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Trew S. Close Relationships Despite the Challenges: Sibling Relationships and Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06412-4. [PMID: 38858310 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the experiences of siblings of autistic adolescents within families. Without the novel insights generated from engaging with siblings of autistic adolescents within a qualitative framework, it can be challenging to develop strategies for practicing effectively with this group or structuring interventions with these families. Using a social constructivist approach and qualitative participatory methodology, the exploratory study was conducted using in-depth interviews with ten non-autistic siblings, analyzed via a thematic analysis method. The results reveal a common feeling of uncertainty and apprehension in the relationships, leading siblings to physical and emotional detachment from their autistic brothers or sisters. The research emphasizes the caregiving roles predominantly taken up by sisters, especially when the autistic sibling is a brother with intellectual disability. These roles exert substantial demands, with unclear boundaries suggesting potential role confusion. The findings have important implications for family practice, necessitating the need to address role conflict and promote role clarity. They also underscore the gendered nature of caregiving, advocating for support to sister-siblings in these roles. This study revealed the complexities of sibling relationships in families with a member who is an autistic adolescent sibling. The study suggests interventions that promote open family dialogues for a balanced approach to family roles, providing valuable guidance to practitioners to enhance siblings and family well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Trew
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, 223 Anthill Street, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2602, Australia.
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2
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Tyszkiewicz-Gromisz B, Burdzicka-Wołowik J, Tymosiewicz P, Gromisz W. Parental Competences and Stress Levels in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Children Developing Neurotypically. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1119. [PMID: 38398430 PMCID: PMC10889242 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the aim of this study was to explore parental competences and stress levels in the mothers of children with autism in relation to the mothers of neurotypical children. (2) Methods: the study used the Parental Competence Test and the PSS-10 scale to assess the intensity of stress related to one's own life situation over the past month. Forty mothers of children with ASD (n = 20) and neurotypical children (n = 20) participated in the study. (3) Results: the mothers of children with ASD showed higher levels of stress (p = 0.0002). The mothers of neurotypical children achieved higher scores in parental competences (r = -0.49). The competence of mothers of children with ASD was correlated with rigour (r = 0.50), permissiveness (r = -0.60), overprotectiveness (r = 0.71), and helplessness (r = -0.77). (4) Conclusions: mothers of children with autism demonstrate lower parental competences than mothers of neurotypical children. Mothers of children with autism are less rigorous but more permissive, overprotective, and helpless. They tend to become heavily involved with their child. An overprotective attitude and greater tolerance for antisocial behaviours among parents of children with ASDs protect them from excessive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Tyszkiewicz-Gromisz
- Department of Fundamentals of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland;
| | - Joanna Burdzicka-Wołowik
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland; (J.B.-W.); (P.T.)
| | - Piotr Tymosiewicz
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland; (J.B.-W.); (P.T.)
| | - Wilhelm Gromisz
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
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3
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Li S, Chen Z, Yong Y, Xie J, Li Y. Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy-based interventions for improving the psychological health of parents of children with special health care needs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Compr Psychiatry 2023; 127:152426. [PMID: 37757593 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of ACT-based interventions on improving the mental health of parents of children with SHCN compared to active/inactive controls and to investigate the characteristics/components of the effective interventions in the included studies. METHODS Eight databases were searched from inception to 14 February 2023. We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ACT-based interventions for parents of children with SHCN published in English or Chinese journals and dissertations reporting at least one parental mental health outcome postintervention. RESULTS Fourteen RCTs were included. The results indicated significant improvements of ACT-based interventions in the stress (Hedges' g = -0.36), depressive symptoms (g = -0.32), anxiety (g = -0.29), distress (g = -0.29), psychological flexibility (g = 0.51), mindful awareness/mindfulness abilities (g = 0.41), and confidence/self-efficacy (g = 0.30) of parents, as well as in the emotional and behavioural problems (EBP; g = -0.39) of their children with SHCN postintervention, with moderate to high certainty of evidence. Furthermore, the optimal components of ACT-based interventions, including the intervention approaches (ACT combined with another parenting technique/program), active participants (only involving parents), delivery mode (in-person) and format (group-based format), and desirable number of sessions (4-8 sessions), were identified to inform the design of future interventions/studies. CONCLUSION This review highlights the positive effects of ACT-based interventions on mental health, psychological flexibility, mindful awareness/mindfulness abilities, and confidence/self-efficacy in parents and EBP in children with SHCN. Since group-based ACT combined with a parenting technique/program was identified as the optimal effective strategy, its effects could be further examined in larger-scale RCTs with parents and children with SHCN with diverse ethnic and sociodemographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zengyu Chen
- The Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yijing Yong
- Cognition and Human Behaviour Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China..
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Bispo-Torres AC, Lucena R, Tavares-Rodrigues IC, Barouh JL, Lins-Silva DH, Dorea-Bandeira I, Souza LS, Faria-Guimarães D, Tolentino A, Miranda-Scippa Â, Hermens DF, Sampaio AS, Quarantini LC, Glozier N, Hickie IB, Bandeira ID. Psychopathological symptoms in parents and siblings of people on the autism spectrum: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2023; 323:115145. [PMID: 36921507 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Parents and siblings of children on the autism spectrum experience significant distress, and for this reason, it is essential to understand the most prevalent psychopathological symptoms among this population. This work aims to establish the prevalence of psychopathological symptoms in parents and siblings of individuals on the autism spectrum, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) criteria. Searches were carried out using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, SciELO, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) databases. Twenty-three articles were included in this review. Depressive symptoms were the most frequently reported conditions, with a higher prevalence in mothers of children on the autism spectrum. In the meta-analysis, mothers of children on the autism spectrum scored higher by 0.42 standard deviations on the symptom scales (SMD 0.42; CI 0.25-0.59), with low statistical heterogeneity (I2 0%, p = 0.5) when compared with mothers of children with atypical development. The psychopathological symptoms of relatives should be investigated as part of the follow-up procedures for the child on the autism spectrum to facilitate their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Lucena
- Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | | | - Judah L Barouh
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Lins-Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Dorea-Bandeira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Lucca S Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Daniela Faria-Guimarães
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Arthur Tolentino
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil
| | - Ângela Miranda-Scippa
- Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast 4575, Australia
| | - Aline S Sampaio
- Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Quarantini
- Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40025010, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110060, Brazil
| | - Nick Glozier
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Igor D Bandeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto 94305, United States.
