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Effects of a home-based exercise program on mental health for caregivers of relatives with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Int Psychogeriatr 2021; 33:359-372. [PMID: 32893767 DOI: 10.1017/s104161022000157x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based physical exercise program on participants' mental health: psychological symptoms, depression, and burden of female informal caregivers. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized controlled trial, a sample of 48 female informal primary caregivers completed the entire study, 25 were randomly allocated to the intervention group (IG), and 23 participants to the control group (CG). INTERVENTION Participants in the IG performed two 60-minute-long physical exercise sessions per week (36 weeks) that were supervised by a personal trainer at caregivers' home during 9 months. The CG continued their habitual leisure-time activities. MEASUREMENTS Subjective burden was assessed by the Zarit Burden Interview. The risk of depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form 15-item version, and psychological symptoms were evaluated by the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). All participants were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS A promising positive impact of the intervention on caregivers' subjective burden and risk of depression was found in the IG. In addition, no significant between-group differences were found in any of nine subscales scores of the SCL-90-R. Finally, care recipients' level of functional independence and area of residence were found to be predictors of the promising positive impact on caregivers' subjective burden and risk of depression. CONCLUSIONS The present home-based physical exercise intervention that was individually implemented has shown promising results to reduce subjective burden and risk of depression in female caregivers of relatives with dementia. However, future research efforts should elucidate both the particular dose of physical exercise and the particular duration of the intervention that are required to obtain the expected significant positive impact. Finally, future inclusion of psychological approaches, besides physical exercise, might help reduce female caregivers' psychological symptoms.
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Cost-Effectiveness and Effects of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention for Female Caregivers of Relatives with Dementia: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8010054. [PMID: 32155761 PMCID: PMC7151160 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has proposed a range of support interventions to mitigate the adverse impact of caregiving on the daily life of caregivers of relatives with dementia. However, the effectiveness of these interventions shows a high variability. Informal caregivers usually lack the time and/or live too far from conventional facilities to do physical exercise, especially those who live in rural areas. Thus, home-based interventions may be more efficacious due to their greater convenience for this population. The present work proposes and describes a study protocol for a randomized control trial that will analyze the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a home-based, structured individual physical exercise intervention to improve the health-related quality of life and the mental health of female informal caregivers of relatives with dementia. The nine-month-long intervention will comprise participation in two supervised physical exercise sessions per week at the caregiver’s home. The proposed study outcomes will be: (1) feasibility of and adherence to the home-based provision of the intervention; (2) improvement in physical fitness and quality of life; and (3) reduction in subjective burden, psychological symptomatology and depression. Analyses will also be performed to determine the cost-effectiveness after the intervention. In conclusion, this intervention might thus represent a tailored and feasible strategy to help caregivers cope with the physical and psychological stress resulting from caregiving-related responsibilities, and it could represent a novel cost-effective support home-based intervention for caregivers.
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El Razek YA, Sabry W, Hendawy H, Hegazy D, Soultan M, El Banna M. Prevalence and correlates of psychiatric morbidity in Egyptian sample of dementia patients’ caregivers: a comparative descriptive study. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-019-0006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A strong relationship between dementia caregiving and negative consequences on psychological health of caregivers has been established in numerous studies. A meticulous evaluation of caregiver mental status function is of utmost importance to gain better insight into daily caregiver functioning and to alleviate their high levels of burden. This study evaluated the prevalence of psychiatric morbidities and their sociodemographic and clinical correlates among a sample of dementia caregivers in Egypt. Twenty-five caregivers of patients with dementia were collected and compared with regard to their psychiatric morbidity with 25 careers of patients with chronic physical diseases. Patients were subjected to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Arabic versions of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and caregivers were interviewed using the Arabic version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI).
Results
Caregiver’s burden was significantly higher among the dementia caregiver group than the non-dementia group. Moreover, dementia caregivers provided more aid with a higher total of ADLs and provided help for more IADLs than did the non-dementia caregivers. They also showed higher psychiatric morbidity. Such morbidity was found to be related to hours of caring, years of caring, GHQ, ZBI, ADL/IADL, BPSD, and MMSE. On the other hand, ADL, IADL, and GHQ scores had the highest predictive significance of caregiver’s burden in our study.
