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Martinez VR, Martins Lima A, Stergiopulos N, Velez Rueda JO, Islas MS, Griera M, Calleros L, Rodriguez Puyol M, Jaquenod de Giusti C, Portiansky EL, Ferrer EG, De Giusti V, Williams PAM. Effect of the structural modification of Candesartan with Zinc on hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 946:175654. [PMID: 36930883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy, contributing to heart failure progression. Candesartan (Cand) is an angiotensin receptor antagonist widely used for hypertension treatment. Structural modifications were previously performed by our group using Zinc (ZnCand) as a strategy for improving its pharmacological properties. The measurements showed that ZnCand exerts a stronger interaction with the angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AT1 receptor), reducing oxidative stress and intracellular calcium flux, a mechanism implied in cell contraction. These results were accompanied by the reduction of the contractile capacity of mesangial cells. In vivo experiments showed that the complex causes a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after 8 weeks of treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The reduction of heart hypertrophy was evidenced by echocardiography, the histologic cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, collagen content, the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) marker and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression. Besides, the complex restored the redox status. In this study, we demonstrated that the complexation with Zn(II) improves the antihypertensive and cardiac effects of the parental drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Martinez
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N◦ 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics & Cardiovascular Technology (LHTC), Institute of Bioengineering (Bâtiment MED), Station 9, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaous Stergiopulos
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics & Cardiovascular Technology (LHTC), Institute of Bioengineering (Bâtiment MED), Station 9, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge O Velez Rueda
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maria S Islas
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Calleros
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez Puyol
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Jaquenod de Giusti
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Evelina G Ferrer
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N◦ 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Verónica De Giusti
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Patricia A M Williams
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N◦ 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Abstract
Ferulic acid is a simple phenolic acid commonly present in cereals. In this study, changes in heart and kidney structure and function were measured in young N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated Wistar rats and 10-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) alone and after chronic treatment with ferulic acid (FA; 50 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹; n = 6-10; *P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressures were increased after L-NAME treatment (control 125 ± 2 mm Hg, L-NAME 205 ± 6* mm Hg after 8 weeks) and in SHR (250 ± 2 mm Hg; WKY 149 ± 4 mm Hg). Hypertensive rats developed left ventricular hypertrophy, increased ventricular diastolic stiffness (κ; Wistar, 21.4 ± 1.6; L-NAME, 30.1 ± 0.9*; WKYs, 24.1 ± 0.9; SHR 29.5 ± 0.7) and fibrosis of heart and kidneys. Treatment with ferulic acid reduced systolic blood pressure (L-NAME + FA, 157 ± 4*; SHR + FA 214 ± 8* mm Hg), reduced left ventricular diastolic stiffness (L-NAME + FA, 25.2 ± 0.5*; SHR + FA 26.3 ± 0.5*) and attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration, ferric iron accumulation, and collagen deposition in left ventricles and kidneys. Ferulic acid improved both endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated thoracic aortic rings and antioxidant status by increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the heart and kidneys. FA decreased plasma liver enzyme activities and plasma creatinine concentrations. Thus, FA improved the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys in hypertensive rats.
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Yang L, Zou XJ, Gao X, Chen H, Luo JL, Wang ZH, Liang QS, Yang GT. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate attenuates angiotensin II-induced collagen type I expression in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:508-16. [PMID: 19322029 PMCID: PMC2721148 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.7.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis occurs after pathological stimuli to the cardiovascular system. One of the most important factors that contribute to cardiac fibrosis is angiotensin II (AngII). Accumulating studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in cardiac fibrosis and sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) possesses antioxidant action. We therefore examined whether STS depresses Ang II-induced collagen type I expression in cardiac fibroblasts. In this study, Ang II significantly enhanced collagen type I expression and collagen synthesis. Meanwhile, Ang II depressed matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and activity. These responses were attenuated by STS. Furthermore, STS depressed the intracellular generation of ROS, NADPH oxidase activity and subunit p47(phox) expression. In addition, N-acetylcysteine the ROS scavenger, depressed effects of Ang II in a manner similar to STS. In conclusion, the current studies demonstrate that anti-fibrotic effects of STS are mediated by interfering with the modulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China