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5
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Lohiya N, Srivastava L, Lohiya N, Kalrao V. Stress among mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in comparison to children with & without special health care needs. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2023; 16:473-481. [PMID: 36776080 DOI: 10.3233/prm-220014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Parenting a child with special health care needs (SHCN) is often stressful. This study aimed to measure and compare stress among mothers of children with (a) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - ASD group, (b) Developmental delay without ASD group, (c) SHCN without developmental delay group, and (d) Typically developing group. To assess factors associated with maternal stress in children with developmental disorders. METHODS A cross-sectional analytical study was performed with children aged 2-12 years and their mothers. The study population was classified into four groups as defined above help of detailed history, developmental & behavioral assessments, psychological assessments, and Child Special Health Care Needs Screener (CSHCN). Parental Stress Scale (PSS) Questionnaire was administered. The main outcome measurement was the PSS and various factors affecting it. RESULTS The mothers of the ASD group reported a high stress score (50.4±11.4) compared to SHCN without developmental delay group (38.2±8.8) and the Typically developing group (22.3±3.3) (p < 0.05) and higher but not significant stress than Developmental delay without ASD group (45.3±9.6, p > 0.05). Maladaptive behavioral issues and irregular interventions were the factors contributing to higher parental stress in the ASD group (p < 0.05). A moderate positive correlation was observed in rewarding and challenging scores of PSS among mothers of the ASD group, Developmental delay without ASD group, and SHCN without developmental delay group. CONCLUSION Mothers of the ASD group perceived higher stress as compared to SHCN without developmental delay group and Typically developing group. Evaluation of stress and stressors is crucial for holistic management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Lohiya
- Division of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Silver Lining Pediatric Super Speciality Center, Nagpur, India
| | - Leena Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Nikhil Lohiya
- Division of Growth & Endocrinology Silver Lining Pediatric Super Speciality Center, Nagpur, India
| | - Vijay Kalrao
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
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Ferenc K, Byrka K, Król ME. The spectrum of attitudes towards the spectrum of autism and its relationship to psychological distress in mothers of children with autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:54-64. [PMID: 35296156 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221081185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Mothers of children on the autism spectrum experience high levels of emotional distress. Mothers cope with stress by having their own thoughts and opinions about their children. In this study, we tested whether the way mothers perceive autism may contribute to the level of distress they feel. Some mothers see autism as a developmental disorder that needs to be cured, but some see autism as a type of mind that needs to be accepted. Our findings showed that mothers who see autism more as a type of mind are generally less stressed. But we also showed that it matters how severe are the child's symptoms, and how heavy was the perceived burden of caring for the child. These results imply that it is worth working on attitudes towards autism to help mothers cope better. But at the same time, we argue that mothers should not be judged for their perceptions of autism, as there is a huge spectrum of a child's characteristics and family's life circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ferenc
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland
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Leadbitter K, Smallman R, James K, Shields G, Ellis C, Langhorne S, Harrison L, Hackett L, Dunkerley A, Kroll L, Davies L, Emsley R, Bee P, Green J. REACH-ASD: a UK randomised controlled trial of a new post-diagnostic psycho-education and acceptance and commitment therapy programme against treatment-as-usual for improving the mental health and adjustment of caregivers of children recently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Trials 2022; 23:585. [PMID: 35869533 PMCID: PMC9306249 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism is a neurodevelopmental disability affecting over 1% of UK children. The period following a child's autism diagnosis can present real challenges in adaptation for families. Twenty to 50% of caregivers show clinically significant levels of mental health need within the post-diagnostic period and on an ongoing basis. Best practice guidelines recommend timely post-diagnostic family support. Current provision is patchy, largely unevidenced, and a source of dissatisfaction for both families and professionals. There is a pressing need for an evidenced programme of post-diagnostic support focusing on caregiver mental health and adjustment, alongside autism psycho-education. This trial tests the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a new brief manualised psychosocial intervention designed to address this gap. METHODS This is a multi-centre two-parallel-group single (researcher)-blinded randomised controlled trial of the Empower-Autism programme plus treatment-as-usual versus usual local post-diagnostic offer plus treatment-as-usual. Caregivers of children aged 2-15 years with a recent autism diagnosis will be recruited from North West England NHS or local authority centres. Randomisation is individually by child, with one "index" caregiver per child, stratified by centre, using 2:1 randomisation ratio to assist recruitment and timely intervention. Empower-Autism is a group-based, manualised, post-diagnostic programme that combines autism psycho-education and psychotherapeutic components based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to support caregiver mental health, stress management and adjustment to their child's diagnosis. The comparator is any usual local group-based post-diagnostic psycho-education offer. Receipt of services will be specified through health economic data. PRIMARY OUTCOME caregiver mental health (General Health Questionnaire-30) at 52-week follow-up. SECONDARY OUTCOMES key caregiver measures (wellbeing, self-efficacy, adjustment, autism knowledge) at 12-, 26- and 52-week follow-up and family and child outcomes (wellbeing and functioning) at 52-week endpoint. SAMPLE N=380 (approximately 253 intervention/127 treatment-as-usual). Primary analysis will follow intention-to-treat principles using linear mixed models with random intercepts for group membership and repeated measures. Cost-effectiveness acceptability analyses will be over 52 weeks, with decision modelling to extrapolate to longer time periods. DISCUSSION If effective, this new approach will fill a key gap in the provision of evidence-based care pathways for autistic children and their families. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 45412843 . Prospectively registered on 11 September 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Leadbitter
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Richard Smallman
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsty James
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Shields
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ceri Ellis
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sophie Langhorne
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Louisa Harrison
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Latha Hackett
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Leo Kroll
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK
| | - Linda Davies
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Emsley
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Bee
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Green
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Characterizing Parent–Child Interactions in Families of Autistic Children in Late Childhood. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parent–child interactions are influential to a wide range of positive developmental processes in neurotypical children, yet contributions to our understanding of these interactions using observational methods in families of children on the autism spectrum are lacking. The aim of the current study is to investigate how autism symptoms might impact these interactions. We use a family discussion task to: (1) compare families of autistic children aged 8–12 years (n = 21) to families of typically developing children (n = 21, matched on age and cognitive abilities) on the observed levels of supportive and directive behaviors in the parent–child relationship, and (2) examine the associations between parent–child interaction characteristics and child functioning. Results showed no differences in the observed levels of supportive behavior exhibited by parents, but significantly less supportive behavior in autistic children compared to neurotypical children. In addition, parents of autistic children had higher levels of observed directive behavior compared to parents of neurotypical children. Levels of supportive behavior in parents and autistic children were negatively associated with child ADHD symptoms. Findings reinforce literature on younger children describing positive parenting characteristics and further rebuke historical accounts of negative parenting qualities of parents of autistic children.
