logan Bartram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Luz Amarilis Lugo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Erna Kojic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Antonio Urbina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Judith Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Chasan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
| | - Gopi Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, New York, USA
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Ghafari S, Rukerd MRZ, Bashash D, Nakhaie M, Charostad J, Zarei M, Dehghani A. Anti-Monkeypox Infection Approaches: From Prevention to Therapeutic Lines. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:659-666. [PMID: 37228175 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ghafari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid-Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Azam Dehghani
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shamim MA, Satapathy P, Padhi BK, Veeramachaneni SD, Akhtar N, Pradhan A, Agrawal A, Dwivedi P, Mohanty A, Pradhan KB, Kabir R, Rabaan AA, Alotaibi J, Al Ismail ZA, Alsoliabi ZA, Al Fraij A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Pharmacological treatment and vaccines in monkeypox virus: a narrative review and bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149909. [PMID: 37214444 PMCID: PMC10196034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (earlier known as monkeypox) virus infection is a recognized public health emergency. There has been little research on the treatment options. This article reviews the specific drugs used to treat mpox virus infection and the vaccines used here. Instead of focusing on the mechanistic basis, this review narrates the practical, real-life experiences of individual patients of mpox virus disease being administered these medicines. We conducted a bibliometric analysis on the treatment of the mpox virus using data from several databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. The research on this topic has grown tremendously recently but it is highly concentrated in a few countries. Cidofovir is the most studied drug. This is because it is indicated and also used off-label for several conditions. The drugs used for mpox virus infection include tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir, vaccinia immune globulin, and trifluridine. Tecovirimat is used most frequently. It is a promising option in progressive mpox disease in terms of both efficacy and safety. Brincidofovir has been associated with treatment discontinuation due to elevated hepatic enzymes. Cidofovir is also not the preferred drug, often used because of the unavailability of tecovirimat. Trifluridine is used topically as an add-on agent along with tecovirimat for ocular manifestations of mpox virus disease. No study reports individual patient data for vaccinia immune globulin. Though no vaccine is currently approved for mpox virus infection, ACAM 2000 and JYNNEOS are the vaccines being mainly considered. ACAM 2000 is capable of replicating and may cause severe adverse reactions. It is used when JYNNEOS is contraindicated. Several drugs and vaccines are under development and have been discussed alongside pragmatic aspects of mpox virus treatment and prevention. Further studies can provide more insight into the safety and efficacy of Tecovirimat in actively progressing mpox virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakisini Satapathy
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Naushaba Akhtar
- Indian Council of Medical Research—Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Anindita Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhimanyu Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Centre of Excellence for Tribal Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | | | - Russell Kabir
- School of Allied Health, Anglia Ruskin University, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alotaibi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab A. Al Ismail
- Long Term Care Department, Dhahran Long Term Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Al Fraij
- Medical Laboratories and Blood Bank Department, Jubail Health Network, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Wang J, Shahed-Ai-Mahmud M, Chen A, Li K, Tan H, Joyce R. An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4468-4490. [PMID: 36961984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The current monkeypox outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited interest in orthopoxvirus antivirals. Monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which also includes the variola virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. Two orally bioavailable drugs, tecovirimat and brincidofovir, have been approved for treating smallpox infections. Given their human safety profiles and in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models, both drugs have also been recommended to treat monkeypox infection. To facilitate the development of additional orthopoxvirus antivirals, we summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and mechanism of resistance of orthopoxvirus antivirals. This perspective covers both direct-acting and host-targeting antivirals with an emphasis on drug candidates showing in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models. We hope to speed the orthopoxvirus antiviral drug discovery by providing medicinal chemists with insights into prioritizing proper drug targets and hits for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Md Shahed-Ai-Mahmud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Angelo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Shishkina LN, Mazurkov OY, Bormotov NI, Skarnovich MO, Serova OA, Mazurkova NA, Skarnovich MA, Chernonosov AA, Selivanov