Conclusions
Caregivers of patients with dementia are subjected to more burden and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders than the other caregiver group. That should raise a flag to pay extra support and care for those people, which in turn will benefit both the patient and the health care authorities in terms of quality and cost of the care provided.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depression among Caregivers of Alzheimer's Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia. Neurol Res Int 2018; 2018:2501835. [PMID: 30305962 PMCID: PMC6164206 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2501835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify prevalence and risk factors of depression among caregivers of Alzheimer' disease (AD) patients. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 110 caregivers of AD patients participated in this study (51 males and 59 females). Patients data were obtained from patients' records at Aseer Central Hospital. Depression among caregivers was assessed by using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results The age of caregivers ranged from 17 to 85 years (Mean±SD: 41.1±14.0 years). Prevalence of depression among caregivers was 70%. Caregivers were mainly sons/daughters (69.1%) or spouses (11.8%). A total of 33 caregivers (30%) had mild depression while 44 (40%) had moderate depression. Prevalence of depression was significantly higher among caregivers of AD patients who were exposed to repeated falling down (p=0.003), but did not differ significantly among caregivers who were exposed to repeated pneumonia or getting lost. Caregivers' scores of depression positively correlated with duration of caregivers' daily stay with AD patients (r=0.272, p=0.004), but did not correlate significantly with either caregivers' age or patients' age. Moreover, caregivers' depression did not differ significantly according to their marital status, educational status, employment status, or monthly income. Conclusions Prevalence of depression among AD caregiver is high. Risk factors for depression include patients' exposure to repeated falls and prolonged stay with patients. Therefore, psychiatric care should be provided to caregivers, home safety should be maintained to avoid falls, and several persons should interchangeably provide care to AD patients.
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Watson B, Tatangelo G, McCabe M. Depression and Anxiety Among Partner and Offspring Carers of People With Dementia: A Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 59:e597-e610. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Tatangelo
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marita McCabe
- School of Health Science, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Hiyoshi-Taniguchi K, Becker CB, Kinoshita A. What Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Affect Caregiver Burnout? Clin Gerontol 2018; 41:249-254. [PMID: 29252121 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2017.1398797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients' irritability and aggression have been linked to caregiver depression, but the behaviors that most burden caregivers are not yet definitively identified. This study examines the connection between behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and the burnout of caregivers caring for home-dwelling elders with dementia symptoms in Japan. METHODS 80 Japanese rural and urban family caregivers completed detailed questionnaires about their experiences in caring for demented family members. We statistically analyzed the results for correlations between types of dementia, Pines Burnout, and Caregiver Distress. RESULTS BPSD symptom severity significantly correlated with caregiver distress. The dementia symptoms most strongly correlated with caregiver burnout were: aggression, irritability, abnormal motor behavior, and hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS Among the commonest symptoms, apathy, anxiety, and depression did not seriously aggravate caregiver burnout. Caregivers displayed higher burnout facing agitation/aggression, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, and hallucinations. Caregivers' reported distress was surprisingly dissimilar to their burnout scores; patients' delusions and anxiety led to higher distress reporting but not to burnout. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Advance diagnosis of BPSD symptoms should be helpful to support nurses and caregivers of dementia patients. Particular support should be considered for caregivers and nurses of patients expressing aggression, irritability, abnormal motor behavior, and hallucination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl B Becker
- b Science Policy Unit , Kyoto University School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ayae Kinoshita
- c Human Health Sciences , Kyoto University School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
