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Asbaghi O, Shimi G, Hosseini Oskouie F, Naseri K, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, Nordvall M, Rastgoo S, Zamani M, Wong A. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on anthropometrics and body composition indices in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:406-428. [PMID: 37671495 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior meta-analytic investigations over a decade ago rather inconclusively indicated that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation could improve anthropometric and body composition indices in the general adult population. More recent investigations have emerged, and an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis on this topic must be improved. Therefore, this investigation provides a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) on the impact of CLA supplementation on anthropometric and body composition (body mass (BM), BMI, waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BFP) and fat-free mass (FFM)) markers in adults. Online databases search, including PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science up to March 2022, were utilised to retrieve RCT examining the effect of CLA supplementation on anthropometric and body composition markers in adults. Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used as an index of statistical heterogeneity of RCT. Among the initial 8351 studies identified from electronic databases search, seventy RCT with ninety-six effect sizes involving 4159 participants were included for data analyses. The results of random-effects modelling demonstrated that CLA supplementation significantly reduced BM (weighted mean difference (WMD): -0·35, 95 % CI (-0·54, -0·15), P < 0·001), BMI (WMD: -0·15, 95 % CI (-0·24, -0·06), P = 0·001), WC (WMD: -0·62, 95% CI (-1·04, -0·20), P = 0·004), FM (WMD: -0·44, 95 % CI (-0·66, -0·23), P < 0·001), BFP (WMD: -0·77 %, 95 % CI (-1·09, -0·45), P < 0·001) and increased FFM (WMD: 0·27, 95 % CI (0·09, 0·45), P = 0·003). The high-quality subgroup showed that CLA supplementation fails to change FM and BFP. However, according to high-quality studies, CLA intake resulted in small but significant increases in FFM and decreases in BM and BMI. This meta-analysis study suggests that CLA supplementation may result in a small but significant improvement in anthropometric and body composition markers in an adult population. However, data from high-quality studies failed to show CLA's body fat-lowering properties. Moreover, it should be noted that the weight-loss properties of CLA were small and may not reach clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Shimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosseini Oskouie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Naseri
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Samira Rastgoo
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA
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Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, Liou TH, Liao CD, Huang SW. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:397-415. [PMID: 36048508 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to have anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects. However, the benefits of CLA combined with exercise remain unclear, and studies report conflicting results. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the synergistic effect of CLA and exercise on body composition, exercise-related indices, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles; and of the safety of CLA supplements. DATA SOURCES In October 2021, the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for reports on clinical trials of the combined intervention of CLA and exercise. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 18 randomized controlled trials and 2 crossover trials were included. The methodological quality assessment was performed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Pooled effect sizes were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous data and risk ratio for dichotomous data with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic. DATA ANALYSIS The combination of CLA and exercise resulted in significantly decreased body fat (SMD, -0.42 [95%CI, -0.70, -0.14]; P = 0.003; I2 = 65) and insulin resistance (SMD, -0.25 [95%CI, -0.44, -0.06]; P = 0.01; I2 = 0) than did exercise alone. In subgroup analysis, the following factors were associated with significant outcomes: (1) body mass index ≥25 kg/m2; (2) female sex; (3) follow-up time >4 weeks; and (4) intervention duration >4 weeks. Nevertheless, supplementation with CLA during exercise programs was not effective for body-weight control, exercise performance enhancement, or lipid-profile improvement. CLA in combination with exercise did not result in a higher risk of adverse events (risk ratio, 1.32 [95%CI, 0.94-1.84]; P > 0.05; I2 = 0). CONCLUSION CLA combined with exercise is generally safe and can lower body fat and insulin resistance but does not reduce body weight, enhance exercise performance, or improve lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Liang
- are with the School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yi Cheng
- are with the School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Lee
- are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-De Liao