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Flack JM, Hilkert R. Single-pill combination of amlodipine and valsartan in the management of hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:1979-94. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560903120899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Striker GE, Praddaude F, Alcazar O, Cousins SW, Marin-Castaño ME. Regulation of angiotensin II receptors and extracellular matrix turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1633-46. [PMID: 18923060 PMCID: PMC2603567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00092.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The early stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the formation of subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deposits as a result of the dysregulation in the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear. Hypertension (HTN) is an important risk factor for AMD, and angiotensin II (ANG II) is the most important hormone associated with HTN. However, the relevance of ANG II receptors and ANG II effects on RPE have not been investigated yet. Therefore, the expression and regulation of ANG II receptors as well as the ECM turnover were studied in human RPE. ANG II receptors were expressed and upregulated by ANG II in human RPE. This regulation resulted in functional receptor expression, since an increase in intracellular concentration of calcium was observed upon ANG II stimulation. ANG II also increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity and MMP-14 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as type IV collagen degradation. These ANG II effects were abolished in the presence of the ANG II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist candesartan. In contrast, ANG II decreased type IV collagen via both AT1 and AT2 receptors, suggesting a synergistic effect of the two receptor subtypes. In conclusion, we have confirmed the presence of ANG II receptors in human RPE and their regulation by ANG II as well as the regulation of ECM molecules via ANG II receptors. Our data support the hypothesis that ANG II may exert biological function in RPE through ANG II receptors and that ANG II may cause dysregulation of molecules that play a major role in the turnover of ECM in RPE basement membrane and Bruch's membrane, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism to explain the link between HTN and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Striker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Abstract
Valsartan (Diovan) is a widely use angiotensin receptor blocker that prevents angiotensin II from binding to the subtype 1 receptor. Stimulation of the subtype 1 receptor is believed to mediate many of the deleterious effects accompanied by increased angiotensin II levels. Valsartan is effective in the treatment of hypertension, alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Valsartan is similarly as effective as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) blockers following myocardial infarction accompanied with left ventricular dysfunction, and/or heart failure. For the treatment of congestive heart failure with left ventricular dysfunction, valsartan offers a reduction in mortality in patients not able to tolerate an ACE inhibitor and in combination with an ACE inhibitor, valsartan reduces morbidity (hospitalization for heart failure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Køber
- Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Non-Invasive Lab, 9 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark 2100.
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Solini A, Santini E, Ferrannini E. Enhanced angiotensin II-mediated effects in fibroblasts of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Hypertens 2005; 23:367-74. [PMID: 15662225 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200502000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by a high incidence of coronary heart disease. Evidence suggests an important role for angiotensin II (AngII) in the fibrotic response to tissue injury, and in promoting myocardial hypertrophy via paracrine mechanisms mediated by fibroblasts. We sought to determine whether AngII promotes proliferative and pro-atherogenic responses in FH patients. METHODS We used primary fibroblasts -- from five patients with heterozygous FH and five control subjects (C) -- to study AngII-induced cell growth, intracellular calcium fluxes, and expression/release of matrix components and pro-inflammatory peptides [transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1)] and metalloproteinases involved in plaque remodeling and vulnerability. RESULTS AngII stimulated cell replication (5.1 +/- 0.03 versus 3.2 +/- 0.04 cells/50 cells per well, P < 0.001), and induced a larger increase in intracellular calcium content in FH cells than in C cells, in a dose-dependent fashion (mean difference = 76 nmol/l, P < 0.001). Similarly, TGFbeta1 and ET-1 expression and release were potentiated (after 24-h incubation with 1 micromol/l AngII: TGFbeta1 was 190 +/- 12 in C and 376 +/- 9 pg/ml per 10(6) cells in FH, and ET-1 was 93 +/- 5 in C and 192 +/- 7 pmol/ml per 10(6) cells in FH; P < 0.001 for both). AngII-induced release of the metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-2 was also increased in FH versus C cells (0.52 +/- 0.04 versus 0.36 +/- 0.05 and 24 +/- 4 versus 13 +/- 3 ng/mg protein with 1 micromol/l AngII). These enhanced responses were likely due to an increased angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) expression in cells from FH patients induced by AngII, and were prevented by pretreating cells with the selective AT1 antagonist irbesartan. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that some AngII-mediated pathways are enhanced in FH subjects irrespective of the presence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), thus contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solini
- Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine University of Pisa, School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy.