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Yoon KH, Moon YS, Lee Y, Choi SH, Moon SY, Seo SW, Park KW, Ku BD, Han HJ, Park KH, Han SH, Kim EJ, Lee JH, Park SA, Shim YS, Kim JH, Hong CH, Na DL, Ye BS, Kim HJ, Moon Y, Lee SS, Kim DH. The moderating effect of religiosity on caregiving burden and depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients with dementia. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:141-147. [PMID: 27661263 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1232366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored whether religiosity/spirituality has a protective role against negative caregiving outcomes, in a large multicenter nationwide sample of caregivers of patients with dementia in South Korea. Additionally, this study was the first to examine whether religiosity/spirituality could affect caregiving outcomes according to the various religious affiliations of caregivers. METHODS The study was conducted on a sample of 476 caregivers of patients with dementia participated in the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS). We examined the moderating effect of each of the three dimensions of religiosity/spirituality (organizational religious activity, ORA; non-organizational religious activity, NORA; intrinsic religiosity, IR) on the relationship between activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with dementia and caregiving burden and depressive symptoms of caregivers, using a series of hierarchical regression analyses. In addition, these analyses were conducted according to the religious affiliations of the caregivers. RESULTS ORA, NORA, and IR of religiosity/spirituality alleviated the effect of ADL of patients on caregiving burden. ORA and IR moderated the relationship between ADL of patients and depressive symptoms of caregivers. These moderating effects of religiosity on caregiving outcomes were different according to various religious groups. CONCLUSION We have identified religiosity/spirituality as a protective factor for caregivers of patients with dementia. The sub-dimensions of religiosity as moderators were different by religious affiliations of caregivers. Further studies are needed to investigate the specific religiosity-related factors which could positively impact the mental health of the caregivers of patients with dementia by religions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Yoon
- a Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea.,b Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea
| | - Yoo Sun Moon
- a Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea.,b Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea
| | - Yunhwan Lee
- c Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , South Korea.,d Institute on Aging , Ajou University Medical Center , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- e Department of Neurology , Inha University School of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea
| | - So Young Moon
- d Institute on Aging , Ajou University Medical Center , Suwon , South Korea.,f Department of Neurology , Ajou University School of Medicine , South Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- g Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea.,h Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul , South Korea.,i Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation , SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- j Department of Neurology , Dong-A University College of Medicine , Pusan , South Korea
| | - Bon D Ku
- k Department of Neurology , Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , Gangneung , South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- l Department of Neurology , Myongji Hospital , Goyang , South Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- m Department of Neurology , Gachon University Gil Medical Center , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- n Department of Neurology , Konkuk University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- o Department of Neurology , Pusan National University School of Medicine , Pusan , South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- p Department of Neurology , University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sun A Park
- q Department of Neurology , Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, College of Medicine , Bucheon , South Korea
| | - Yong S Shim
- r Department of Neurology , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , South Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- s Department of Neurology , Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Service , Goyang , South Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- d Institute on Aging , Ajou University Medical Center , Suwon , South Korea.,t Department of Psychiatry , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- g Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea.,h Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul , South Korea.,i Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation , SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- u Department of Neurology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- g Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea.,h Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul , South Korea.,i Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation , SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Yeonsil Moon
- n Department of Neurology , Konkuk University College of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- b Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- a Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , South Korea
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Antelo P, Espinosa P. La influencia del apoyo social en cuidadores de personas con deterioro cognitivo o demencia. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACIÓN EN PSICOLOGÍA Y EDUCACIÓN 2017. [DOI: 10.17979/reipe.2017.0.14.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
El apoyo social se define como un conjunto de transacciones que implican ayuda, afecto y afirmación. El objetivo de la investigación ha sido desarrollar un modelo que explique como la frecuencia de cuidados influye en la satisfacción de los cuidadores de personas con deterioro cognitivo o demencia a través de variables como el apoyo social o la sobrecarga. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que la frecuencia de cuidados predice la satisfacción. Asimismo, se demuestra que están mediados por el apoyo social y la sobrecarga, conllevando el primero a una mayor satisfacción y la sobrecarga a una disminución de la misma.