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Kostiukow A, Poniewierski P, Janowska D, Samborski W. Levels of happiness and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Poland. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:279-285. [PMID: 34672298 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous factors that determine the sense of happiness and level of depression in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this paper is to evaluate happiness and depression in/among families with an ASD child and compare with families with neurotypical children. The study included 182 participants. The participants answered questions for two questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The outcome of the study identified significant differences for sense of happiness and level of depression among the parents of children with ASD compared with the parents of neurotypical children. It was shown that parents of children with ASD reported a lower sense of happiness and a higher level of depression compared to the parents of neurotypical children. They also showed a significantly higher level of depression relative to the decreased level of happiness. Moreover, parents who have a university education degree and a child with ASD showed a higher sense of happiness and a lower level of depression than parents who had a secondary education degree, in the studied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kostiukow
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Poniewierski
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Neurodevelopmental Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dominika Janowska
- Neurodevelopmental Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Perceptions of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Etiology among Parents of Children with ASD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136774. [PMID: 34202481 PMCID: PMC8297016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits and restricted or repetitive behaviors. Parental perceptions of the etiology of their child’s ASD can affect provider–client relationships, bonding between parents and their children, and the prognosis, treatment, and management of children with ASD. Thus, this study sought to examine the perceptions of ASD etiology of parents of children with ASD. Methods: Forty-two parents of children diagnosed with ASD were recruited across Texas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted individually. All interviews were recorded and later transcribed verbatim for content analysis utilizing NVivo 12.0 (QSR International, Doncaster, Australia). Results: The content analysis identified the following themes regarding parental perceptions of ASD etiology: Genetic factors (40.5%), environmental factors (31.0%), problems that occurred during pregnancy or delivery (23.8%), vaccinations (16.7%), other health problems (7.1%), parental age at the time of pregnancy (4.8%), and spiritual or religious factors (2.4%). Conclusions: The parental perceptions of ASD etiology were diverse, but several views, such as vaccinations and spiritual or religious factors, were not based on scientific evidence. Health professionals and researchers can use these findings to develop and provide targeted education to parents who have children with ASD. Our findings also support policymakers in developing campaigns designed to increase parental ASD awareness and knowledge.
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11
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Larkin F, Hayiou-Thomas ME, Arshad Z, Leonard M, Williams FJ, Katseniou N, Malouta RN, Marshall CRP, Diamantopoulou M, Tang E, Mani S, Meins E. Mind-Mindedness and Stress in Parents of Children with Developmental Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:600-612. [PMID: 32562123 PMCID: PMC7835290 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Relations between mind-mindedness (assessed using the describe-your-child interview) and stress were investigated in parents of children with developmental disorders (ADHD, n = 51, ASD, n = 23, Down's Syndrome, n = 38, and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, 22q11.2DS, n = 32) and typically-developing children (n = 89). Mind-mindedness did not differ across diagnostic groups, and mind-mindedness predicted parenting stress across groups. Parenting stress was lowest in the typically-developing and Down's Syndrome groups. Across all groups, mind-minded and positive descriptions predicted lower parenting stress, and negative descriptions predicted higher stress. In the developmental disorder groups, describing the children with reference to their disorder was negatively correlated with mind-mindedness. Results are discussed with regard to interventions for families where children have developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala Larkin
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England. .,York St John University, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, YO31 7EX, England. .,The Retreat York, York, England.
| | | | - Zaynah Arshad
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England.,The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Matthew Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Frances J Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Nicoletta Katseniou
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Rania N Malouta
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | | | - Maria Diamantopoulou
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Etonia Tang
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Sneha Mani
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Elizabeth Meins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England
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Kil H, Aitken M, Henry S, Hoxha O, Rodak T, Bennett K, Andrade BF. Transdiagnostic Associations Among Parental Causal Locus Attributions, Child Behavior and Psychosocial Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 24:267-293. [PMID: 33598852 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-020-00341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parents' interpretations of the cause of their children's behavior, i.e., parental attributions, are linked to parenting behavior and child development. However, it is not yet known whether parental attributions are systematically associated with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms and behavior or psychosocial treatment engagement and outcomes across diagnostic categories. This systematic review aimed to fill this knowledge gap using a transdiagnostic perspective to synthesize the literature on the associations between parent-causal and child-responsible attributions and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior, treatment engagement, and treatment outcomes for parents and children. A total of 67 studies were identified. Overall, biased child-responsible attributions were associated with elevated child internalizing and externalizing symptoms and behavior across diagnoses, while findings on the association between parent-causal attributions and child behavior were inconsistent. The link between parental attributions and treatment engagement was also mixed, varying across treatment type, child diagnosis, and focus of attributions. Regarding treatment outcomes, less biased parent-causal and child-responsible attributions were linked to post-treatment improvements in children's behaviors, while mixed findings were reported on post-treatment improvements in parental attributions. Findings are discussed with a focus on approaches to enhance the effectiveness of assessment and psychosocial treatment approaches across diagnostic categories with consideration of parental attributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hali Kil
- McCain Centre for Child Youth and Family Mental Health, Child Youth and Emerging Adult Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madison Aitken
- McCain Centre for Child Youth and Family Mental Health, Child Youth and Emerging Adult Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shanelle Henry
- McCain Centre for Child Youth and Family Mental Health, Child Youth and Emerging Adult Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ortenc Hoxha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Terri Rodak
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Library, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Bennett
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Formerly Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan F Andrade