BA, Tikhonov AY, Gamaley SG, Shimina GG, Sysoyeva GM, Taranov OS, Danilenko ED, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Substance of the Anti-Smallpox Drug NIOCH-14 after Oral Administration to Laboratory Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:205. [PMID: 36680245 PMCID: PMC9863109 DOI: 10.3390/v15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since most of the modern human population has no anti-smallpox immunity, it is extremely important to develop and implement effective drugs for the treatment of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections. The objective of this study is to determine the main characteristics of the chemical substance NIOCH-14 and its safety and bioavailability in the body of laboratory animals. METHODS The safety of NIOCH-14 upon single- or multiple-dose intragastric administration was assessed according to its effect on the main hematological and pathomorphological parameters of laboratory mice and rats. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of NIOCH-14 administered orally, a concentration of ST-246, the active metabolite of NIOCH-14, in mouse blood and organs was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. RESULTS The intragastric administration of NIOCH-14 at a dose of 5 g/kg body weight caused neither death nor signs of intoxication in mice. The intragastric administration of NIOCH-14 to mice and rats at doses of 50 and 150 µg/g body weight either as a single dose or once daily during 30 days did not cause animal death or critical changes in hematological parameters and the microstructure of internal organs. The tissue availability of NIOCH-14 administered orally to the mice at a dose of 50 µg/g body weight, which was calculated according to concentrations of its active metabolite ST-246 for the lungs, liver, kidney, brain, and spleen, was 100, 69.6, 63.3, 26.8 and 20.3%, respectively. The absolute bioavailability of the NIOCH-14 administered orally to mice at a dose of 50 µg/g body weight was 22.8%. CONCLUSION Along with the previously determined efficacy against orthopoxviruses, including the smallpox virus, the substance NIOCH-14 was shown to be safe and bioavailable in laboratory animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa N. Shishkina
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg Yu. Mazurkov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Nikolai I. Bormotov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Maksim O. Skarnovich
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Olga A. Serova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Mazurkova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Maria A. Skarnovich
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Chernonosov
- The Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Boris A. Selivanov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Ya. Tikhonov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana G. Gamaley
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Galina G. Shimina
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Galina M. Sysoyeva
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Taranov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena D. Danilenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Agafonov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Rinat A. Maksyutov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution—State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
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Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Rabaan AA, Abas AH, Tallei TE, Al-Zaher MA, Al-Sheef NM, Fatimawali, Al-Nass EZ, Al-Ebrahim EA, Effendi Y, Idroes R, Alhabib MF, Al-Fheid HA, Adam AA, Bin Emran T. Monkeypox outbreak 2022: What we know so far and its potential drug targets and management strategies. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28306. [PMID: 36372558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus. The disease can result in flu-like symptoms, fever, and a persistent rash. The disease is currently spreading throughout the world and prevention and treatment efforts are being intensified. Although there is no treatment that has been specifically approved for monkeypox virus infection, infected patients may benefit from using certain antiviral medications that are typically prescribed for the treatment of smallpox. The drugs are tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir, all of which are currently in short supply due to the spread of the monkeypox virus. Resistance is also a concern, as widespread replication of the monkeypox virus can lead to mutations that produce monkeypox viruses that are resistant to the currently available treatments. This article discusses monkeypox disease, potential drug targets, and management strategies to overcome monkeypox disease. With the discovery of new drugs, it is hoped that the problem of insufficient drugs will be resolved, and it is not anticipated that drug resistance will become a major issue in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hawil Abas
- Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Mona A Al-Zaher
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor M Al-Sheef
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimawali
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Esraa Z Al-Nass
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eba A Al-Ebrahim
- Department of Commitment management, Directorate of Health Affairs in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunus Effendi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Azhar Indonesia University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mather F Alhabib
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Al-Fheid
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Akroman Adam