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Chen K, Chen J, Li D, Zhang X, Mehta JL. Angiotensin II Regulation of Collagen Type I Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Hypertension 2004; 44:655-61. [PMID: 15466667 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000144400.49062.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated stimulation of fibroblast growth and collagen type I synthesis is believed to be an important component of the cardiac remodeling process in hypertension and chronic ischemia. Ang II-mediated oxidative stress could be important in enhanced fibroblast growth and collagen formation. Accordingly, we postulated that the PPAR-gamma ligand, pioglitazone, which is known to modulate oxidative stress, would alter Ang II-induced formation of collagen type I in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) of Ang II for different times (6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours). Ang II increased the expression of collagen type I in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion (P<0.01 versus control). Ang II also decreased the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (MMP-1, P<0.05 versus control). These effects of Ang II were attenuated by pretreatment of cells with pioglitazone (10 micromol/L). Ang II stimulated the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and this effect was also attenuated by pioglitazone. Ang II treatment activated the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappaB, and pioglitazone pretreatment blocked this effect of Ang II. Ang II also activated another transcription factor, AP-1, but this effect of Ang II was not modulated by pioglitazone. In other experiments, we observed that trolox, the water soluble analog of vitamin E, attenuated the effects of Ang II on the expression of collagen type I and MMP-1, in a manner similar to pioglitazone. Thus, pioglitazone attenuates Ang II-mediated collagen type I synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. The effects of pioglitazone are mediated by the modulation of ROS release and redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock 72205, USA
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Simko F, Matuskova J, Luptak I, Krajcirovicova K, Kucharska J, Gvozdjakova A, Babal P, Pechanova O. Effect of simvastatin on remodeling of the left ventricle and aorta in L-NAME-induced hypertension. Life Sci 2004; 74:1211-24. [PMID: 14697405 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been shown to prevent or reverse hypertrophy of the LV in several models of left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to determine whether treatment with simvastatin can prevent hypertension, reduction of tissue nitric oxide synthase activity and left ventricular (LV) remodeling in NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)-induced hypertension. Four groups of rats were investigated: control, simvastatin (10 mg/kg), L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and L-NAME + simvastatin (in corresponding doses). Animals were sacrificed and studied after 6 weeks of treatment. The decrease of NO-synthase activity in the LV, kidney and brain was associated with hypertension, LV hypertrophy and fibrosis development and remodeling of the aorta in the L-NAME group. Simvastatin attenuated the inhibition of NO-synthase activity in kidney and brain, partly prevented hypertension development and reduced the concentration of coenzyme Q in the LV. Nevertheless, myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and enhancement of DNA concentration in the LV, and remodeling of the aorta were not prevented by simultaneous simvastatin treatment in the L-NAME treated animals. We conclude that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin improved nitric oxide production and partially prevented hypertension development, without preventing remodeling of the left ventricle and aorta in NO-deficient hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Simko
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 813 72, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Fenning A, Harrison G, Dwyer D, Rose'Meyer R, Brown L. Cardiac adaptation to endurance exercise in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 251:51-9. [PMID: 14575304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9238-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is widely assumed to improve cardiac function in humans. This project has determined cardiac function following endurance exercise for 6 (n = 30) or 12 (n = 25) weeks in male Wistar rats (8 weeks old). The exercise protocol was 30 min/day at 0.8 km/h for 5 days/week with an endurance test on the 6th day by running at 1.2 km/h until exhaustion. Exercise endurance increased by 318% after 6 weeks and 609% after 12 weeks. Heart weight/kg body weight increased by 10.2% after 6 weeks and 24.1% after 12 weeks. Echocardiography after 12 weeks showed increases in left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (6.39 +/- 0.32 to 7.90 +/- 0.17 mm), systolic volume (49 +/- 7 to 83 +/- 11 miccrol) and cardiac output (75 +/- 3 to 107 +/- 8 ml/min) but not left wall thickness in diastole (1.74 +/- 0.07 to 1.80 +/- 0.06 mm). Isolated Langendorff hearts from trained rats displayed decreased left ventricular myocardial stiffness (22 +/- 1.1 to 19.1 +/- 0.3) and reduced purine efflux during pacing-induced workload increases. 31P-NMR spectroscopy in isolated hearts from trained rats showed decreased PCr and PCr/ATP ratios with increased creatine, AMP and ADP concentrations. Thus, this endurance exercise protocol resulted in physiological hypertrophy while maintaining or improving cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fenning
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Wei M, Ong L, Smith MT, Ross FB, Schmid K, Hoey AJ, Burstow D, Brown L. The streptozotocin-diabetic rat as a model of the chronic complications of human diabetes. Heart Lung Circ 2003; 12:44-50. [PMID: 16352106 DOI: 10.1046/j.1444-2892.2003.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes in humans induces chronic complications such as cardiovascular damage, cataracts and retinopathy, nephropathy and polyneuropathy. The most common animal model of human diabetes is streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in the rat. METHODS This project assessed cardiovascular, ocular and neuropathic changes over a period of 24 weeks post STZ administration in rats. RESULTS STZ-diabetic rats (n = 96) showed stable signs of diabetes (hyperglycaemia, increased water and food intake with no increase in bodyweight): 52% of untreated STZ-diabetic rats (n = 50) survived 24 weeks after STZ administration. STZ-diabetic rats were normotensive with slowly developing systolic and diastolic dysfunction and an increased ventricular stiffness. Ventricular action potential durations were markedly prolonged. STZ-diabetic rats developed stable tactile allodynia. Cataracts developed to presumed blindness at 16 weeks but proliferative retinopathy was not observed even after 24 weeks. CONCLUSION The chronic STZ-diabetic rat mimics many but not all of the chronic complications observed in the diabetic human. The chronic STZ-diabetic rat may be a useful model to test therapeutic approaches for amelioration of chronic diabetic complications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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