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Canoy RJ, Sy JC, Deguit CD, Castro CB, Dimaapi LJ, Panlaqui BG, Perian W, Yu J, Velasco JM, Sevilleja JE, Gibson A. Non-coding RNAs involved in the molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1421675. [PMID: 39005845 PMCID: PMC11243705 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1421675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia globally, having a pathophysiology that is complex and multifactorial. Recent findings highlight the significant role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in the molecular mechanisms underlying AD. These ncRNAs are involved in critical biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, amyloid-beta aggregation, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and autophagy, which are pivotal in AD development and progression. This systematic review aims to consolidate current scientific knowledge on the role of ncRNAs in AD, making it the first to encompass the four types of ncRNAs associated with the disease. Our comprehensive search and analysis reveal that ncRNAs not only play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD but also hold potential as biomarkers for its early detection and as novel therapeutic targets. Specifically, the findings underscore the significance of miRNAs in regulating genes involved in key AD pathways such as activin receptor signaling pathway, actomyosin contractile ring organization, and advanced glycation endproducts-receptor advanced glycation endproducts (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway. This review also highlights the potential of ncRNAs in unveiling novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the need for further research to validate their clinical utility. Our systematic exploration provides a foundation for future bioinformatic analyses and the development of ncRNA-based precision medicine approaches for AD, offering new insights into the disease's molecular pathology and paving the way for innovative treatment strategies. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42022355307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynand Jay Canoy
- SciLore LLC, Kingsbury, TX, United States
- Instiute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jenica Clarisse Sy
- SciLore LLC, Kingsbury, TX, United States
- Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Christian Deo Deguit
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin Bridgette Castro
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Lyoneil James Dimaapi
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Beatrice Gabrielle Panlaqui
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Wenzel Perian
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Justine Yu
- Institute for Dementia Care Asia, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - John Mark Velasco
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Anna Gibson
- SciLore LLC, Kingsbury, TX, United States
- Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Philippines
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Sun M, Chen Z. Unveiling the Complex Role of Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3921-3948. [PMID: 38911990 PMCID: PMC11193473 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s466821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative illness, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. AD is characterized by senile plaques made up of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein linked with microtubules, and neuronal loss. Currently, therapeutic treatments and nanotechnological developments are effective in treating the symptoms of AD, but a cure for the illness has not yet been found. Recently, the increased study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has led to a growing awareness of their significant involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport various components including messenger RNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNA, and other bioactive compounds from one cell to another, facilitating information transmission and material movement. There is growing evidence indicating that exosomes have complex functions in AD. Exosomes may have a dual role in Alzheimer's disease by contributing to neuronal death and also helping to alleviate the pathological progression of the disease. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to outline the updated understandings on exosomes biogenesis and many functions of exosomes in the generation, conveyance, distribution, and elimination of hazardous proteins related to Alzheimer's disease. This review is intended to provide novel insights for understanding the development, specific treatment, and early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, People’s Republic of China
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Xie Y, Xie D, Chen C. Hsa_circ_0049472 contributed to amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity, apoptosis and inflammation via regulating PI3K-AKT signaling pathway by interacting with miR-22-3p/ZNF217 axis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111004. [PMID: 38852653 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) exhibited important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we focused on the dysregulation of hsa_circ_0049472 (circ_0049472) and potential functions in SK-N-SH cells with amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) treatment in AD. METHODS RNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by MTS and Edu assays. Flow cytometry was used for apoptosis detection, and cell inflammation was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Target interaction was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Protein expression and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) pathway were examined by Immunoblotting. RESULTS Aβ treatment inhibited cell viability and proliferation of SK-N-SH cells, but enhanced apoptosis rate, apoptosis protein levels (Bcl2-associated X protein and cleaved-caspase-3) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin -6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α). Then, circ_0049472 expression was shown to be upregulated in response to Aβ stimulation and knockdown of circ_0049472 has ameliorated Aβ-induced cell injury. Circ_0049472 was identified as a sponge for miR-22-3p, and miR-22-3p inhibition reversed the regulation of circ_0049472 knockdown in Aβ-treated cells. Furthermore, ZNF217 acted as a target of miR-22-3p and circ_0049472 could regulate ZNF217 expression via binding to miR-22-3p. Overexpression of miR-22-3p abated Aβ-induced apoptosis and inflammation via downregulating ZNF217. Furthermore, Aβ reduced proteins levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT, and this inhibition of PI3K-AKT pathway was restored by the regulation of circ_0049472/miR-22-3p/ZNF217 axis. CONCLUSION Circ_0049472 was involved in Aβ-induced neural injury by regulating miR-22-3p/ZNF217 axis to affect PI3K-AKT pathway. This study has discovered an innovative mechanism for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huangshi No.5 Hospital, Huangshi City, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China.