- Dentistry Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Sukhdeo S, Mishra S, Walmsley S. Human monkeypox: a comparison of the characteristics of the new epidemic to the endemic disease. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:928. [PMID: 36503476 PMCID: PMC9742013 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2022, a new global outbreak of mpox (formerly, human monkeypox) emerged that was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on July 23, 2022. With new patterns of person-to-person spread within sexual networks in nonendemic countries and several differences from the classic disease course, we performed a comprehensive review of existing literature on human monkeypox to discuss epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation and asymptomatic infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines with the primary aim to identify important areas for future research of this new epidemic form of the disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed of all published literature to August 15, 2022. Historically, in regions of monkeypox virus endemicity, human outbreaks have occurred related to discrete zoonotic events. The animal reservoir is unknown, but the virus has been isolated from rodents. Traditionally, transmission occurred by direct or indirect contact with an infected animal. In nonendemic countries affected in the 2022 outbreak, almost exclusive person-to-person spread has been observed, and most cases are connected to sexual networks of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. After an incubation period of approximately 13 days, in traditional human cases affected persons developed a febrile prodrome preceding a rash that started on the face and body, spread centrifugally to the palms and soles and healed monomorphically over two to four weeks. However, in the 2022 outbreak, the febrile illness is often absent or occurs after the onset of the rash. The rash presents primarily in the anogenital region and face before disseminating throughout the body, with lesions displaying regional pleomorphism. There is a paucity of data for the role of antiviral agents or vaccines. The epidemiology and clinical course of mpox has changed in the 2022 epidemic from that observed with the endemic disease. There is an urgent need to establish rapid and collaborative research platforms to diagnose, treat and prevent disease and inform important public health and other strategies to stop the spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sukhdeo
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Siegrist EA, Sassine J. Antivirals With Activity Against Mpox: A Clinically Oriented Review. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:155-164. [PMID: 35904001 PMCID: PMC9825831 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox virus is an emergent human pathogen. While it is less lethal than smallpox, it can still cause significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we explore 3 antiviral agents with activity against mpox and other orthopoxviruses: cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat. Cidofovir, and its prodrug brincidofovir, are inhibitors of DNA replication with a broad spectrum of activity against multiple families of double-stranded DNA viruses. Tecovirimat has more specific activity against orthopoxviruses and inhibits the formation of the extracellular enveloped virus necessary for cell-to-cell transmission. For each agent, we review basic pharmacology, data from animal models, and reported experience in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sassine
- Correspondence: J. Sassine, Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ()
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14
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Villa PL, Jackson R, Eade S, Escott N, Zehbe I. Isolation of Biopsy-Derived, Human Cervical Keratinocytes Propagated as Monolayer and Organoid Cultures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17869. [PMID: 30552408 PMCID: PMC6294766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful isolation and propagation of patient-derived keratinocytes from cervical lesions constitute a more appropriate model of cervical disease than traditional cervical cancer-derived cell lines such as SiHa and CaSki. Our aim was to streamline the growth of patient-obtained, cervical keratinocytes into a reproducible process. We performed an observational case series study with 60 women referred to colposcopy for a diagnostic biopsy. Main outcome measures were how many samples could be passaged at least once (n = 11), and where enough cells could be established, to precisely define their proliferation profile over time (n = 3). Altering cell culture conditions over those reported by other groups markedly improved outcomes. We were also successful in making freeze backs which could be resuscitated to successfully propagate multi-layered, organoids from cervical keratinocytes (n = 3). For best results, biopsy-intrinsic factors such as size and tissue digestion appear to be major variables. This seems to be the first systematic report with a well characterized and defined sample size, detailed protocol, and carefully assessed cell yield and performance. This research is particularly impactful for constituting a sample repository-on-demand for appropriate disease modelling and drug screening under the umbrella of personalized health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Villa
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Robert Jackson
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Statton Eade
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Nicholas Escott
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 5E1, Canada. .,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.