- McCain Centre for Child Youth and Family Mental Health, Child Youth and Emerging Adult Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Clauser P, Ding Y, Chen EC, Cho SJ, Wang C, Hwang J. Parenting styles, parenting stress, and behavioral outcomes in children with autism. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034320971675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Being in a caregiver role for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) brings a unique set of stressors and challenges to the entire family unit. This study examined a model hypothesizing that (a) parenting stress and the parenting style used by the parents of a child with ASD are correlated; (b) ASD severity, parenting stress, and parenting style uniquely explain the variance in the presentation of internalizing and externalizing symptoms among children with ASD; and (c) parenting style moderates the association between ASD severity and the presentation of internalizing and externalizing behaviors after controlling for specific demographic variables. A group of online participants were recruited through personal contacts, social media, and Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The group of subjects, made up of 70 primary caregivers of children ages 3 to 18 years diagnosed with ASD, completed a self-report measure. Statistical analyses revealed that ASD severity and parenting style contributed to externalizing behaviors but did not have a significant impact on internalizing behaviors. Parenting stress was the primary predictor of both internalizing and externalizing child behaviors. Parenting style was not related to the stress level of parents of children with ASD and was not found to moderate the relationship between ASD severity and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed, highlighting the importance of reducing parenting stress and providing parent training to promote positive parenting styles for children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cixin Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, USA
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Samadi SA. Parental Beliefs and Feelings about Autism Spectrum Disorder in Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E828. [PMID: 32013060 PMCID: PMC7038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study provides information on beliefs that parents of children with autism hold in Iran. The main focus is on their beliefs about the cause and the way that this condition is explained based on the first signs that made them be concerned for their children. METHOD To attain the aims of this study, 43 parents of children with ASD (27 mothers and 16 fathers) were recruited and interviewed in two sessions in their home. A mixed method approach was used to understand Iranian parents' reaction to receive diagnosis for their children. RESULTS Based on findings for the identification, description, and treatment of ASD in Iran, it is argued that since Iranian parents had their special justification regarding their experience with ASD, early child development and interventions must be understood within cultural context. Culturally informed research on ASD is vital to boost awareness of the importance of understanding parental concerns and their need for educational and psychological services in countries in which autism is less known, undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or even stigmatized. Understanding the difference in ASD meaning across cultures urges stakeholders such as service providers and policymakers to accept and appreciate cultural and individual diversities in the present century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Ali Samadi
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, BT521SA Coleraine, Ireland
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Examining the Relationship Between Parental Symptomatology and Treatment Outcomes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 49:4681-4685. [PMID: 31375972 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This report examines the relationship between treatment response in children with ASD and parents' affective symptomatology. This study examined 29 children with ASD in a manualized group psychotherapy program, Resilience Builder Program® (RBP), where emotional and social functioning of parent and child were measured through pre- and post-treatment questionnaires. Greater parental symptomatology was associated with children's reduced response to RBP in resilience-based emotion regulation skills. Greater parental interpersonal sensitivity (β = - .27, p = .024) predicted worse post-treatment scores in child communication skills, greater parental anxious symptoms (β = - .45, p = .005) predicted worse post-treatment scores in child emotional control, and greater parental depressive (β = .27, p = .041) and anxious symptoms (β = .36, p = .004) predicted worse post-treatment scores in child internalizing problems.
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16
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Kostiukow A, Strzelecki W, Poniewierski P, Samborski W. The estimation of the functioning of families with ASD children. AIMS Public Health 2019; 6:587-599. [PMID: 31909078 PMCID: PMC6940582 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disease described as a neurodevelopmental disorder as the impairment of social and communication functions. Life of the people with ASD depends on the early introduction of intensive therapeutic programmes, modifying the undesirable behaviours, and aimed at teaching social and communication skills. AIMS The goal of the present work is to estimation the functioning of families with an ASD child and compare it to the functioning of families with children not diagnosed with ASD. METHODS The study was performed using Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. The study included 70 parents of ASD children, and 70 parents with children without diagnosed ASD, as the control group. RESULTS The parents of children with autism achieve lower results in the Balanced Cohesion sub-scale than the control group. Also, the parents of ASD children obtained higher scores in the Disengaged sub-scale than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this papers can suggesting the risk of the appearance of a disturbed family system, functioning in families with children with ASD, which should be a trigger for providing these families with early family functioning diagnosis and consequent support and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kostiukow
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
| | - Wojciech Strzelecki
- Department and Clinic of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Collegium Stomatologicum, Bukowska 70 Street, 60-812 Poznań
| | - Piotr Poniewierski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznań, 28 Czerwca 1956 r Street 135/147
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Cresswell L, Cage E. 'Who Am I?': An Exploratory Study of the Relationships Between Identity, Acculturation and Mental Health in Autistic Adolescents. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:2901-2912. [PMID: 31004247 PMCID: PMC6606666 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autistic adolescents are at increased risk of mental health difficulties. One potential factor contributing to this is identity development, although this hypothesis has been little explored. These adolescents also have to consider how autism forms their identity, a process called acculturation. This exploratory study examined the relationships between identity, acculturation and mental health in autistic adolescents. Twenty-four participants completed measures investigating identity, acculturation and mental health. Findings suggested mental health was not related to personal identity. Mental health scores did not differ between acculturation groups, however those aligned to non-autistic culture tended to generate more positive self-statements than those aligned to neither culture. These findings suggest autistic adolescents should be encouraged to explore autistic culture and supported in constructing their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Cresswell
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Eilidh Cage
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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18
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Bozkurt G, Uysal G, Düzkaya DS. Examination of Care Burden and Stress Coping Styles of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 47:142-147. [PMID: 31146248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to examine the caregiver burden and stress coping styles of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). DESIGN AND METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with parents of 131 children with ASD who were enrolled in a private education practice center in Istanbul between August 2015 and August 2016. The data were collected using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers, and the "Caregiver Strain Index" and "Ways of Coping Questionnaire." RESULTS The mean age of the children in the sample group was 4.83 ± 0.99 years; 63.4% were boys. Nearly 40% (38.2%) were diagnosed as having ASD at the age of 2 years. It was determined that the parents of children with ASD had a higher burden of care (CSI mean score: 7.68 ± 4.30). The caregiver burden was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for parents of one child as compared to parents with more children, and parents with daughters compared to parents with sons. In addition, the mothers were found to have higher scores of 'submissive approach' and 'seeking social support' than fathers. CONCLUSION Parents of children with ASD had a higher caregiver burden. Scores of approach types of self-confident, helpless, optimistic, and seeking social support were significant predictors of caregiver burden. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses are encouraged to take a more active role to improve the health of children with autism and families should contribute to mitigating the burden care of parents by informing families about social support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülçin Bozkurt
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, School of Health Sciences, Turkey.
| | - Gülzade Uysal
- Okan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Sönmez Düzkaya
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Directorate of Nursing Services, Education Nurse, Turkey.