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Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova EK. Involvement of transposable elements in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2024; 28:228-238. [PMID: 38680184 PMCID: PMC11043511 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-24-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease affects an average of 5 % of the population with a significant increase in prevalence with age, suggesting that the same mechanisms that underlie aging may influence this pathology. Investigation of these mechanisms is promising for effective methods of treatment and prevention of the disease. Possible participants in these mechanisms are transposons, which serve as drivers of epigenetic regulation, since they form species-specific distributions of non-coding RNA genes in genomes in evolution. Study of miRNA involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is relevant, since the associations of protein-coding genes (APOE4, ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, CR1, PICALM, TREM2) with the disease revealed as a result of GWAS make it difficult to explain its complex pathogenesis. Specific expression changes of many genes were found in different brain parts of Alzheimer's patients, which may be due to global regulatory changes under the influence of transposons. Experimental and clinical studies have shown pathological activation of retroelements in Alzheimer's disease. Our analysis of scientific literature in accordance with MDTE DB revealed 28 miRNAs derived from transposons (17 from LINE, 5 from SINE, 4 from HERV, 2 from DNA transposons), the expression of which specifically changes in this disease (decreases in 17 and increases in 11 microRNA). Expression of 13 out of 28 miRNAs (miR-151a, -192, -211, -28, -31, -320c, -335, -340, -378a, -511, -576, -708, -885) also changes with aging and cancer development, which indicates the presence of possible common pathogenetic mechanisms. Most of these miRNAs originated from LINE retroelements, the pathological activation of which is associated with aging, carcinogenesis, and Alzheimer's disease, which supports the hypothesis that these three processes are based on the primary dysregulation of transposons that serve as drivers of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E K Khusnutdinova
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
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Abidin SZ, Mat Pauzi NA, Mansor NI, Mohd Isa NI, Hamid AA. A new perspective on Alzheimer's disease: microRNAs and circular RNAs. Front Genet 2023; 14:1231486. [PMID: 37790702 PMCID: PMC10542399 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1231486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play a multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). miRNAs regulate several aspects of the disease, such as Aβ metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic function. The dynamic interaction between miRNAs and their target genes depends upon various factors, including the subcellular localization of miRNAs, the relative abundance of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. The miRNAs are released into extracellular fluids and subsequently conveyed to specific target cells through various modes of transportation, such as exosomes. In comparison, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNA (ncRNA) characterized by their covalently closed continuous loops. In contrast to linear RNA, RNA molecules are circularized by forming covalent bonds between the 3'and 5'ends. CircRNA regulates gene expression through interaction with miRNAs at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, even though their precise functions and mechanisms of gene regulation remain to be elucidated. The current stage of research on miRNA expression profiles for diagnostic purposes in complex disorders such as Alzheimer's disease is still in its early phase, primarily due to the intricate nature of the underlying pathological causes, which encompass a diverse range of pathways and targets. Hence, this review comprehensively addressed the alteration of miRNA expression across diverse sources such as peripheral blood, exosome, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain in AD patients. This review also addresses the nascent involvement of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD and their prospective utility as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these conditions in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BIOSIS) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asykin Mat Pauzi
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzati Mansor
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Iffah Mohd Isa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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O’Connor LM, O’Connor BA, Zeng J, Lo CH. Data Mining of Microarray Datasets in Translational Neuroscience. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1318. [PMID: 37759919 PMCID: PMC10527016 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Data mining involves the computational analysis of a plethora of publicly available datasets to generate new hypotheses that can be further validated by experiments for the improved understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the number of sequencing datasets is on the rise, microarray analysis conducted on diverse biological samples represent a large collection of datasets with multiple web-based programs that enable efficient and convenient data analysis. In this review, we first discuss the selection of biological samples associated with neurological disorders, and the possibility of a combination of datasets, from various types of samples, to conduct an integrated analysis in order to achieve a holistic understanding of the alterations in the examined biological system. We then summarize key approaches and studies that have made use of the data mining of microarray datasets to obtain insights into translational neuroscience applications, including biomarker discovery, therapeutic development, and the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. We further discuss the gap to be bridged between microarray and sequencing studies to improve the utilization and combination of different types of datasets, together with experimental validation, for more comprehensive analyses. We conclude by providing future perspectives on integrating multi-omics, to advance precision phenotyping and personalized medicine for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance M. O’Connor
