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Hall MB, Willis DE, Rodriguez EL, Schwarz JM. Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135559. [PMID: 37123361 PMCID: PMC10133487 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that one's risk of being diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)-such as autism, ADHD, or schizophrenia-increases significantly if their mother had a viral or bacterial infection during the first or second trimester of pregnancy. Despite this well-known data, little is known about how developing neural systems are perturbed by events such as early-life immune activation. One theory is that the maternal immune response disrupts neural processes important for typical fetal and postnatal development, which can subsequently result in specific and overlapping behavioral phenotypes in offspring, characteristic of NDDs. As such, rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have been useful in elucidating neural mechanisms that may become dysregulated by MIA. This review will start with an up-to-date and in-depth, critical summary of epidemiological data in humans, examining the association between different types of MIA and NDD outcomes in offspring. Thereafter, we will summarize common rodent models of MIA and discuss their relevance to the human epidemiological data. Finally, we will highlight other factors that may interact with or impact MIA and its associated risk for NDDs, and emphasize the importance for researchers to consider these when designing future human and rodent studies. These points to consider include: the sex of the offspring, the developmental timing of the immune challenge, and other factors that may contribute to individual variability in neural and behavioral responses to MIA, such as genetics, parental age, the gut microbiome, prenatal stress, and placental buffering.
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Zhao T, Gao X, Huang GB. Effects of Chronic Social Defeat Stress on Behavior and Dopamine Receptors in Adolescent Mice With 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:731373. [PMID: 34912197 PMCID: PMC8667729 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.731373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Social stress factors in schizophrenia have long-term effects, but will only induce symptoms in a portion of individuals, even if exposed to identical stress. Methods: In the current experiment, we examined mice with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) injury to select for members of a “stress-susceptible group,” and observed the changes in their behavior and the expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the amygdala and hippocampus. Results: We observed that after chronic social defeat stress, 72.6% of the 6-OHDA lesioned mice exhibited stress response to aggressors, compared to 52.3% of the blank control group. Both the 6-OHDA lesion + social defeat and social defeat groups exhibited anxiety and depression-like behavior. However, social cognitive impairment in the mice from the 6-OHDA lesion + social defeat group was more significant and the D1 expression levels in the amygdala were significantly decreased. Conclusion: These results suggest that the reason that adolescent mice with cortical injury were highly sensitive to defeat stress and had more prominent social cognitive impairment may be the decreased selectivity of D1 in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - XiaoLei Gao
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guang-Biao Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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Maini K, Gould H, Hicks J, Iqbal F, Patterson J, Edinoff AN, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Aripiprazole Lauroxil, a Novel Injectable Long-Acting Antipsychotic Treatment for Adults with Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Neurol Int 2021; 13:279-296. [PMID: 34287335 PMCID: PMC8293312 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of Aripiprazole lauroxil for schizophrenia. This review presents the background, evidence, and indications for using aripiprazole lauroxil to treat schizophrenia in the context of current theories on the development of schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health disorder that currently affects approximately 3.3 million people in the United States. Its symptoms, which must be present for more than six months, are comprised of disorganized behavior and speech, a diminished capacity to comprehend reality, hearing voices unheard by others, seeing things unseen by others, delusions, decreased social commitment, and decreased motivation. The majority of these symptoms can be managed with antipsychotic medication. Aripiprazole lauroxil is a long-acting intramuscular injection that works as a combination of partial agonist activity at D2 and 5-HT1A receptors combined with antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors. It can be dosed as a 4-, 6-, or 8-week injection, depending on oral dosage. Aripiprazole lauroxil was FDA approved in October of 2015. SUMMARY Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder if left untreated. There are multiple medications to help treat schizophrenia. One antipsychotic agent, aripiprazole lauroxil, offers long duration injections that optimize and improve compliance. Known side effects include weight gain, akathisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and orthostatic hypotension. Aripiprazole lauroxil is an FDA-approved drug that can be administered monthly, every six weeks, or every two months and has been shown to be both safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Maini
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (K.M.); (J.P.II)
| | - Haley Gould
- Shreveport School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (H.G.); (J.H.); (F.I.)