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15
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Grosenbach DW, Honeychurch K, Rose EA, Chinsangaram J, Frimm A, Maiti B, Lovejoy C, Meara I, Long P, Hruby DE. Oral Tecovirimat for the Treatment of Smallpox. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:44-53. [PMID: 29972742 PMCID: PMC6086581 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1705688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, but variola virus (VARV), which causes smallpox, still exists. There is no known effective treatment for smallpox; therefore, tecovirimat is being developed as an oral smallpox therapy. Because clinical trials in a context of natural disease are not possible, an alternative developmental path to evaluate efficacy and safety was needed. METHODS We investigated the efficacy of tecovirimat in nonhuman primate (monkeypox) and rabbit (rabbitpox) models in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Efficacy Rule, which was interpreted for smallpox therapeutics by an expert advisory committee. We also conducted a placebo-controlled pharmacokinetic and safety trial involving 449 adult volunteers. RESULTS The minimum dose of tecovirimat required in order to achieve more than 90% survival in the monkeypox model was 10 mg per kilogram of body weight for 14 days, and a dose of 40 mg per kilogram for 14 days was similarly efficacious in the rabbitpox model. Although the effective dose per kilogram was higher in rabbits, exposure was lower, with a mean steady-state maximum, minimum, and average (mean) concentration (Cmax, Cmin, and Cavg, respectively) of 374, 25, and 138 ng per milliliter, respectively, in rabbits and 1444, 169, and 598 ng per milliliter in nonhuman primates, as well as an area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours (AUC0-24hr) of 3318 ng×hours per milliliter in rabbits and 14,352 ng×hours per milliliter in nonhuman primates. These findings suggested that the nonhuman primate was the more conservative model for the estimation of the required drug exposure in humans. A dose of 600 mg twice daily for 14 days was selected for testing in humans and provided exposures in excess of those in nonhuman primates (mean steady-state Cmax, Cmin, and Cavg of 2209, 690, and 1270 ng per milliliter and AUC0-24hr of 30,632 ng×hours per milliliter). No pattern of troubling adverse events was observed. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of its efficacy in two animal models and pharmacokinetic and safety data in humans, tecovirimat is being advanced as a therapy for smallpox in accordance with the FDA Animal Rule. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474589 .).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Long
- From SIGA Technologies, Corvallis, OR
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16
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Pires MA, Rodrigues NFS, de Oliveira DB, de Assis FL, Costa GB, Kroon EG, Mota BEF. In vitro susceptibility to ST-246 and Cidofovir corroborates the phylogenetic separation of Brazilian Vaccinia virus into two clades. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:36-44. [PMID: 29427676 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus of the Poxviridae family contains several human pathogens, including Vaccinia virus (VACV), which have been implicating in outbreaks of a zoonotic disease called Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil. So far, no approved treatment exists for OPV infections, but ST-246 and Cidofovir (CDV) are now in clinical development. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of five strains of Brazilian VACV (Br-VACV) to ST-246 and Cidofovir. The susceptibility of these strains to both drugs was evaluated by plaque reduction assay, extracellular virus's quantification in the presence of ST-246 and one-step growth curve in cells treated with CDV. Besides that, the ORFs F13L and E9L were sequenced for searching of polymorphisms associated with drug resistance. The effective concentration of 50% (EC50) from both drugs varies significantly for different strains (from 0.0054 to 0.051 μM for ST-246 and from 27.14 to 61.23 μM for CDV). ST-246 strongly inhibits the production of extracellular virus for all isolates in concentrations as low as 0.1 μM and it was observed a relevant decrease of progeny production for all Br-VACV after CDV treatment. Sequencing of the F13L and E9L ORFs showed that Br-VACV do not present the polymorphism(s) associated with resistance to ST-246 and CDV. Taken together, our results showed that ST-246 and CDV are effective against diverse, wild VACV strains and that the susceptibility of Br-VACV to these drugs mirrored the phylogenetic split of these isolates into two groups. Thus, both ST-246 and CDV are of great interest as compounds to treat individuals during Bovine Vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Pires
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathália F S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe L de Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Galileu B Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno E F Mota
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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17
