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Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
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Deaton CA, Johnson GVW. Presenilin 1 Regulates Membrane Homeostatic Pathways that are Dysregulated in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:961-977. [PMID: 32804090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PSEN1 gene, encoding presenilin 1 (PS1), are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). Since the first mutations in the PSEN1 gene were discovered more than 25 years ago, many postulated functions of PS1 have been investigated. The majority of earlier studies focused on its role as the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, which in concert with β site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), mediates the formation of Aβ from amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). Though mutant PS1 was originally considered to cause AD by promoting Aβ pathology through its protease function, it is now becoming clear that PS1 is a multifunctional protein involved in regulating membrane dynamics and protein trafficking. Therefore, through loss of these abilities, mutant PS1 has the potential to impair numerous cellular functions such as calcium flux, organization of proteins in different compartments, and protein turnover via vacuolar metabolism. Impaired calcium signaling, vacuolar dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased ER stress, among other related membrane-dependent disturbances, have been considered critical to the development and progression of AD. Given that PS1 plays a key regulatory role in all these processes, this review will describe the role of PS1 in different cellular compartments and provide an integrated view of how PS1 dysregulation (due to mutations or other causes) could result in impairment of various cellular processes and result in a "multi-hit", integrated pathological outcome that could contribute to the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Deaton
- Cell Biology of Disease Program and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Cell Biology of Disease Program and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Ramos EM, Dokuru DR, Van Berlo V, Wojta K, Wang Q, Huang AY, Deverasetty S, Qin Y, van Blitterswijk M, Jackson J, Appleby B, Bordelon Y, Brannelly P, Brushaber DE, Dickerson B, Dickinson S, Domoto-Reilly K, Faber K, Fields J, Fong J, Foroud T, Forsberg LK, Gavrilova R, Ghoshal N, Goldman J, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford N, Grant I, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Hsiung GYR, Huey E, Irwin D, Kantarci K, Karydas A, Kaufer D, Kerwin D, Knopman D, Kornak J, Kramer JH, Kremers W, Kukull W, Litvan I, Ljubenkov P, Lungu C, Mackenzie I, Mendez MF, Miller BL, Onyike C, Pantelyat A, Pearlman R, Petrucelli L, Potter M, Rankin KP, Rascovsky K, Roberson ED, Rogalski E, Shaw L, Syrjanen J, Tartaglia MC, Tatton N, Taylor J, Toga A, Trojanowski JQ, Weintraub S, Wong B, Wszolek Z, Rademakers R, Boeve BF, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Coppola G. Genetic screening of a large series of North American sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementia cases. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:118-130. [PMID: 31914217 PMCID: PMC7199807 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Advancing Research and Treatment for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS) consortia are two closely connected studies, involving multiple North American centers that evaluate both sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) participants and study longitudinal changes. METHODS We screened the major dementia-associated genes in 302 sporadic and 390 familial (symptomatic or at-risk) participants enrolled in these studies. RESULTS Among the sporadic patients, 16 (5.3%) carried chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and progranulin (GRN) pathogenic variants, whereas in the familial series we identified 207 carriers from 146 families. Of interest, one patient was found to carry a homozygous C9orf72 expansion, while another carried both a C9orf72 expansion and a GRN pathogenic variant. We also identified likely pathogenic variants in the TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and valosin containing protein (VCP) genes, and a subset of variants of unknown significance in other rare FTD genes. DISCUSSION Our study reports the genetic characterization of a large FTD series and supports an unbiased sequencing screen, irrespective of clinical presentation or family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deepika Reddy Dokuru
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Victoria Van Berlo
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alden Y. Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandeep Deverasetty
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yue Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Yvette Bordelon
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Susan Dickinson
- Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Radnor, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kelley Faber
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Jamie Fong
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian Grant
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Hilary W. Heuer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - David Irwin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Anna Karydas
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Kaufer
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Diana Kerwin
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - John Kornak
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Walter Kukull
- National Alzheimer Coordinating Center (NACC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irene Litvan
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Peter Ljubenkov
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Codrin Lungu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ian Mackenzie
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mario F. Mendez
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Madeline Potter
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Shaw
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Nadine Tatton
- Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration, Radnor, Pennsylvania
| | - Joanne Taylor
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Arthur Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging (LONI), USC, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Bonnie Wong
- Harvard University/MGH, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Howard J. Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam L. Boxer
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Guven G, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Samanci B, Gulec C, Hanagasi H, Bilgic B. A patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease with a novel PSEN1 p.Leu424Pro mutation. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:238.e1-238.e4. [PMID: 31296348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