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Palmer M, San José Cáceres A, Tarver J, Howlin P, Slonims V, Pellicano E, Charman T. Feasibility study of the National Autistic Society EarlyBird parent support programme. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:147-159. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361319851422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The EarlyBird programme is a group-based psychoeducation intervention for parents of young children with autism. Although it is widely used in the United Kingdom, the evidence base for the programme is very limited. Using a mixed method, non-randomised research design, we aimed to test (1) the acceptability of the research procedures (recruitment, retention, suitability of measures), (2) the parental acceptability of EarlyBird (attendance, views of the programme, perceived changes) and (3) the facilitator acceptability of EarlyBird (fidelity, views of the programme, perceived changes). Seventeen families with a 2- to 5-year-old autistic child and 10 EarlyBird facilitators took part. Pre- and post-intervention assessment included measures of the child’s autism characteristics, cognitive ability, adaptive behaviour, emotional and behavioural problems and parent-reported autism knowledge, parenting competence, stress and wellbeing. Semi-structured interviews were completed at post-intervention with parents and facilitators. For those involved in the study, the research procedures were generally acceptable, retention rates were high and the research protocol was administered as planned. Generally, positive views of the intervention were expressed by parents and facilitators. Although the uncontrolled, within-participant design does not allow us to test for efficacy, change in several outcome measures from pre- to post-intervention was in the expected direction. Difficulties were encountered with recruitment (opt-in to the groups was ~56% and opt-in to the research was 63%), and strategies to enhance recruitment need to be built into any future trial. These findings should be used to inform protocols for pragmatic, controlled trials of EarlyBird and other group-based interventions for parents with young autistic children.
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"I Would Like for My Child to be Happy with His Life": Parental Hopes for Their Children with ASD Across the Lifespan. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:2049-2068. [PMID: 30689082 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to understand the hopes of parents with children with ASD. Particularly understudied are the hopes parents have for long-term outcomes for their child. A cross-sectional focus group design was used and six focus groups were completed. These groups included parents of (1) preschool aged children who were recently diagnosed, (2) children in early elementary school, (3) children in later elementary school, (4) children in middle school, (5) children in high school, and (6) children who are adults with ASD. Results indicated 77.4% of the data were devoted to hopes for the children's independence, happiness, and skill improvement; increased authentic socially significant relationships; and future employment.
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21
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Hong SW, Kim J, Lee AR, Choi JS. Life Transition Process Effects on Depressive Symptoms in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2018.24.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Reyes NM, Lindly OJ, Chavez AE, Folan A, Macias K, Smith KA, Reynolds A, Zuckerman K. Maternal beliefs about autism: A link between intervention services and autism severity in White and Latino mothers. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2018; 51:38-48. [PMID: 35198038 PMCID: PMC8862686 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Variation in parental beliefs about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may impact subsequent service use profiles. This study aimed to examine (1) variation in beliefs about ASD among English language proficient White (EP-W) mothers, English language proficient Latino (EPL) mothers, and limited English language proficient Latino (LEP-L) mothers of children with ASD; (2) variation in beliefs about ASD in the context of the child's ASD severity, among EP White mothers, EP Latino others, and LEP Latino mothers; and (3) potential links between maternal beliefs about ASD and children's current ASD treatment. This multi-site study included 305 English or Spanish-speaking parents of children with ASD, ages 2-10 years, who completed a survey about their beliefs about their child's ASD, their child's ASD severity, and treatments used by their children. Results showed that mothers in the EP-W, EP-L, and LEP-L groups differed in their beliefs about viewing ASD as a mystery. Only maternal views of ASD severity in the EP-W group were linked to their beliefs about ASD. Finally, maternal beliefs about ASD having major consequences on their child's life, and ASD being a mystery were strongly associated with a child's use of ASD intervention services. These findings provide new knowledge of how maternal beliefs about ASD vary in linguistically diverse groups, how a child's ASD severity may influence such beliefs, and how maternal beliefs correlate with the amount of therapy children with ASD receive. Future research should address how these beliefs or views are formed, what factors influence them, or whether they are malleable. Understanding parents' beliefs or views of having a child with ASD can potentially help us increase use of ASD intervention services in families of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri M. Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Olivia J. Lindly
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison E. Chavez
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ann Folan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- School of Education & Human Development, University of Colorado Denver, United States
| | - Kristy Macias
- Division of General Pediatrics, University of Southern California University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Smith
- Division of General Pediatrics, University of Southern California University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Zuckerman
- Division of General Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Portland, OR, United States
- Oregon Health & Science University – Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States
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Strength-Based Approaches to Working with Families of Children with ASD. HANDBOOK OF PARENT-IMPLEMENTED INTERVENTIONS FOR VERY YOUNG CHILDREN WITH AUTISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90994-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Denman K, Smart C, Dallos R, Levett P. How Families Make Sense of Their Child's Behaviour When on an Autism Assessment and Diagnosis Waiting List. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 46:3408-3423. [PMID: 27480420 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Families waiting for an Autism Spectrum Condition assessment often experience difficulties explaining, or making sense of, the referred young person's behaviour. Little is known about this sense making, or how clinicians might support this ambiguity. This paper explored finite details of how five families do 'sense-making' in conversations with each other, while on the waiting list for an ASC assessment. A Discursive Psychology analysis of these conversations found that sense making was affected by (1) an interactional pattern of interruptions impeding the progress of sense making narratives; (2) face saving to maintain positive identities and shared understanding; and (3) difficulties in word finding within sense making narratives. These practices challenged the production of a coherent family sense making narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Denman
- Clinical Psychology, Plymouth University, Rolle Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Cordet Smart
- Clinical Psychology, Plymouth University, Rolle Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rudi Dallos
- Clinical Psychology, Plymouth University, Rolle Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Paula Levett
- Virgin Care Children's Integrated Services, Lescaze Offices, Shinners Bridge, Dartington, Devon, TQ9 6JE, UK
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Abstract
Emotional and behavioral difficulties in children with autism often present problems for families seeking appropriate treatment interventions. Using data from the 2011 Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services, ordinal logistic regression models were used to examine the association between parental perceptions about autism and their reports of child emotional and behavioral problems. Results showed that parents who attributed their child's autism to environmental factors, experienced emotional upset or confusion about autism, or perceived the condition to be pervasive or burdensome, were more likely to reported clinically significant emotional and behavioral difficulties. Findings suggest that support services must consider parent perceptions when developing interventions to assist with children's emotional and behavioral challenges. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Mothers’ Reactions to Their Child’s ASD Diagnosis: Predictors That Discriminate Grief from Distress. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 48:1147-1158. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Parent-Reported Strengths in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders at the Time of an Interdisciplinary Diagnostic Evaluation. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2017; 38:181-186. [PMID: 28368969 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often focus on concerns in discussions with health care providers. However, studying child strengths and positive parental attributions is an emerging area of focus and not often highlighted in many studies with children with ASD. The objective of this study was to identify parent-reported strengths in a sample of children with ASD. METHODS This was a qualitative study of parent report of strengths in clinical notes with children between the ages 3 and 8 presenting for a team diagnostic evaluation and meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV-Text Revision (TR) or DSM-V diagnostic criteria for ASD. The reported child's strengths were qualitatively analyzed, coded, and clustered into themes. RESULTS Ninety-eight charts were reviewed. Five meta-themes of strengths were identified: Personality Characteristics, Social Personality, Cognitive Functioning, Behavioral Characteristics/Coping Mechanisms, and Skills. On average, parents reported more strengths in the Cognitive Functioning and Personality Characteristics meta-themes. CONCLUSION Pediatricians have a unique opportunity to discuss parental positive perceptions of children with ASD and to learn about their strengths.