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Koban R, Neumann M, Daugs A, Bloch O, Nitsche A, Langhammer S, Ellerbrok H. A novel three-dimensional cell culture method enhances antiviral drug screening in primary human cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Delaune D, Iseni F, Ferrier-Rembert A, Peyrefitte CN, Ferraris O. The French Armed Forces Virology Unit: A Chronological Record of Ongoing Research on Orthopoxvirus. Viruses 2017; 10:E3. [PMID: 29295488 PMCID: PMC5795416 DOI: 10.3390/v10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the official declaration of smallpox eradication in 1980, the general population vaccination has ceased worldwide. Therefore, people under 40 year old are generally not vaccinated against smallpox and have no cross protection against orthopoxvirus infections. This naïve population may be exposed to natural or intentional orthopoxvirus emergences. The virology unit of the Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (France) has developed research programs on orthopoxviruses since 2000. Its missions were conceived to improve the diagnosis capabilities, to foster vaccine development, and to develop antivirals targeting specific viral proteins. The role of the virology unit was asserted in 2012 when the responsibility of the National Reference Center for the Orthopoxviruses was given to the unit. This article presents the evolution of the unit activity since 2000, and the past and current research focusing on orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Delaune
- Unité de virologie, Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Frédéric Iseni
- Unité de virologie, Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Audrey Ferrier-Rembert
- Unité de virologie, Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Christophe N Peyrefitte
- Unité de virologie, Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Olivier Ferraris
- Unité de virologie, Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Orthopoxvirus, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
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19
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Dahiya SS, Kumar S, Mehta SC, Singh R, Nath K, Narnaware SD, Tuteja FC. Molecular characterization of Camelpox virus isolates from Bikaner, India: Evidence of its endemicity. Acta Trop 2017; 171:1-5. [PMID: 28315306 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox is an important viral disease of camels, which may produce mild skin lesions or severe systemic infections. Camelpox virus (CMLV) isolates retrieved from an incidence of camelpox in camels at Bikaner, India were characterized on the basis of genotype and pathotype. Histopathological examination of the CMLV scab revealed intracytoplasmic-eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The phylogenetic analysis of all eight CMLV isolates for C18L gene nucleotide sequence revealed its clustering with its strains M-96 from Kazakhstan and CMS from Iran. The study will help to understand the transmission chain, pathobiology, and epidemiology of circulating CMLV strains. The full genome sequencing of some of the exemplary samples of CMLV is recommended in order to plan and implement a suitable control strategy.
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20
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Kang D, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Huang B, Naesens L, Zhan P, Liu X. First discovery of novel 3-hydroxy-quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones as specific anti-vaccinia and adenovirus agents via 'privileged scaffold' refining approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5182-5186. [PMID: 27742238 PMCID: PMC7126219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,3-triazolyl 3-hydroxy-quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones was constructed utilizing Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) method. The biological significance of the novel synthesized quinazolines was highlighted by evaluating them in vitro for antiviral activity, wherein several compounds exhibited excellent activity specifically against vaccinia and adenovirus. Especially, 24b11 displayed the most potent inhibitory activity against vaccinia with an EC50 value of 1.7μM, which was 15 fold than that of the reference drug Cidofovir (EC50=25μM). 24b13 was the most potent compound against adenovirus-2 with an EC50 value of 6.2μM, which proved lower than all the reference drugs. Preliminary structure-activity relationships were also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, no data are present in the literature on antiviral activity of 3-hydroxy-quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones against DNA-viruses. Thus, these findings warrant further investigations (library expansion and compound refinement) on this novel class of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
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21