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Hu X, Huang W, Su Y, Qu M, Peng X. Depressive symptoms in Chinese family caregivers of patients with heart failure: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6480. [PMID: 28353589 PMCID: PMC5380273 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are related to negative health outcomes in caregivers of patients with HF. Understanding the factors that are associated with depressive symptoms among caregivers is essential to providing appropriate interventions. Little is known about which status and factors are related to depressive symptoms among Chinese caregivers of patients with heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the status of depressive symptoms and to identify the factors that are associated with depressive symptoms in family caregivers of patients with heart failure in China.A cross-sectional design and a convenience sample were used. Participants (N = 134) from 1 hospital in Chengdu were recruited from June 2013 to June 2014. The following measurement tools were used in this study: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Coping Strategies Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Zarit Burden Interview. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine which factors were associated with depressive symptoms.The results showed that 31% of the caregivers experienced depressive symptoms. The type of payment for treatment (b = -0.312, P < 0.01), readmissions within the last 3 months (b = 0.397, P < 0.01), duration of caregiving (b = -0.213, P < 0.05), caregiver burden (b = 0.299, P < 0.05), active coping (b = -0.235, P < 0.01), and negative coping (b = 0.245, P < 0.05) were related to caregivers' depressive symptoms. Fifty-four percent of the variance in caregivers' depressive symptoms was explained by these factors.The caregiver depressive symptoms in China were higher than those reported in studies that were conducted in Western countries. Caregiver depressive symptoms can be improved by providing support for new caregivers (with a caregiving duration of less than 1 year), reducing readmissions, easing caregiver burden, and promoting their coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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‘In this together’ or ‘Going it alone’: Spousal dyad approaches to Alzheimer's. J Aging Stud 2017; 40:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Adams KB, Sanders S. Alzheimer’s Caregiver Differences in Experience of Loss, Grief Reactions and Depressive Symptoms Across Stage of Disease. DEMENTIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301204042337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The self-reported losses, grief reactions, and depressive symptoms experienced by caregivers in the early, middle, and late stages of dementia were assessed using open-ended descriptive questions and scaled measures including the Meuser-Marwit Caregiver Grief Inventory (MM-CGI; Marwit & Meuser, 2002). Ninety-nine caregivers associated with an urban Alzheimer’s Association chapter were surveyed by post. While there were moderate levels of grief and depression reported across the entire sample, those caring for individuals in the late stage of dementia reported significantly more symptoms of grief and depression than those in the early or middle stages. Responses to open-ended questions regarding losses and grief also differed across the groups in the three disease stages. The late-stage group’s comments most resembled bereavement, in keeping with the higher grief and depression scores among members of this group. Findings suggest there are different emotional tasks faced by caregivers as the dementia progresses, and it is important to acknowledge the particular losses and facilitate grieving at each stage.
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Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer Disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015; 16:1034-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bejjani C, Snow AL, Judge KS, Bass DM, Morgan RO, Wilson N, Walder A, Looman WJ, McCarthy C, Kunik ME. Characteristics of Depressed Caregivers of Veterans With Dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2015; 30:672-8. [PMID: 23070578 PMCID: PMC10852749 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512461555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the characteristics of caregivers and persons with dementia (PWD) to determine their association with caregiver depression. Participants included 508 PWD (veterans) and 486 caregivers from Boston, Houston, Providence, Beaumont (Texas), and Oklahoma City, identified from diagnoses from medical records and recruited from February 2007 to July 2009, for a larger study evaluating Partners in Dementia Care, a care-coordination intervention. Characteristics evaluated for PWD included activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and disruptive behavior. Caregiver characteristics evaluated included caregiver unmet needs, support-service use, and number of informal helpers. Caregiver depression was measured using the Iowa form 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Depressed caregivers reported significantly more unmet needs than the nondepressed caregivers. Depressed caregivers also reported a high frequency of disruptive behavior in their PWD. Caregiver perceptions of unmet needs may be an important target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bejjani
- VA HSR&D Houston Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Lynn Snow
- Center for Mental Health and Aging, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Research & Development Service, Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Katherine S Judge
- Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA Margaret Blenkner Research Institute, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David M Bass
- Margaret Blenkner Research Institute, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert O Morgan
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy Wilson
- VA HSR&D Houston Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annette Walder
- VA HSR&D Houston Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy J Looman