"Presenilin 1" (PSEN1) gene mutations are the major known genetic cause of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we report a novel heterozygous PSEN1 mutation (p.Leu424Pro) in a Turkish patient presenting with deterioration of short-term memory and visuospatial skills starting at the age of 47 years. This novel mutation is located in the conserved residue of transmembrane domain 8 coded by exon 12. At the protein level, this mutation caused a disruption in the alpha helix structure of PSEN1. The structural and possible functional consequences of the mutation suggest that it has probably a pathogenic effect, which in turns had a potential role in the development of Alzheimer's disease in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guven
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nihan Erginel-Unaltuna
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bedia Samanci
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Department of Neurology, Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ramos EM, Koros C, Dokuru DR, Van Berlo V, Kroupis C, Wojta K, Wang Q, Andronas N, Matsi S, Beratis IN, Huang AY, Lee SE, Bonakis A, Florou-Hatziyiannidou C, Fragkiadaki S, Kontaxopoulou D, Agiomyrgiannakis D, Kamtsadeli V, Tsinia N, Papastefanopoulou V, Stamelou M, Miller BL, Stefanis L, Papatriantafyllou JD, Papageorgiou SG, Coppola G. Frontotemporal dementia spectrum: first genetic screen in a Greek cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 75:224.e1-224.e8. [PMID: 30528349 PMCID: PMC6553875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative syndromes associated with several causative and susceptibility genes. Herein, we aimed to determine the incidence of the most common causative dementia genes in a cohort of 118 unrelated Greek FTD spectrum patients. We also screened for novel possible disease-associated variants in additional 21 genes associated with FTD or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 16 cases (13.6%). These included repeat expansions in C9orf72 and loss-of-function GRN variants, and likely pathogenic variants in TARDBP, MAPT, and PSEN1. We also identified 14 variants of unknown significance in other rarer FTD or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes that require further segregation and functional analysis. Our genetic screen revealed a high genetic burden in familial Greek FTD cases (30.4%), whereas only two of the sporadic cases (3.5%) carried a likely pathogenic variant. A substantial number of familial cases still remain without an obvious causal variant, suggesting the existence of other FTD genetic causes besides those currently screened in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christos Koros
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Deepika Reddy Dokuru
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Van Berlo
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Andronas
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Matsi
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ion N Beratis
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alden Y Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Bonakis
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chryseis Florou-Hatziyiannidou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Fragkiadaki
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia Kontaxopoulou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Agiomyrgiannakis
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Medical Center of Athens, Memory Disorders Clinic and Day Care Center for 3rd Age 'IASIS', Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kamtsadeli
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Medical Center of Athens, Memory Disorders Clinic and Day Care Center for 3rd Age 'IASIS', Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Tsinia
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Medical Center of Athens, Memory Disorders Clinic and Day Care Center for 3rd Age 'IASIS', Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Papastefanopoulou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John D Papatriantafyllou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Medical Center of Athens, Memory Disorders Clinic and Day Care Center for 3rd Age 'IASIS', Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- Cognitive Disorders/Dementia Unit, 2nd Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Stoychev KR, Stoimenova-Popova M, Chumpalova P, Ilieva L, Swamad M, Kamburova-Martinova Z. A Clinical Case of Patient Carrying Rare Pathological PSEN1 Gene Mutation (L424V) Demonstrates the Phenotypic Heterogenity of Early Onset Familial AD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:857. [PMID: 31920735 PMCID: PMC6918796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia comprises several neurodegenerative disorders with similar neuropsychiatric features and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common of them. Genetic factors are strongly implicated into its etiology especially for early-onset cases (EOAD) occuring before the age of 65. About 10% of these are inherited in autosomal dominant fashion via pathogenic polymorphisms in three genes- APP, PSEN-1, and PSEN-2. Despite genotypic clarity, however, phenotypic variability exists with different symptom constellations observed in patients with identical mutations. Below, we present a case of a 39-year-old male with a family history for early onset dementia who was referred to our department with anamnesis for abrupt behavioral change 7 months prior to hospitalization-noticeable slowing of speech and reactivity, impaired occupational functioning and irritability, followed by aphasic symptoms and transient episodes of disorientation. He was followed up for 2 years and manifested rapidly progressing cognitive decline with further deterioration of speech, apraxia, acalculia, ataxia, and subsequently bradykinesia and tremor. Based on the clinical and neuroimaging findings (severe cortical atrophy), familial EOAD was suspected and a whole exome sequence (WES) analysis was performed. It identified a heterozygous missense variant Leu424Val (g.71074C > G) in PSEN-1 gene considered to be pathogenic, and only reported once until now in a Spanish patient in 2009. Despite genotype identity however, distinct phenotypic presentations were observed in the two affected subjects, with different neuroimaging findings, and the presence and absence of seizures in the Spanish and Bulgarian case, respectively. Besides, myoclonus and spastic paraparesis considered "typical" EOAD clinical features were absent. Age of symptom onset was consistent with two of the reported mutations affecting 424 codon of PSEN-1 gene and significantly earlier than the other two implying that factors influencing activity of PSEN-1 pathological forms are yet to be clarified. Furthermore, our patient had co-occurring lupus erythematosus (LE) and we suggest that this condition might be etiologically linked to the PSEN-1 mutation. In addition to illustrating the symptomatic heterogeneity of PSEN-1 caused EOAD, our study confirms that in patients presenting with early cognitive deterioration and family history for dementia, WES can be especially informative and should be considered as a first-line examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lilia Ilieva