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Bonis SA, Sawin KJ. Risks and Protective Factors for Stress Self-Management in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Integrated Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:567-579. [PMID: 27637421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported to be very high. However, little is known about what risk and protective factors influence parental stress self-management in this population. Accordingly, this manuscript is a synthesis of the risk and protective factors that impact self-management of stress in these parents. The concepts in the individual and family self-management theory context domain were used as a framework to guide data collection and analysis. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Searches were conducted using CINAHL, MedLine and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they addressed context factors in parents of children with ASD and were written in English. SAMPLE Ninety-eight studies met review criteria. RESULTS This review highlighted risk factors to parental stress self-management within the context of condition-specific factors, physical and social environment, and individual and family. The most concerning of these findings is that parents struggle accessing a diagnosis and services for their child and are frustrated with health care providers' knowledge of ASD and lack of communication. CONCLUSIONS The risks parents experience as they care for their child with ASD far outweigh the protective factors for self-management of parental stress. IMPLICATIONS Nurses who are aware of these issues can make important changes to their practice and have a significant impact on parental stress self-management and the care of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Bonis
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Kathleen J Sawin
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Nursing Research, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Box 1997, Milwaukee, WI
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Dyches TT, Christensen R, Harper JM, Mandleco B, Roper SO. Respite Care for Single Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:812-24. [PMID: 26494577 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Single mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders are rarely studied, yet they may experience unique stressors. Researchers asked 122 single mothers to complete questionnaires concerning respite care, daily hassles/uplifts, depression, and caregiver burden. More than half (59.8%) accessed respite care, which was provided for 1 h per day, often by multiple sources (41%), such as grandparents and community agencies; most were satisfied with this care. Most mothers (77%) were at risk for clinical depression. While uplifts were negatively correlated with depression, hassles and caregiver burden were positively correlated with depression. Respite care was positively related to daily uplifts, and uplifts mediated the relationship between respite care and depression. Recommendations for researchers, policymakers, and school personnel are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Taylor Dyches
- McKay School of Education, 301 McKay Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Ruthann Christensen
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, 340 McKay Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - James M Harper
- Couple and Family Therapy, 273 Comprehensive Clinic, School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Barbara Mandleco
- College of Nursing, 500 SWKT, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Susanne Olsen Roper
- School of Family Life, 2089 JFSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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Reed P, Picton L, Grainger N, Osborne LA. Impact of Diagnostic Practices on the Self-Reported Health of Mothers of Recently Diagnosed Children with ASD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090888. [PMID: 27618075 PMCID: PMC5036721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Obtaining a diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) for a child is a pivotal point in developing the treatment plan for the child but can also be regarded as highly stressful by parents. The current study examined the impact of different aspects of the diagnosis process on the self-reported mental health of mothers of children undergoing a diagnosis for ASD in a cross-sectional cohort design. Methods: One-hundred-fifty-eight mothers of consequently diagnosed children with ASD participated. The severity of the children’s ASD and their intellectual functioning was assessed within twelve months of the diagnosis, and the mothers completed a psychometric assessment battery including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire, and Questionnaire on Resources and Stress. Results: The actual time from first reporting a problem to obtaining a diagnosis, and the speed of the diagnostic process from first to last appointment, were both negatively related to patenting stress. In contrast, mothers’ perceptions of the speed and helpfulness of the process were negatively related to levels of anxiety and depression. The number of professionals involved in the process and the perceived coherence of the diagnosis were also negatively related to aspects of mothers’ functioning. Conclusions: Care is needed to help mothers through the diagnostic process with regard to their own functioning. Providing information and help sources throughout the process, while keeping the number of professionals involved to a minimum, may improve the parent perception of the process and reduce the negative impacts of the diagnosis on the family as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Reed
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Lucy Picton
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Nicole Grainger
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Lisa A Osborne
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.
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Zuckerman KE, Lindly OJ, Sinche B. Parent Beliefs About the Causes of Learning and Developmental Problems Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results From a National Survey. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 121:432-47. [PMID: 27611353 PMCID: PMC5575795 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-121.5.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess variation in parent beliefs about causes of learning and developmental problems in U.S. children with autism spectrum disorder, using data from a nationally representative survey. Results showed that beliefs about a genetic/hereditary cause of learning/developmental problems were most common, but nearly as many parents believed in exposure causes. Forty present of parents had no definite causal beliefs. On multivariate analysis, parents who were non-White, publicly insured or poor were more likely than other parents to endorse exposure causes, or less likely to endorse genetic causes, compared to other parents. Further research should assess how these beliefs modify health care quality or services use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Zuckerman
- Katharine E. Zuckerman, Divison of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University; Olivia J. Lindly, Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences; and Brianna Sinche, Division of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Olivia J Lindly
- Katharine E. Zuckerman, Divison of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University; Olivia J. Lindly, Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences; and Brianna Sinche, Division of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Brianna Sinche
- Katharine E. Zuckerman, Divison of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University; Olivia J. Lindly, Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences; and Brianna Sinche, Division of General Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University
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Durán M, García-Fernández M, Fernández JC, Sanjurjo B. Afrontamiento, estrés parental y calidad de vida de los cuidadores principales de personas TEA || Coping, parental stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of people with ASD. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACIÓN EN PSICOLOGÍA Y EDUCACIÓN 2016. [DOI: 10.17979/reipe.2016.3.1.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la calidad de vida de los cuidadores principales de personas con TEA. Para ello se contó con una muestra de 50 cuidadores de personas con TEA con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 35 años. Además de la calidad de vida, se evaluaron las estrategias de afrontamiento y el estrés parental. Los resultados mostraron que (1) el estrés parental, las estrategias de afrontamiento y la calidad de vida no se asocia significativamente con la etapa evolutiva de la persona con TEA; (2) la calidad de vida en los dominios psicológico, social y ambiental es peor en los cuidadores con niveles de estrés parental clínicamente significativos; y (3) la calidad de vida en el dominio psicológico es mejor entre quienes utilizan estrategias de afrontamiento más adaptativas, como el apoyo social o la reevaluación positiva. Por el contrario, la utilización de estrategias del tipo reacción agresiva, evitación emocional o dificultades de afrontamiento se relaciona con una peor calidad de vida en los dominios psicológico, social y ambiental.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The lifelong nature of autism in a child has deep implications on parents as they are faced with a range of challenges and emotional consequences in raising the child. The aim of this meta-synthesis was to explore the perspectives of parents in raising a child with autism in the childhood period to gain an insight of the adaptations and beliefs of parents toward autism, their family and social experiences, as well as their perceptions toward health and educational services. METHODS A systematic search of six databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects [DARE]) was conducted from inception up to September 30, 2014. Full-text English articles of qualitative studies describing parents' perceptions relating to the care of children younger than 12 years of age and diagnosed with a sole disorder of autism were included. RESULTS A total of 50 eligible articles were appraised and analyzed, identifying four core themes encompassing all thoughts, emotions, and experiences commonly expressed by parents: 1) The Parent, 2) Impact on the Family, 3) Social Impact, and 4) Health and Educational Services. Findings revealed that parents who have a child with autism experienced multiple challenges in different aspects of care, impacting on parents' stress and adaptation. CONCLUSION Health care provision should be family centered, addressing and supporting the needs of the whole family and not just the affected child, to ensure the family's well-being and quality of life in the face of a diagnosis of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khim Lynn Ooi