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Shreveport School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (H.G.); (J.H.); (F.I.)
| | - Fatima Iqbal
- Shreveport School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (H.G.); (J.H.); (F.I.)
| | - James Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (K.M.); (J.P.II)
| | - Amber N. Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (K.M.); (J.P.II)
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.M.C.); (I.U.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Adam M. Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Omar Viswanath
- College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68124, USA
- Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants—Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.M.C.); (I.U.); (A.D.K.)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D. Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (E.M.C.); (I.U.); (A.D.K.)
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Hettige NC, Bani-Fatemi A, Kennedy JL, De Luca V. Assessing the risk for suicide in schizophrenia according to migration, ethnicity and geographical ancestry. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:63. [PMID: 28183281 PMCID: PMC5301397 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of mortality among those afflicted by schizophrenia. Previous studies demonstrated that the stressors associated with immigration may lead to an onset of schizophrenia and suicide separately in susceptible individuals. However, no studies have shown whether immigration may lead to suicidal behaviour for individuals with schizophrenia. Our study proposes that an individual's geographical ancestry, ethnicity or migration status may be predictive of suicide risk in schizophrenia. METHODS In a sample of 276 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we conducted cross-sectional assessments to collect clinical information. Self-identified ethnicity and suicide history were collected through self-report questionnaires and interview-based scales. Ancestry was identified using 292 genetic markers from HapMap. Migrants were classified as those who immigrated to Canada during their lifetime. Using a regression analysis, we tested whether a history of migration, ethnicity or geographical ancestry were predictive of a history of suicide attempts. RESULTS Our analysis failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between suicide history and migration, ethnicity or ancestry. However, ethnicity appears to be significantly associated with the number of psychiatric hospitalizations in our sample. CONCLUSION Ethnicity and migration history are not predictive of previous suicide attempts. Ethnicity may be an important demographic factor affecting access to mental health resources and frequency of hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan C. Hettige
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Ali Bani-Fatemi
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - James L. Kennedy
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Davis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Dean O, McEwen S, Debnath M, McGrath J, Maes M, Amminger P, McGorry PD, Pantelis C, Berk M. A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:185-94. [PMID: 27073049 PMCID: PMC4876729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia risk has often been conceptualized using a model which requires two hits in order to generate the clinical phenotype-the first as an early priming in a genetically predisposed individual and the second a likely environmental insult. The aim of this paper was to review the literature and reformulate this binary risk-vulnerability model. We sourced the data for this narrative review from the electronic database PUBMED. Our search terms were not limited by language or date of publication. The development of schizophrenia may be driven by genetic vulnerability interacting with multiple vulnerability factors including lowered prenatal vitamin D exposure, viral infections, smoking intelligence quotient, social cognition cannabis use, social defeat, nutrition and childhood trauma. It is likely that these genetic risks, environmental risks and vulnerability factors are cumulative and interactive with each other and with critical periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. The development of schizophrenia is likely to be more complex and nuanced than the binary two hit model originally proposed nearly thirty years ago. Risk appears influenced by a more complex process involving genetic risk interfacing with multiple potentially interacting hits and vulnerability factors occurring at key periods of neurodevelopmental activity, which culminate in the expression of disease state. These risks are common across a number of neuropsychiatric and medical disorders, which might inform common preventive and intervention strategies across non-communicable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Davis
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - Harris Eyre
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Olivia Dean
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah McEwen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, United States
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - John McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland 4076, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul Amminger
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, 35 Poplar Rd., Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, 35 Poplar Rd., Parkville, 3052, Australia; Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd., Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland 4076, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, 35 Poplar Rd., Parkville, 3052, Australia; Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd., Parkville, 3052, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, 3052, Parkville, Australia
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