- are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,is with the Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,are with the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Athesh K, Agnel Arul John N, Sridharan G, Brindha P, Alanazi AM, Rengasamy KRR, Balamuralikrishnan B, Liu WC, Vijaya Anand A. Protective Effect of Dolichos biflorus Seed Extract on 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:1-14. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6251200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be one of the severe health issues worldwide, as its prevalence continues to rise as well as its association with other chronic diseases worsens. Even though various approaches have been underway to prevent or treat obesity, alternative approaches are in need to combat this chronic condition because of the unsatisfactory effectiveness and adverse side effects of the existing approaches. Dolichos biflorus L. seeds have been employed as a weight-loss treatment in folk medicine. Considering the necessity to develop a safe alternative remedy to rising obesity, the current investigation has been set up to assess the antiobesity potential and the mode of action of the aqueous seed extract of D. biflorus (ASEDB) in a cell line (3T3-L1) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rats. For in-vitro studies, 3T3-L1 cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) augmented with adipogenic-inducing medium and the influence of the extract (10 µg/mL–500 µg/mL) on 3T3-L1 adipocyte viability, adipogenesis, and lipolysis was assessed. An in-vitro study revealed maintenance of cell viability, reduced triglycerides (TG) accumulation, and promoted lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells by ASEDB. Following in-vitro analysis, the HFD-induced obese rats were treated with ASEDB at different concentrations (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) for 60 days and the effect was evaluated through various anthropometric and biochemical parameters. The findings revealed a significant decrement in total body weight, organ weights, fat pad weights, and restoration of abnormal levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, lipid markers, and antioxidant system to normal by ASEDB treatment. Also, pancreatic lipase inhibition analysis of ASEDB revealed a modest level of inhibition with an IC50 value of 213.3 µg/mL. All these findings exposed that ASEDB possesses pronounced antiobesity potential and exhibits its protective effect by suppressing food intake, reducing fat digestion and absorption, limiting adipogenesis, enhancing lipolysis, and alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraswamy Athesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nayagam Agnel Arul John
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunagarajan Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pemiah Brindha
- The Centre for Advanced Research in Indian Systems of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (LNPMC), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Arumugam Vijaya Anand
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Asbaghi O, Ashtary-larky D, Naseri K, Saadati S, Zamani M, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Nadery M, Doaei S, Haghighat N. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:953012. [PMID: 36438733 PMCID: PMC9682566 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.953012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The findings of trials investigating the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) administration on lipid profile are controversial. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to explore the effects of CLA supplementation on lipid profile. Methods Two authors independently searched electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until March 2022, in order to find relevant RCTs. The random effects model was used to evaluate the mean and standard deviation. Results In total, 56 RCTs with 73 effect sizes met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the meta-analysis. CLA supplementation significantly alter triglycerides (TG) (WMD: 1.76; 95% CI: -1.65, 5.19), total cholesterols (TC) (WMD: 0.86; 95% CI: -0.42, 2.26), low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C) (WMD: 0.49; 95% CI: -0.75, 2.74), apolipoprotein A (WMD: -3.15; 95% CI: -16.12, 9.81), and apolipoprotein B (WMD: -0.73; 95% CI: -9.87, 8.41) concentrations. However, CLA supplementation significantly increased the density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: -0.40; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.07) concentrations. Conclusion CLA supplementation significantly improved HDL-C concentrations, however, increased concentrations of TG, TC, LDL-C, apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42022331100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Damoon Ashtary-larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kaveh Naseri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeede Saadati
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nadery
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Neda Haghighat
- Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Abachi S, Pilon G, Marette A, Bazinet L, Beaulieu L. Beneficial effects of fish and fish peptides on main metabolic syndrome associated risk factors: Diabetes, obesity and lipemia. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7896-7944. [PMID: 35297701 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2052261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) fairly varies from one to another guideline and health organization. Per description of world health organization, occurrence of hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia in addition to two or more factors of dyslipidemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hypertension and or large waist circumference factors would be defined as MetS. Conventional therapies and drugs, commonly with adverse effects, are used to treat these conditions and diseases. Nonetheless, in the recent decades scientific community has focused on the discovery of natural compounds to diminish the side effects of these medications. Among many available bioactives, biologically active peptides have notable beneficial effects on the management of diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Marine inclusive of fish peptides have exerted significant bioactivities in different experimental in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical settings. This review exclusively focuses on studies from the recent decade investigating hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic and anti-obesogenic fish and fish peptides. Related extraction, isolation, and purification methodologies of anti-MetS fish biopeptides are reviewed herein for comparison purposes only. Moreover, performance of biopeptides in simulated gastrointestinal environment and structure-activity relationship along with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of selected oligopeptides have been discussed, in brief, to broaden the knowledge of readers on the design and discovery trends of anti-MetS compounds.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2052261 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Abachi