- Department of Neurology, Sveti Panteleimon Hospital, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamed Swamad
- Department of Health and Aging Unit, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Yang G, Yu K, Kaitatzi CS, Singh A, Labahn J. Influence of solubilization and AD-mutations on stability and structure of human presenilins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17970. [PMID: 29269939 PMCID: PMC5740079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin (PS1 or PS2) functions as the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, which produces the toxic amyloid beta peptides in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The dependence of folding and structural stability of PSs on the lipophilic environment and mutation were investigated by far UV CD spectroscopy. The secondary structure content and stability of PS2 depended on the lipophilic environment. PS2 undergoes a temperature-dependent structural transition from α-helical to β-structure at 331 K. The restructured protein formed structures which tested positive in spectroscopic amyloid fibrils assays. The AD mutant PS1L266F, PS1L424V and PS1ΔE9 displayed reduced stability which supports a proposed ‘loss of function’ mechanism of AD based on protein instability. The exon 9 coded sequence in the inhibitory loop of the zymogen was found to be required for the modulation of the thermal stability of PS1 by the lipophilic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), CSSB-FZJ, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kun Yu
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), CSSB-FZJ, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina-Symina Kaitatzi
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), CSSB-FZJ, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Physics Department, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504, Rio Achaia, Greece
| | - Abhilasha Singh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), CSSB-FZJ, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Labahn
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), CSSB-FZJ, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Analysis of 138 pathogenic mutations in presenilin-1 on the in vitro production of Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides by γ-secretase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:E476-E485. [PMID: 27930341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618657114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the aggregation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) into amyloid plaques in patient brain. Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the intramembrane protease γ-secretase produces Aβ of varying lengths, of which longer peptides such as Aβ42 are thought to be more harmful. Increased ratios of longer Aβs over shorter ones, exemplified by the ratio of Aβ42 over Aβ40, may lead to formation of amyloid plaques and consequent development of AD. In this study, we analyzed 138 reported mutations in human presenilin-1 (PS1) by individually reconstituting the mutant PS1 proteins into anterior-pharynx-defective protein 1 (APH-1)aL-containing γ-secretases and examining their abilities to produce Aβ42 and Aβ40 in vitro. About 90% of these mutations lead to reduced production of Aβ42 and Aβ40. Notably, 10% of these mutations result in decreased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios. There is no statistically significant correlation between the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio produced by a γ-secretase variant containing a specific PS1 mutation and the mean age at onset of patients from whom the mutation was isolated.
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Abstract
Accounts of altered eating behavior in semantic dementia generally emphasize gluttony and abnormal food preferences. Here we describe two female patients with no past history of eating disorders who developed early prominent aversion to food in the context of an otherwise typical semantic dementia syndrome. One patient (aged 57) presented features in line with anorexia nervosa while the second patient (aged 58) presented with a syndrome more suggestive of bulimia nervosa. These cases add to the growing spectrum of apparently dichotomous behavior patterns in the frontotemporal dementias and illustrate a potentially under-recognized cause of eating disorders presenting in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Thompson
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK.,b Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Camilla N Clark
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK
| | - Christopher J Hardy
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK
| | - Phillip D Fletcher
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK
| | | | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- a Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology , University College London , London , UK
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10
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Tedde A, Bartoli A, Piaceri I, Ferrara S, Bagnoli S, Serio A, Sorbi S, Nacmias B. Novel presenilin 1 mutation (Ile408Thr) in an Italian family with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:150-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Bodzioch M, Szczudlik A, Slowik A. Clinical presentation of early-onset Alzheimer's disease as a result of mutation in exon 12 of the PSEN-1 gene. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:732-4. [PMID: 24906965 PMCID: PMC10852588 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514536599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the gene for presenilin 1 (PSEN-1) cause familial, early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). Diagnosis of EOAD is often a challenge because of the high frequency of atypical presentations. Clinical manifestation of EOAD may vary depending on underlying mutation; specific genetic mutations influence development of specific clinical phenotypes; however, intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity has also been noted in some pedigrees. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with progressive behavioral disturbances, dementia, involuntary movements, pyramidal signs, epilepsy, and a family history of early-onset dementia accompanied by involuntary movements. On genetic testing, the mutation at codon 424 (Leu→Arg) in PSEN-1 gene was identified. CONCLUSION Our case describes a new phenotype of a known mutation of PSEN-1 at codon 424.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Bodzioch
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Botaniczna, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Szczudlik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Botaniczna, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Botaniczna, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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