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Park S, Mukai D, Lee J, Burney T, Boss G, Haouzi P, Lee JA, Kim MT, Fox AM, Philipopoulos G, Brenner M. Intratracheal cobinamide (vitamin B 12 analog) administration increases survivability in rabbits exposed to a lethal dose of inhaled hydrogen sulfide. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024; 62:94-100. [PMID: 38512020 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2314155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, flammable, and colorless gas. Hydrogen sulfide has been identified as a potential terrorist chemical threat agent in mass-casualty events. Our previous studies showed that cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, effectively reverses the toxicity from hydrogen sulfide poisoning. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of intratracheally administered cobinamide in treating a lethal dose hydrogen sulfide gas inhalation and compare its performance to saline control administration. METHODS A total of 53 pathogen-free New Zealand White rabbits were used for this study. Four groups were compared: (i) received no saline solution or drug intratracheally (n = 15), (ii) slow drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), (iii) fast drip saline intratracheally (n = 15), and (iv) slow drip cobinamide intratracheally (n = 8). Blood pressure was continuously monitored, and deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin concentration changes were monitored in real-time in vivo using continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The mean (± standard deviation) weight for all animals (n = 53) was 3.87 ± 0.10 kg. The survival rates of the slow cobinamide and the fast saline groups were 75 percent and 60 percent, respectively, while the survival rates in the slow saline and control groups were 26.7 percent and 20 percent, respectively. A log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test showed that survival in fast saline and slow cobinamide groups were significantly greater than those of no saline control and slow saline groups (P < 0.05). The slow and no saline control groups were not significantly different (P = 0.59). The slow cobinamide group did significantly better than the slow saline group (P = 0.021). DISCUSSION The ability to use intratracheal cobinamide as an antidote to hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a novel approach to mass-casualty care. The major limitations of this study are that it was conducted in a single species at a single inhaled hydrogen sulfide concentration. Repeated investigations in other species and at varying levels of hydrogen sulfide exposure will be needed before any definitive recommendations can be made. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that intratracheal cobinamide and fast saline drip improved survival for hydrogen sulfide gas inhalation in rabbit models. Although further study is required, our results suggest that intratracheal administration of cobinamide and fast saline may be useful in hydrogen sulfide mass-casualty events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jangweon Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phillipe Haouzi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of CA, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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2
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Spear A, Orativskyi O, Tran S, Zubieta JA, Doyle RP. Rapid, green disulphide bond formation in water using the corrin dicyanocobinamide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9836-9839. [PMID: 37525990 PMCID: PMC10445360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptide chemists seek rapid methods combined with facile purification when producing disulphide bonds post solid-phase synthesis. Current methods typically require long reaction times of up to two days, can result in side-products from over-oxidation and/or degradation, require organic solvents, and/or require challenging purification. Herein, we describe a rapid, green, and facile oxidation of a series of peptides with up to three disulphide bonds. The method was conducted in aqueous solution, in air, utilizing the biocompatible corrin ring-containing compound dicyanocobinamide, and offers reaction times under 1 hour with simple one step removal of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Spear
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | | | - Samantha Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | - Jon A Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Tat J, Chang SC, Link CD, Razo-Lopez S, Ingerto MJ, Katebian B, Chan A, Kalyanaraman H, Pilz RB, Boss GR. The vitamin B 12 analog cobinamide ameliorates azide toxicity in cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:212-222. [PMID: 37010385 PMCID: PMC10348668 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2185125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The azide anion (N3-) is highly toxic. It exists most commonly as sodium azide, which is used widely and is readily available, raising the potential for occupational incidents and use as a weapon of mass destruction. Azide-poisoned patients present with vomiting, seizures, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, and coma; death can occur. No specific azide antidote exists, with treatment being solely supportive. Azide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and is likely oxidized to nitric oxide in vivo. Cytochrome c oxidase inhibition depletes intracellular adenosine triphosphate and increases oxidative stress, while increased nitric oxide causes hypotension and exacerbates oxidative damage. Here, we tested whether the cobalamin (vitamin B12) analog cobinamide, a strong and versatile antioxidant that also neutralizes nitric oxide, can reverse azide toxicity in mammalian cells, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice. RESULTS We found cobinamide bound azide with a moderate affinity (Ka 2.87 × 105 M-1). Yet, cobinamide improved growth, increased intracellular adenosine triphosphate, and reduced apoptosis and malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, in azide-exposed cells. Cobinamide rescued Drosophila melanogaster and mice from lethal exposure to azide and was more effective than hydroxocobalamin. Azide likely generated nitric oxide in the mice, as evidenced by increased serum nitrite and nitrate, and reduced blood pressure and peripheral body temperature in the animals; the reduced temperature was likely due to reflex vasoconstriction in response to the hypotension. Cobinamide improved recovery of both blood pressure and body temperature. CONCLUSION We conclude cobinamide likely acted by neutralizing both oxidative stress and nitric oxide, and that it should be given further consideration as an azide antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tat