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes (LTAPEM), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie Beaulieu
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Athesh K, Sivasubramanian R, Jothi G, Brindha P. Evaluation of anti-obesity potential of aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. in high fat diet induced obese rats. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundObesity, reached epidemic proportions globally is often associated with life threatening comorbidities. The unavailability of safe and effective long term medications for obesity in modern pharmacotherapy forces the scientific community to explore the potential of Ayurvedic traditional healers as they are considered safe and effective.ObjectiveTo explore the anti-obesity potential of aqueous extract of aerial parts ofAchyranthes asperaL. (AEAA), a traditional healer in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats.MethodsAEAA was prepared and subjected to in-vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition assay and in-vivo anti-obesity studies. For in-vivo studies, HFD fed obese prone Wistar albino rats were divided into five experimental groups (Group II to VI): animals fed with standard pellet chow served as normal control (Group I) while, animals continued with HFD alone served as obese control (Group II); Group III, IV and V were administered AEAA at a dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w. respectively along with HFD; and animals administered orlistat (30 mg/kg bw) along with HFD served as standard control (Group VI). All the drugs were administered orally once a day for a period of 60 days. At the end of the experimental period various physical, biochemical and histopathological observations were made.ResultsIn-vitro studies showed AEAA partially but not significantly inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase. Data of in-vivo studies revealed, significant reduction in body weights, fat pad weights and organ weights upon AEAA treatment. Elevated levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, lipid profiles and antioxidant status were also brought back to normal.ConclusionThe obtained results clearly suggested that AEAA possess pronounced anti-obesity potential.
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Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M. Comprehensive Safety Assessment of l-Lysine Supplementation from Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review. J Nutr 2020; 150:2561S-2569S. [PMID: 33000161 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the widespread use of l-lysine in dietary supplements, the safety information pertinent to excessive l-lysine ingestion is limited and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published systematic review of safety. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the clinical safety of l-lysine supplementation of a regular diet. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ichushi Web, and EBSCOhost using the relevant keywords, "l-lysine" and "clinical trial." To investigate all adverse events observed during intervention trials, we included all intervention studies with orally ingested l-lysine without restricting background factors, environment, study designs, and sample sizes. RESULTS We identified 71 articles, which included 3357 study subjects. The l-lysine doses ranged from 16.8 to 17.5 g/d, and the dosing period ranged from 1 to 1095 d. The observed adverse events were mainly subjective gastrointestinal tract symptoms; however, the risk analysis for incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms was not statistically significant (risk ratio of 1.02). CONCLUSION The provisional no-observed-adverse-effect level in healthy human subjects was based on gastrointestinal symptoms and identified at 6.0 g/d. The review protocol was registered at umin.ac.jp as UMIN000028914 before the beginning of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Oshima
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
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Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Fukuda Z, Kuramochi Y, Nagai Y, Izumo N, Nakano M. Safety assessment of L-lysine oral intake: a systematic review. Amino Acids 2019; 51:647-659. [PMID: 30661148 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the use of amino acids in supplements and functional foods is increasing globally. However, there are no guidelines for the upper limit of ingestion for the safe use of these amino acids. Safety evaluation of chemical substances is generally performed through non-clinical and clinical studies. However, amino acids that have these safety data are limited. Therefore, we used a systematic review approach for evaluating the safety of amino acids. In the present study, we evaluated the safety of L-lysine added to an ordinary diet in humans. Using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ichushi Web, and EBSCOhost as search databases, we comprehensively searched human studies on oral ingestion of L-lysine. Ultimately, 71 studies were selected for evaluation. Of these, 12 studies were of relatively high quality with Jadad scores ≥ 3. The dose range of L-lysine in the selected studies was 16.8-17,500 mg/day, and the range of dosing period was 1-1095 days. The observed adverse events were mainly subjective symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract such as nausea, stomachache, and diarrhea. The provisional no-observed-adverse-effect level obtained based on these gastrointestinal symptoms was 6000 mg/person/day. Integrated analysis of the risk for developing gastrointestinal symptoms revealed that the risk ratio was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07; p = 0.49); thus, no significant increase was observed. (UMIN000028914).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan.