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Tamošiūnaitė A, Hoffmann D, Franke A, Schluckebier J, Tauscher K, Tischer BK, Beer M, Klopfleisch R, Osterrieder N. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Cowpox Virus Replication in a Three-Dimensional Skin Model. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:55-61. [PMID: 27291992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human cowpox virus (CPXV) infections are rare, but can result in severe and sometimes fatal outcomes. The majority of recent cases were traced back to contacts with infected domestic cats or pet rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) skin model as a possible replacement for animal experiments. We monitored CPXV lesion formation, viral gene expression and cell cycle patterns after infection of 3D skin cultures with two CPXV strains of different pathogenic potential: a recent pet rat isolate (RatPox09) and the reference Brighton red strain. Infected 3D skin cultures exhibited histological alterations that were similar to those of mammal skin infections, but there were no differences in gene expression patterns and tissue damage between the two CPXV strains in the model system. In conclusion, 3D skin cultures reflect the development of pox lesions in the skin very well, but seem not to allow differentiation between more or less virulent virus strains, a distinction that is made possible by experimental infection in suitable animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tamošiūnaitė
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Franke
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J Schluckebier
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Tauscher
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B K Tischer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - R Klopfleisch
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Duraffour S, Lorenzo MM, Zöller G, Topalis D, Grosenbach D, Hruby DE, Andrei G, Blasco R, Meyer H, Snoeck R. ST-246 is a key antiviral to inhibit the viral F13L phospholipase, one of the essential proteins for orthopoxvirus wrapping. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1367-80. [PMID: 25630650 PMCID: PMC7539645 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives ST-246 is one of the key antivirals being developed to fight orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections. Its exact mode of action is not completely understood, but it has been reported to interfere with the wrapping of infectious virions, for which F13L (peripheral membrane protein) and B5R (type I glycoprotein) are required. Here we monitored the appearance of ST-246 resistance to identify its molecular target. Methods Vaccinia virus (VACV), cowpox virus (CPXV) and camelpox virus (CMLV) with reduced susceptibility to ST-246 were selected in cell culture and further characterized by antiviral assays and immunofluorescence. A panel of recombinant OPVs was engineered and a putative 3D model of F13L coupled with molecular docking was used to visualize drug–target interaction. The F13L gene of 65 CPXVs was sequenced to investigate F13L amino acid heterogeneity. Results Amino acid substitutions or insertions were found in the F13L gene of six drug-resistant OPVs and production of four F13L-recombinant viruses confirmed their role(s) in the occurrence of ST-246 resistance. F13L, but not B5R, knockout OPVs showed resistance to ST-246. ST-246 treatment of WT OPVs delocalized F13L- and B5R-encoded proteins and blocked virus wrapping. Putative modelling of F13L and ST-246 revealed a probable pocket into which ST-246 penetrates. None of the identified amino acid changes occurred naturally among newly sequenced or NCBI-derived OPV F13L sequences. Conclusions Besides demonstrating that F13L is a direct target of ST-246, we also identified novel F13L residues involved in the interaction with ST-246. These findings are important for ST-246 use in the clinic and crucial for future drug-resistance surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Duraffour
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Gudrun Zöller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitri Topalis
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hermann Meyer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:295-305. [PMID: 24426291 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Camelpox is considered as emerging public health problem during this decade due to increased reported cases and outbreaks in camels. Camelpox is a contagious, often sporadic, and notifiable skin disease of camelids and is socio-economically significant as it incurs considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield and confined to camel-rearing countries. The causative agent, camelpox virus (CMLV) is genetically closely related to variola virus and has gained much attention from researchers due to its recent emergence in human. The virus carrying genes responsible for host immune evasion mechanisms owing to the threat posed by potential bio-warfare agents. Although the disease can be diagnosed based on clinical features, the similar confounding skin lesions necessitate identification, detection and differentiation of the CMLV by molecular techniques. Vaccines are available in some countries and the available live attenuated vaccine provides long-lasting immunity. Further, novel highly sensitive and specific techniques would be useful in the identification of emerging and re-emerging virus, thereby therapeutic, prophylactic, preventive measures would be applied in time to curtail further spread of camelpox like other zoonotic diseases. This review provide overview of the camelpox particularly on its epidemiology, pathogenesis and biology of the disease, diagnostic approaches and control measures.
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