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Blake A. O’Connor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore;
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Zhao G, Fu Y, Yang C, Yang X, Hu X. CASP8 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target and Is Correlated with Pyroptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2023; 174:e103-e117. [DOI: org/10.1016/j.wneu.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
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Zhao G, Fu Y, Yang C, Yang X, Hu X. CASP8 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target and Is Correlated with Pyroptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2023; 174:e103-e117. [PMID: 36894003 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological and psychological problems, especially long-term disability. The purpose of this article is to explore molecular mechanisms linking TBI and pyroptosis with the aim of providing a promising target for future therapeutic interventions. METHODS GSE104687 microarray dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to obtain differential expressed genes. Meanwhile, pyroptosis-related genes were screened from GeneCards database, and the overlapped genes were considered as the pyroptosis-related genes in TBI. The immune infiltration analysis was conducted to quantify lymphocyte infiltration levels. Moreover, we researched the relevant microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors and investigated the interactions and functions of miRNAs. In addition, the validation set and in vivo experiment further verified the expression of hub gene. RESULTS Altogether, we found 240 differential expressed genes in GSE104687 and 254 pyroptosis-related genes in the GeneCards database, and the overlapped gene was caspase 8 (CASP8). Immune Infiltration Analysis suggested the abundance of Tregs cells was significantly higher in TBI group. The NKT and CD8+ Tem were positively correlated with the expression levels of CASP8. The most significant term regarding CASP8 in Reactome pathways analysis was related to NF-kappaB. A total of 20 miRNAs and 25 transcription factors associated with CASP8 were obtained. After investigating the interactions and functions of miRNAs, the NF-kappaB-related signaling pathway was still enriched with a relatively low P-value. The validation set and in vivo experiment further verified the expression of CASP8. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the potential role of CASP8 in pathogenesis of TBI, which may provide a new target for individualized therapy and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, China.
| | - Yongqi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, China
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hengshui City, Hengshui, China
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Pérez-Rodríguez D, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Peña-Centeno T, Burkhardt S, Fischer A, Prieto-González JM, Olivares JM, López-Fernández H, Agís-Balboa RC. MiRNA Differences Related to Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031891. [PMID: 36768211 PMCID: PMC9916039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious mental disorder that is typically treated with antipsychotic medication. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is the condition where symptoms remain after pharmacological intervention, resulting in long-lasting functional and social impairments. As the identification and treatment of a TRS patient requires previous failed treatments, early mechanisms of detection are needed in order to quicken the access to effective therapy, as well as improve treatment adherence. In this study, we aim to find a microRNA (miRNA) signature for TRS, as well as to shed some light on the molecular pathways potentially involved in this severe condition. To do this, we compared the blood miRNAs of schizophrenia patients that respond to medication and TRS patients, thus obtaining a 16-miRNA TRS profile. Then, we assessed the ability of this signature to separate responders and TRS patients using hierarchical clustering, observing that most of them are grouped correctly (~70% accuracy). We also conducted a network, pathway analysis, and bibliography search to spot molecular pathways potentially altered in TRS. We found that the response to stress seems to be a key factor in TRS and that proteins p53, SIRT1, MDM2, and TRIM28 could be the potential mediators of such responses. Finally, we suggest a molecular pathway potentially regulated by the miRNAs of the TRS profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología de Las Adicciones y Los Trastornos Degenerativos (NEUROFAN), Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tonatiuh Peña-Centeno
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - José M. Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Fernández
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, Department of Computer Science, ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
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Zhu XC, Zhu MZ, Lu J, Yao QY, Hu JW, Long WJ, Ruan SS, Dai WZ, Li R. MicroRNA-125a-3p Modulate Amyloid β-Protein through the MAPK Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:471-480. [PMID: 37711111 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230913105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR)-125a-3p is reported to play an important role in some central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, a study has not been conducted on the mechanism of miR-125a-3p in the pathological process of AD. METHODS First, we assessed the expression of miR-125a-3p in AD cohort. Subsequently, we altered the expressions of miR-125a-3p to assess its role in cell viability, cell apoptosis, amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, and synaptic activity. Finally, we identified its potential mechanism underlying AD pathology. RESULTS This study unveiled the potential function of miR-125a-3p through modulating amyloid precursor protein processing. Additionally, miR-125a-3p influenced cell survival and activated synaptic expression through the modulation of Aβ metabolism in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway via fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that targeting miR-125a-3p may be an applicable therapy for AD in the future. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies with more samples are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Brain Institue, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Zhuo Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Long