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin Sin Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabrina Anne Jacob
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Parental Self-Efficacy and Positive Contributions Regarding Autism Spectrum Condition: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:2385-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dehghan L, Dalvand H, Feizi A, Samadi SA, Hosseini SA. Quality of life in mothers of children with cerebral palsy: The role of children's gross motor function. J Child Health Care 2016; 20:17-26. [PMID: 25027158 DOI: 10.1177/1367493514540816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four hundred and twenty-four Iranian mothers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) were recruited using the convenience sampling approach in a cross-sectional study. The researchers assessed the quality of life (QOL) in mothers according to the gross motor function levels and types of CP. The evaluation was done using a well-validated Persian version of the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. In 2012, demographic data and clinical relevant information were also collected in rehabilitation clinics affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The results indicated that the mean score for the study sample on physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) was 39.21 and 41.23, respectively. This suggests that participants considered themselves to have a low QOL (p < .05). The mean PCS scores for SF-36 were significantly different between mothers having CP children of different age, levels of motor function, and CP types (p < .05 and p < .01, respectively). The results indicate that mothers of children with CP suffer from poor physical and mental health. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to the QOL in mothers of children with CP, and rehabilitation professionals should offer supportive strategies to promote aspects of their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Dehghan
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, IranPsychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, IranUniversity of Ulster, Northern Ireland-UKSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Dalvand
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Ali Hosseini
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is twofold. The first is to synthesize factors that impact parents' experiences of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); the second is to identify factors that impact parental stress and parental decision-making to use autism services or not. Parents of children with ASD score higher on levels of stress than other groups of parents. The daily challenges of caring for the child are endless and effect all aspects of the child's care as well as the parent's mental health and ability to manage the needs of the child and family. Understanding more about the challenges parents face will provide direction for research, intervention development, and practice. Accordingly, a search was conducted using CINAHL and Medline. Inclusion criteria included articles available in full text, published in English, and focused on children with ASD distinct from other diagnoses, as well as parental experiences of caring for a child with ASD. Articles (N = 132) that met the inclusion criteria were summarized. Challenging aspects of the child's diagnosis and care are discussed, as well as the factors that impact parental stress and decision-making to use autism services. Recommendations for research and practice include interventional development related to early diagnosis, disparity, access to care, parental decision-making to use autism services, and parental stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bonis
- a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Nursing , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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Kuhaneck HM, Madonna S, Novak A, Pearson E. Effectiveness of Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents: A Systematic Review of Family Outcomes. Am J Occup Ther 2015; 69:6905180040p1-14. [PMID: 26356656 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2015.017855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examined the literature published from January 2006 to April 2013 related to the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their parents to improve parental stress and self-efficacy, coping, and resilience and family participation in daily life and routines. From the 4,457 abstracts, 34 articles were selected that matched the inclusion criteria. The results were mixed and somewhat inconclusive because this body of literature is in its infancy. Studies of children with ASD do not routinely measure parental and family outcomes. Recommendations include an emphasis on family measures other than parental stress and a greater focus on measures of parental and family functioning in all future studies of pediatric interventions to more fully understand the impact of interventions in a wider context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Miller Kuhaneck
- Heather Miller Kuhaneck, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT;
| | - Stephanie Madonna
- Stephanie Madonna, MS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, Hand Therapy Associates, PC, Southington, CT
| | - Audrey Novak
- Audrey Novak, MS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, Masonicare Health Center, Wallingford, CT
| | - Emily Pearson
- Emily Pearson, MS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist, Capitol Region Education Council, Hartford, CT
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Lee AR, Hong SW. Differences in Life Transition Process of Parents Caring for Children with Autism: Based on the Socio-Demographic Characteristics. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2015.21.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tint A, Weiss JA. Family wellbeing of individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:262-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361315580442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Families play an important role in supporting individuals with autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan. Indicators of family wellbeing can help to establish benchmarks for service provision and evaluation; however, a critical first step is a clear understanding of the construct in question. The purpose of the current scoping review was to (a) summarize current conceptualizations and measurements of family wellbeing, (b) synthesize key findings, and (c) highlight gaps and limitations in the extant literature. A final review of 86 articles highlighted the difficulty of synthesizing findings of family wellbeing in the autism spectrum disorder literature due to varied measurement techniques and the limited use of a common theoretical direction. Considerations for future research are presented with an eye toward policy relevance.
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Prediction of stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 17:E6. [PMID: 25012691 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Raising a child with autism spectrum disorders presents families with exceptional caregiving challenges. Consequently, parents, particularly mothers, evidence unusually high stress levels. Previous research has identified relevant variables that help explain maternal stress: the child's behavior problems, social support and the sense of coherence (SOC) as a perception of problem. However, there are few longitudinal studies demonstrating how these variables correlate over time. We present a longitudinal study of 21 Spanish mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) at two measurement time points over an interval of 4.5 years. Our aims are to examine the predictive relationships of these variables (behavior problems, social support and SOC) to stress and to analyse their changes over time. Data were collected through questionnaires. The results of the regression analysis (multiple adjusted R 2= .45, ƒ2 = .82) highlight the predictive values of SOC (adjusted R 2 = .31) and the initial stress levels (Δ adjusted R 2 = .14) for stress levels 4.5-years later. Our study used t-tests to compare measurements at the two time points; results demonstrate the permanence of stress levels and behavior problems and the effects of reduced social support and increased SOC levels (t(20) = 2.48, p = .02, Cohen's d = .63; t(20) = -4.22, p < .001, Cohen' d = .58). Implications for interventions are discussed.