| | - Ikuyo Oshima
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Zesoku Fukuda
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yui Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagai
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan.,General Health Medical Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
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Ueda K, Sasai H, Tsujimoto T, Sanbongi C, Ikegami S, Kobayashi H, Shioya N, Suzuki S, Nakata Y. Randomized trial of amino acid mixture combined with physical activity promotion for abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018. [PMID: 29520158 PMCID: PMC5833794 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s153151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine mixture (A-mix) ingestion at 1,500 mg/day in combination with the promotion of physical activity for abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults. METHODS A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized trial for 12 weeks combined with a 4-week follow-up period was conducted at a single center in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, between December 2016 and May 2017. Data were analyzed between June and August 2017. The study participants were 200 overweight adults within the age range of 20-64 years. The participants were randomly assigned to the A-mix group (n=100) or a placebo group (n=100) and were administered 500 mL of test beverage containing 1,500 or 0 mg of A-mix, respectively, for 12 weeks. All participants maintained a physically active lifestyle between week 0 and week 12 through monthly sessions of physical activity. The primary outcomes were the 12-week changes in the abdominal total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat areas, as assessed by computed tomography. RESULTS Of the 200 enrolled participants, 199 (99%) accomplished the 12-week intervention and 4-week follow-up period. The per-protocol-based analysis for 194 participants demonstrated that the abdominal total fat area decreased significantly in the A-mix group compared with that in the placebo group (difference, 10.0 cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4-19.6 cm2; P=0.041). Comparable outcomes were obtained for the abdominal subcutaneous fat area (difference, 7.4 cm2; 95% CI: 0.1-14.7 cm2; P=0.047). No study-related unfavorable events occurred. CONCLUSION A-mix supplementation in combination with physical activity promotion facilitated abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
| | - Hiroyuki Sasai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | | | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
| | - Shuji Ikegami
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
| | | | | | - Satoru Suzuki
- Shinagawa Season Terrace Health Care Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
- Correspondence: Yoshio Nakata, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan, Tel/Fax +81 29 853 3076, Email
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Sasai H, Ueda K, Tsujimoto T, Kobayashi H, Sanbongi C, Ikegami S, Nakata Y. Dose-ranging pilot randomized trial of amino acid mixture combined with physical activity promotion for reducing abdominal fat in overweight adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:297-309. [PMID: 28740413 PMCID: PMC5505547 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s138084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effective dose of an amino acid mixture comprising arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine combined with physical activity promotion in reducing abdominal fat among overweight adults. METHODS A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, pilot trial was conducted in Mito, Japan, from January through April 2016, and the data were analyzed from May through November 2016. The study participants were 35 overweight adults, aged 20-64 years, with no regular exercise habit. Participants were randomly assigned to high-dose (3,000 mg/d, n=9), medium-dose (1,500 mg/d, n=9), low-dose (750 mg/d, n=8), or placebo (0 mg/d, n=9) groups, and the test beverage containing the amino acid mixture or placebo was administered for 12 weeks. All participants maintained a physically active lifestyle during the study period through monthly physical activity promotion sessions and smartphone-based self-monitoring with wearable trackers. Primary outcomes were changes in abdominal total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat areas, assessed by computed tomography. RESULTS Of the 35 enrolled participants, 32 completed the 12-week follow-up visit. The intention-to-treat analysis revealed that the changes in abdominal total fat area were -14.6 cm2 (95% confidence interval [CI], -39.6 cm2 to 10.4 cm2), -25.3 cm2 (95% CI, -71.0 cm2 to 20.3 cm2), -23.2 cm2 (95% CI, -48.0 cm2 to 1.6 cm2), and -12.5 cm2 (95% CI, -29.1 cm2 to 4.0 cm2) in the high-dose, medium-dose, low-dose, and placebo groups, respectively. Similar results were obtained for visceral and subcutaneous fat areas. No study-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Compared with placebo, a medium or low dose of the amino acid mixture may facilitate abdominal fat reduction among overweight adults. A larger randomized trial with sufficient statistical power should be implemented to validate the effectiveness of this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sasai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences
| | - Takehiko Tsujimoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | | | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa