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sha-Sha Ruan
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Brain Institue, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo Dai
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Brain Institue, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, the Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Bao N, Liu J, Peng Z, Zhang R, Ni R, Li R, Wu J, Liu Z, Pan B. Identification of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks to explore the molecular mechanism and immune regulation of postoperative neurocognitive disorder. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8374-8393. [PMID: 36279395 PMCID: PMC9648807 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a common complication in older patients. However, its pathogenesis has still remained elusive. Recent studies have shown that circular RNA (circRNA) plays an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PND after surgery. CircRNA, as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), mainly acts as a molecular sponge for miRNA to "adsorb" microRNA (miRNA) and to reduce the inhibitory effects of miRNAs on target mRNA. The sequencing data of circRNA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. By bioinformatic methods, circAtlas, miRDB, miRTarBase and miRwalk databases were applied to construct circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks and screen differentially expressed mRNAs. To improve the accuracy of the data, we randomly divided aging mice into control (non-PND group) and PND groups, and used high-throughput sequencing to analyze their brain hippocampal tissue for analysis. Three key genes were cross-detected in the data of both groups, which were Unc13c, Tbx20 and St8sia2 (as hub genes), providing new targets for PND treatment. According to the results of the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, immune cell infiltration analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the genes that were not related to the central nervous system were removed, and finally, mmu_circ_0000331/miR-1224-3p/Unc13c and mmu_circ_0000406/miR-24-3p/St8sia2 ceRNA networks were identified. In addition, the CMap method was used to select the top 4 active compounds with the largest negative correlation absolute values, including cimaterol, Rucaparib, FG-7142, and Hydrocortisone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenyang Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rufei Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Runzuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Botao Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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12
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Epigenetic Changes in Prion and Prion-like Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Advances, Potential as Biomarkers, and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012609. [PMID: 36293477 PMCID: PMC9604074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) caused by a conformational conversion of the native cellular prion protein (PrPC) to an abnormal, infectious isoform called PrPSc. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases are also known as prion-like diseases because they share common features with prion diseases, including protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as the spread of these misfolded proteins into different brain regions. Increasing evidence proposes the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histones, and microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation in the pathogenesis of prion-like diseases. Little is known about the role of epigenetic modifications in prion diseases, but recent findings also point to a potential regulatory role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathology of these diseases. This review highlights recent findings on epigenetic modifications in TSEs and prion-like diseases and discusses the potential role of such mechanisms in disease pathology and their use as potential biomarkers.
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13
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Liao F, Zhu L, Yang J, Wu X, Zhao Z, Xu B, Zhong Q, Wen Z, Long J, Su L. Whole Transcriptome Sequencing Identified CircRNA Profiles and the Related Networks in Schizophrenia. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1622-1635. [PMID: 35543802 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric syndrome with uncertain etiology. This study aimed to uncover the expression profiles and related regulatory networks of circular RNA (circRNA) in SCZ. Whole transcriptome sequencing was performed to assess the expression profiles of circRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the peripheral blood of three patients with SCZ and three healthy controls. Five circRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). TargetScan, RNAhybrid, and miRanda were performed to predict the target miRNAs of the top 10 dysregulated circRNAs. MiRTarBase was applied to predict the target mRNAs of miRNAs to construct circRNA-miRNA-mRNA (ceRNA) networks. CatRAPID and StarBase were used to predict the target RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) of circRNAs to construct circRNA-RBP networks. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to predict the potential functions of the maternal genes of circRNAs and target mRNAs. In total, 450 circRNAs and 160 miRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed, with hsa_circ_0003999 and hsa_circ_0030042 being significantly different between patients with SCZ and healthy controls (P < 0.05). The PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and cell cycle pathways were predicted to be associated with SCZ. GO analysis showed that focal adhesion was related to SCZ. The ceRNA networks, especially hsa_circ_0006151/hsa-miR-4685-3p/ZBTB16, hsa_circ_0000008/hsa-miR-1976/ZBTB16, and the hsa_circ_0007963/hsa-miR-3127-3p/UBE2K axes have the greatest probability of being involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ. The RBP networks, FXR1, FXR2, DGCR8, XRN2, FMR1, and QKI were the RBPs associated with SCZ. In conclusion, the circRNAs, ceRNAs, and RBP network expression patterns and related pathways indicate the potential role of circRNAs in the pathogenesis and development of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Liao