- Margaret Blenkner Research Institute, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine McCarthy
- Margaret Blenkner Research Institute, Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark E Kunik
- VA HSR&D Houston Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Blanco V, Rohde P, Vázquez FL, Torres Á. Identification of caregivers at greatest risk of major depression in two prevention studies. Psychother Res 2013; 24:578-93. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.847989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pinquart M, Sörensen S. Spouses, adult children, and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: a meta-analytic comparison. Psychol Aging 2011; 26:1-14. [PMID: 21417538 PMCID: PMC4449135 DOI: 10.1037/a0021863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis integrates the results from 168 empirical studies on differences between caregiving spouses, adult children, and children-in-law. Spouses differ from children and children-in-law significantly with regard to sociodemographic variables; also, they provide more support but report fewer care recipient behavior problems. Spouse caregivers report more depression symptoms, greater financial and physical burden, and lower levels of psychological well-being. Higher levels of psychological distress among spouses are explained mostly--but not completely--by higher levels of care provision. Few differences emerge between children and children-in-law, but children-in-law perceive the relationship with the care recipient as less positive and they report fewer uplifts of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pinquart
- Department of Psychology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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Schoenmakers B, Buntinx F, Delepeleire J. Factors determining the impact of care-giving on caregivers of elderly patients with dementia. A systematic literature review. Maturitas 2010; 66:191-200. [PMID: 20307942 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia caregivers suffer a considerable care burden. More than in comparable groups of caregivers or peers, they are confronted with feelings of depression and decreased physical health. Although many studies are set up to determine the link between the stressors in dementia care-giving and the impact on the family caregiver, the results remained inconclusive. Others, depression in caregivers remains the main cause of a premature or acute ending of home care. METHOD The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyse what factors determine the development of depression in caregivers of elderly patients with dementia. Depression was taken as primary outcome as it is shown to be the main reason for caregivers to abandon home care. RESULTS Depression occurs in one in three of caregivers and it occurs more frequently in those who care for patients with dementia than in caregivers of patients with other chronic illnesses. CONCLUSION Caregiver characteristics rather than objective care needs of the patients tend to be responsible for the onset of depression. Future research should concentrate on demonstrating links between negative feelings in caregivers and the way the care situation evolves. This can have important implications in home care support.
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Biegel DE, Katz-Saltzman S, Meeks D, Brown S, Tracy EM. Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology in Family Caregivers of Women With Substance Use Disorders or Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders. JOURNAL OF FAMILY SOCIAL WORK 2010; 13:25-44. [PMID: 20216914 PMCID: PMC2834204 DOI: 10.1080/10522150903437458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized a stress-process model to examine the impact of having a female family member with substance use or co-occurring substance use and mental disorders on family caregivers' depressive symptomatology. Participants were 82 women receiving substance abuse treatment and the family member providing the most social support for each woman. Greater caregiver depressive symptomatology was predicted by greater care recipient emotional problems, less care recipient social support, and poor caregiver health. Implications of findings for treatment and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Biegel
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lee YW, Cho IS, Kim HS. Comparison in Care Burden, Fatigue, and Life Contentment of Caregivers by Gender Relationship with Demented Elders. KOREAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN HEALTH NURSING 2009. [DOI: 10.4069/kjwhn.2009.15.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Whee Lee
- Professor, Nursing Department, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - In Sook Cho
- Assistant professor, Nursing Department, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Hwa Soon Kim
- Associate professor, Nursing Department, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
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Buss MK, Vanderwerker LC, Inouye SK, Zhang B, Block SD, Prigerson HG. Associations between caregiver-perceived delirium in patients with cancer and generalized anxiety in their caregivers. J Palliat Med 2008; 10:1083-92. [PMID: 17985965 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2006.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium, a common complication of advanced cancer, may put caregivers at risk for poor mental health outcomes. We looked for a relationship between caregiver-perceived delirium in a patient with advanced cancer and rates of caregiver psychiatric disorders. METHODS Using cross-sectional data from 200 caregivers of patients with cancer with a life expectancy of less than 6 months, we determined the frequency of caregiver-perceived delirium, which was defined as caregivers who reported witnessing the patient "confused, delirious" on the Stressful Caregiving Response to Experiences of Dying (SCARED) weekly or more often. We tested for associations between caregiver-reported delirium and presence of caregiver mental disorders, using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV to diagnose mental disorders and caregiver burden, as measured by the caregiver burden scale (CBS). RESULTS Of the 200 caregivers who completed the SCARED, 38 (19.0%) reported seeing the patient "confused, delirious" at least once per week in the month prior to study enrollment and 7 (3.5%) met criteria for generalized anxiety (GA). Caregivers of patients with caregiver-perceived delirium were 12 times more likely to have GA (odds ratio [OR] 12.12; p < 0.01). The relationship between caregiver-perceived delirium and caregiver GA persisted after adjusting for caregiver burden and exposure to other stressful patient experiences (OR = 9.99; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of an association between caregiver-perceived delirium and a caregiver mental health outcome. Further studies, using improved measures of delirium, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Buss