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Alquraini T, Mahoney G. An Exploratory Investigation of the Role of Parenting Stress in Relationship Focused Intervention. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 28:536-47. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Li TY, Lo JL. The predictors of uncertainty in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2014.979924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dardas LA, Ahmad MM. Psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index with parents of children with autistic disorder. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:560-571. [PMID: 23701497 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties and the theoretical structure of the Parenting Stress Index-short form (PSI-SF) with Jordanian parents of children with autistic disorder. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design for data collection, the convenience sample of the study was composed of 184 Jordanian parents of children with autistic disorder. The factor structure for the PSI-SF was examined using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. RESULTS We found that the modified three-factor model (30 items) fits the data significantly better than the 36-item model. The results showed that the 12 items of the Parental Distress sub-scale support the original scale structure. However, items in the Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child sub-scales did not show stability in their structure. The results in this study showed that the PSI-SF in its 30-item model has endorsed the necessary validity of the scale with parents of children with autistic disorder. The study provides information on the effects of Arab culture on the validity of PSI-SF. CONCLUSION It is recommended to use the new factors structure of the PSI-SF with the 30 items in the studies that intend to examine the stress among parents with children with autistic disorder in the Arab world.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Dardas
- Community Health Nursing Department, The University of Jordan/The Faculty of Nursing, Amman, Jordan
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Abbott M, Bernard P, Forge J. Communicating a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder - a qualitative study of parents' experiences. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 18:370-82. [PMID: 22904114 DOI: 10.1177/1359104512455813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Not enough is known about parents' experiences of receiving the news that their child warrants a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Sharing this information with parents is an important and difficult part of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) practice. Qualitative methodology was used to explore the experiences of the 'feedback session' with nine sets of parents in a community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in North East England. Parents gave vivid accounts of their experiences and described issues relating to the structure, style and content of the session. The experiences of CAMHS users should inform the development of good practice in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Abbott
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Community CAMHS, 1st Floor, Benton House, 136 Sandyford Road, Sandyford, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 1QE, UK.
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Emerson A, Dearden J. Accommodating to motor difficulties and communication impairments in people with autism: the MORE intervention model. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:45. [PMID: 23785315 PMCID: PMC3685137 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor impairment in individuals with autism potentially impacts on their development in all spheres. This paper is particularly concerned with people with severe communication impairments suggesting that recognition of the impact of motor impairments on their lives could lead to more effective interventions being developed. One such intervention is the MORE (Means, Opportunities, Reasons, and Expectations) model, founded on the "least dangerous assumption," that is assuming competence until otherwise established through long-term observation and assessment. Components of the model include recognizing the importance of having high expectations and linking this to the way people are spoken to; timing within an intervention and over long periods; the importance of eye-hand coordination and teaching independent pointing skills. It is suggested that literacy should be offered as an early step which could significantly enhance communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Emerson
- School of Education, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
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46
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Lee AR, Hong SW, Ju SJ. [Development of a scale to measure life transition process in parents of children with autism]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2013; 42:861-9. [PMID: 23364041 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to develop a scale to measure the life transition process of parents of children with autism, against the backdrop of a lack of research on this topic. METHODS Seventy preliminary items were drawn from previous qualitative research, and content validity was tested by three professors as well as three parents of children with autism. A questionnaire survey was also done between August 2011 and February 2012. Data were collected from 207 parents of children with autism and analyzed using descriptive statistics, item analysis, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficients, and factor analysis with the SPSS Win 15.0 program. RESULTS Twenty-nine items were selected to constitute the appropriate measuring scale and categorized into 5 factors explaining 63.2% of the total variance. The 5 factors were named; stages of denial (5 items), wandering (6 items), devotion (7 items), frustration (3 items), and finally acceptance (8 items). Cronbach's alpha for the 29 items was .80. CONCLUSION The results of this study not only suggest assessment criteria for the life transition process of parents who have children with autism but also provide basic directions for program development to provide differentiated support and care at each stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ran Lee
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
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48
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Bekhet AK, Johnson NL, Zauszniewski JA. Effects on resilience of caregivers of persons with autism spectrum disorder: the role of positive cognitions. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2012; 18:337-44. [PMID: 23139377 DOI: 10.1177/1078390312467056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 2.8 million people in the United States are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Family caregivers manage many aspects of their care, which is demanding, overwhelming, and can affect their mental health. OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of caregiver burden (risk factor) and positive cognitions (protective factors) on resourcefulness (resilience indicator) in 95 caregivers of persons with ASD. DESIGN Descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional. RESULTS Positive cognitions explained 32% of the variance in resourcefulness, F(1, 93) = 44.49, p < .001, and as positive cognitions increased, caregivers' resourcefulness increased. A substantial drop in the beta weight of caregiver burden from B = -.36 to -.04 when positive cognitions was entered the equation suggested that positive cognitions mediated the effect of caregiver burden on resourcefulness. CONCLUSION The results support resilience theory and suggest a need for developing interventions to strengthen positive thinking among caregivers of persons with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Bekhet
- Marquette University College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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Ying KC, Browne G, Hutchinson M, Cashin A, Binh BV. Autism in Vietnam: the case for the development and evaluation of an information book to be distributed at the time of diagnosis. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2012; 33:288-92. [PMID: 22545635 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2011.653039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism is not generally well understood by the community in the West or in Asia. A diagnosis of autism is distressing for all families. When families receive the diagnosis they are often not able to fully appreciate what it means or process the information given to them. Booklets exist in English that contain relevant autism related information but few have been evaluated. In Vietnam, parents do not have ready access to autism related information. This paper makes the case for offering a Vietnamese language information resource/booklet for parents to be distributed at the beginning of the diagnostic process and evaluating its usefulness. In developed countries autism has been recognised since the 1940s (Kanner, 1943). More recently it is being increasingly recognised in children with average and above intelligence. In Vietnam, a Western view of autism is just developing. Consequently community resources are undeveloped. The community, in general, and health services for children, in particular, have a rudimentary understanding of autism. This paper discusses a Western understanding of autism, autism in Vietnam, and suggests one possible strategy for addressing the educational needs around autism in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Chung Ying
- Southern Cross University, Health & Human Sciences, Lismore, Australia
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50
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Étude de la qualité de vie et des processus d’ajustement des parents d’un enfant ayant un trouble autistique ou un syndrome d’Asperger : effet de plusieurs variables socio-biographiques parentales et caractéristiques liées à l’enfant. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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