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xulong Wu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyi Xu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingqing Zhong
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianxiong Long
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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14
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Sabaie H, Amirinejad N, Asadi MR, Jalaiei A, Daneshmandpour Y, Rezaei O, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M. Molecular Insight Into the Therapeutic Potential of Long Non-coding RNA-Associated Competing Endogenous RNA Axes in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:742242. [PMID: 34899268 PMCID: PMC8656158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.742242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous degenerative brain disorder with a rising prevalence worldwide. The two hallmarks that characterize the AD pathophysiology are amyloid plaques, generated via aggregated amyloid β, and neurofibrillary tangle, generated via accumulated phosphorylated tau. At the post-transcriptional and transcriptional levels, the regulatory functions of non-coding RNAs, in particular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been ascertained in gene expressions. It is noteworthy that a number of lncRNAs feature a prevalent role in their potential of regulating gene expression through modulation of microRNAs via a process called the mechanism of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Given the multifactorial nature of ceRNA interaction networks, they might be advantageous in complex disorders (e.g., AD) investigations at the therapeutic targets level. We carried out scoping review in this research to analyze validated loops of ceRNA in AD and focus on ceRNA axes associated with lncRNA. This scoping review was performed according to a six-stage methodology structure and PRISMA guideline. A systematic search of seven databases was conducted to find eligible articles prior to July 2021. Two reviewers independently performed publications screening and data extraction, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Fourteen articles were identified that fulfill the inclusion criteria. Studies with different designs reported nine lncRNAs that were experimentally validated to act as ceRNA in AD in human-related studies, including BACE1-AS, SNHG1, RPPH1, NEAT1, LINC00094, SOX21-AS1, LINC00507, MAGI2-AS3, and LINC01311. The BACE1-AS/BACE1 was the most frequent ceRNA pair. Among miRNAs, miR-107 played a key role by regulating three different loops. Understanding the various aspects of this regulatory mechanism can help elucidate the unknown etiology of AD and provide new molecular targets for use in therapeutic and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sabaie
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Amirinejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Jalaiei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Daneshmandpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omidvar Rezaei
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Duecker RP, Adam EH, Wirtz S, Gronau L, Khodamoradi Y, Eberhardt FJ, Donath H, Gutmann D, Vehreschild MJGT, Zacharowski K, Kreyenberg H, Chiocchetti AG, Zielen S, Schubert R. The MiR-320 Family Is Strongly Downregulated in Patients with COVID-19 Induced Severe Respiratory Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910351. [PMID: 34638691 PMCID: PMC8508658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A high incidence of thromboembolic events associated with high mortality has been reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections with respiratory failure. The present study characterized post-transcriptional gene regulation by global microRNA (miRNA) expression in relation to activated coagulation and inflammation in 21 critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients. The cohort consisted of patients with moderate respiratory failure (n = 11) and severe respiratory failure (n = 10) at an acute stage (day 0-3) and in the later course of the disease (>7 days). All patients needed supplemental oxygen and severe patients were defined by the requirement of positive pressure ventilation (intubation). Levels of D-dimers, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly higher in patients with severe compared with moderate respiratory failure. Concurrently, next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis demonstrated increased dysregulation of miRNA expression with progression of disease severity connected to extreme downregulation of miR-320a, miR-320b and miR-320c. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed involvement in the Hippo signaling pathway, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway and in the regulation of adherens junctions. The expression of all miR-320 family members was significantly correlated with CRP, IL-6, and D-dimer levels. In conclusion, our analysis underlines the importance of thromboembolic processes in patients with respiratory failure and emphasizes miRNA-320s as potential biomarkers for severe progressive SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth P. Duecker
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabeth H. Adam
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy 2, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.H.A.); (K.Z.)
| | - Sarah Wirtz
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Lucia Gronau
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, 36037 Fulda, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.K.); (F.J.E.); (M.J.G.T.V.)
| | - Fabian J. Eberhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.K.); (F.J.E.); (M.J.G.T.V.)
| | - Helena Donath
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Desiree Gutmann
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.K.); (F.J.E.); (M.J.G.T.V.)
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy 2, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.H.A.); (K.Z.)
| | - Hermann Kreyenberg
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Andreas G. Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescence, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.W.); (L.G.); (H.D.); (D.G.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
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