- Center for Psycho-Oncology and Palliative Care Research, Division of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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McConaghy R, Caltabiano ML. Caring for a person with dementia: Exploring relationships between perceived burden, depression, coping and well-being. Nurs Health Sci 2005; 7:81-91. [PMID: 15877684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2005.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was concerned with identifying the impact of variables such as gender, length of time caring, coping style, depression and perception of caregiving burden on the physical and psychological well-being of carers of persons with dementia. Forty-two carers aged between 21 and 88 years from Blue Care's Homecare Dementia Service and Cairns Aged Care Health Service participated in the study. A cross-sectional survey research design was used, with participants providing information on the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the COPE, Short Form (SF)-12 and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. Perceived burden accounted for 41.7% of the variance in satisfaction with life as a subjective measure of well-being. There were no significant differences between male and female carers. Satisfaction with life was not found to decrease with length of time caring for the dementia sufferer. There were no significant findings in regard to coping style or physical health of carers. The well-being of carers can be enhanced through strategies which lead to a reduced perception of burden, with respite services providing tangible relief from burden.
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Collaziol D, Luz C, Dornelles F, da Cruz IM, Bauer ME. Psychoneurodendocrine correlates of lymphocyte subsets during healthy ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:219-27. [PMID: 15013666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ageing has been associated with increased cortisol levels and absolute counts of T lymphocytes with memory phenotype. Although the mechanisms underlying these changes are still unknown, it has been speculated that this could be related to a dysfunction in FAS/CD95 expression in naive or memory cells. In this study, we investigated the role of psychoneuroendocrine variables in regulating CD95 expression on lymphocyte subsets. Forty-six elderly subjects (65-91 years) and 33 young adults (20-40 years) were recruited accordingly the SENIEUR protocol. The psychological status was measured by structured clinical interviews, salivary cortisol was assessed along the day (9, 12 and 22h) and peripheral blood lymphocytes were immunophenotyped. The elderly were more stressed, depressed and anxious than the young subjects. Cortisol levels were increased in the elderly, indicating an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We observed reduced counts of CD45RA+CD95+ cells in the elderly compared to young adults. The elderly subjects also showed a reduced expression of CD3 and CD62L in contrast to increased CD95 expression in CD45RA+ cells. The emotional state was positively correlated with the lymphocyte markers. Our data suggest the healthy ageing is associated with psychoneuroendocrine alterations that may be implicated in the regulation of CD95 expression on peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Collaziol
- Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, São Lucas Hospital, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
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Luz C, Dornelles F, Preissler T, Collaziol D, da Cruz IM, Bauer ME. Impact of psychological and endocrine factors on cytokine production of healthy elderly people. Mech Ageing Dev 2003; 124:887-95. [PMID: 14499493 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human ageing has been associated with immunological changes including blunted T-cell responses and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we investigated the role of psychological and endocrine factors in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6) as well as soluble IL-2Ralpha, associated with T-cell activation. Forty-six elderly subjects (60-91 yrs) and 33 young adults (20-40 yrs) were recruited accordingly the SENIEUR protocol. The emotional status was measured by structured clinical interviews. Salivary cortisol levels (9, 12 and 22 h) and serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were assessed by radioimmunoassays. The elderly were more stressed, depressed and anxious than the young subjects. Cortisol levels were increased whereas DHEA levels were significantly reduced in the elderly. Both groups showed equivalent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as soluble IL-2Ralpha. Psychological scores were positively correlated to evening cortisol levels and negatively correlated to morning DHEA levels. No relationships were noted between psychological factors and cytokines studied. However, evening cortisol levels were found positively correlated to TNF-alpha and sIL-2Ralpha levels. These data indicate that healthy ageing is associated with significant distress and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Our data also suggest that there are complex psychoneuroendocrine relationships involved with cytokine production during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Luz
- Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2 andar--Caixa Postal 1429, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS. Brazil
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