| | - Shuji Ikegami
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa
| | - Yoshio Nakata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
- Correspondence: Yoshio Nakata, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan, Tel/Fax +81 29 853 3076, Email
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Kim Y, Kim J, Whang KY, Park Y. Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism. Lipids 2016; 51:159-78. [PMID: 26729488 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has garnered special attention as a food bioactive compound that prevents and attenuates obesity. Although most studies on the effects of CLA on obesity have focused on the reduction of body fat, a number of studies have demonstrated that CLA also increases lean body mass and enhances physical performances. It has been suggested that these effects may be due in part to physiological changes in the skeletal muscle, such as changes in the muscle fiber type transformation, alteration of the intracellular signaling pathways in muscle metabolism, or energy metabolism. However, the mode of action for CLA in muscle metabolism is not completely understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the effects of CLA on skeletal muscle metabolism. Given that CLA not only reduces body fat, but also improves lean mass, there is great potential for the use of CLA to improve muscle metabolism, which would have a significant health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jonggun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, Marcadenti A, Lehnen AM. A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:36. [PMID: 26388708 PMCID: PMC4574006 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is highly found in fats from ruminants and it appears to favorably modify the body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. The capacity of CLA to reduce the body fat levels as well as its benefic actions on glycemic profile, atherosclerosis and cancer has already been proved in experimental models. Furthermore, CLA supplementation may modulate the immune function, help re-synthetize of glycogen and potentiate the bone mineralization. CLA supplementation also could increase the lipolysis and reduce the accumulation of fatty acids on the adipose tissue; the putative mechanisms involved may be its action in reducing the lipase lipoprotein activity and to increase the carnitine-palmitoil-transferase-1 (CAT-1) activity, its interaction with PPARγ, and to raise the expression of UCP-1. Although studies made in human have shown some benefits of CLA supplementation as the weight loss, the results are still discordant. Moreover, some have shown adverse effects, such as negative effects on glucose metabolism and lipid profile. The purpose of this article is to review the available data regarding the benefits of CLA on the energetic metabolism and body composition, emphasizing action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ederich Lehnen
- Faculdade Sogipa de Educação Física, Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 Santana, 90620-001 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Camacho
- Faculdade Sogipa de Educação Física, Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Marcadenti
- Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Machado Lehnen
- Faculdade Sogipa de Educação Física, Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Brouwer IA, Wanders AJ, Katan MB. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: research completed? Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:541-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu Z, Satterfield MC, Bazer FW, Wu G. Regulation of brown adipose tissue development and white fat reduction by L-arginine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:529-38. [PMID: 23075933 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283595cff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is present in humans, plays an important role in oxidation of fatty acids and glucose. The purpose of this review is to highlight an important role for L-arginine in regulating BAT growth and development, thereby reducing obesity in mammals. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary supplementation with L-arginine reduces white adipose tissue in genetically or diet-induced obese rats, obese pregnant sheep, and obese humans with type II diabetes. L-arginine treatment enhances BAT growth in both fetuses and postnatal animals. At molecular and cellular levels, L-arginine stimulates expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 (the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis), nitric oxide synthase, heme oxygenase, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. At the whole body level, L-arginine increases blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues, adipose tissue lipolysis, and the catabolism of glucose and fatty acids, but inhibits fatty acid synthesis and ameliorates oxidative stress, thereby improving metabolic profile. SUMMARY L-arginine increases mammalian BAT growth and development via mechanisms involving gene expression, nitric oxide signaling, and protein synthesis. This enhances the oxidation of energy substrates and, thus, reduces white fat accretion in the body. L-arginine holds great promise in preventing and treating obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Jutzeler van Wijlen RP. Long-term conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans - effects on body composition and safety. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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