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Stephen C. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Cole D. Link
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Suelen Razo-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Michael J. Ingerto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Behdod Katebian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Hema Kalyanaraman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Renate B. Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
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4
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Haouzi P, MacCann M, Brenner M, Mahon S, Bebarta VS, Chan A, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Tubbs N, Boss GR. Treatment of life-threatening H2S intoxication: Lessons from the trapping agent tetranitrocobinamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:103998. [PMID: 36228991 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the efficacy of trapping free hydrogen sulfide (H2S) following severe H2S intoxication. Sodium hydrosulfide solution (NaHS, 20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally in 69 freely moving rats. In a first group (protocol 1), 40 rats were randomly assigned to receive saline (n = 20) or the cobalt compound tetranitrocobinamide (TNCbi) (n = 20, 75 mg/kg iv), one minute into coma, when free H2S was still present in the blood. A second group of 27 rats received TNCbi or saline, following epinephrine, 5 min into coma, when the concentration of free H2S has drastically decreased in the blood. In protocol 1, TNCbi significantly increased immediate survival (65 vs 20 %, p < 0.01) while in protocol 2, administration of TNCbi led to the same outcome as untreated animals. We hypothesize that the decreased efficacy of TNCbi with time likely reflects the rapid spontaneous disappearance of the pool of free H2S in the blood following H2S exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Marissa MacCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Chang S, Tat J, China SP, Kalyanaraman H, Zhuang S, Chan A, Lai C, Radic Z, Abdel-Rahman EA, Casteel DE, Pilz RB, Ali SS, Boss GR. Cobinamide is a strong and versatile antioxidant that overcomes oxidative stress in cells, flies, and diabetic mice. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac191. [PMID: 36276587 PMCID: PMC9578022 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress underlies a variety of diseases, including diabetes. Here, we show that the cobalamin/vitamin B12 analog cobinamide is a strong and multifaceted antioxidant, neutralizing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite, with apparent rate constants of 1.9 × 108, 3.7 × 104, and 6.3 × 106 M-1 s-1, respectively, for cobinamide with the cobalt in the +2 oxidation state. Cobinamide with the cobalt in the +3 oxidation state yielded apparent rate constants of 1.1 × 108 and 8.0 × 102 M-1 s-1 for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. In mammalian cells and Drosophila melanogaster, cobinamide outperformed cobalamin and two well-known antioxidants, imisopasem manganese and manganese(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin, in reducing oxidative stress as evidenced by: (i) decreased mitochondrial superoxide and return of the mitochondrial membrane potential in rotenone- and antimycin A-exposed H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes; (ii) reduced JNK phosphorylation in hydrogen-peroxide-treated H9c2 cells; (iii) increased growth in paraquat-exposed COS-7 fibroblasts; and (iv) improved survival in paraquat-treated flies. In diabetic mice, cobinamide administered in the animals' drinking water completely prevented an increase in lipid and protein oxidation, DNA damage, and fibrosis in the heart. Cobinamide is a promising new antioxidant that has potential use in diseases with heightened oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shunhui Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cassandra Lai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zoran Radic
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Engy A Abdel-Rahman
- Tumor Biology Research Program, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo 57357, Egypt,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit 71515, Egypt
| | - Darren E Casteel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Philipopoulos GP, Tat J, Chan A, Jiang J, Mukai D, Burney T, Doosty M, Mahon S, Patel HH, White CW, Brenner M, Lee J, Boss GR. Methyl mercaptan gas: mechanisms of toxicity and demonstration of the effectiveness of cobinamide as an antidote in mice and rabbits. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:615-622. [PMID: 34989638 PMCID: PMC9662850 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.2017949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is a colorless, toxic gas with potential for occupational exposure and used as a weapon of mass destruction. Inhalation at high concentrations can result in dyspnea, hypoventilation, seizures, and death. No specific methyl mercaptan antidote exists, highlighting a critical need for such an agent. Here, we investigated the mechanism of CH3SH toxicity, and rescue from CH3SH poisoning by the vitamin B12 analog cobinamide, in mammalian cells. We also developed lethal CH3SH inhalation models in mice and rabbits, and tested the efficacy of intramuscular injection of cobinamide as a CH3SH antidote. RESULTS We found that cobinamide binds to CH3SH (Kd = 84 µM), and improved growth of cells exposed to CH3SH. CH3SH reduced cellular oxygen consumption and intracellular ATP content and activated the stress protein c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); cobinamide reversed these changes. A single intramuscular injection of cobinamide (20 mg/kg) rescued 6 of 6 mice exposed to a lethal dose of CH3SH gas, while all six saline-treated mice died (p = 0.0013). In rabbits exposed to CH3SH gas, 11 of 12 animals (92%) treated with two intramuscular injections of cobinamide (50 mg/kg each) survived, while only 2 of 12 animals (17%) treated with saline survived (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that cobinamide could potentially serve as a CH3SH antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Tat
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Mukai
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Burney
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody Doosty
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sari Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jangwoen Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Suman SG, Snæbjörnsson T, Ragnarsdóttir O, Polukeev AV, Wendt OF. Synthesis of mixed salts of the [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(SCN)6-n(L)n](4+n)− anion (n = 0–2); structures of [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(SCN)5(CH3CN)]3−, [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(CN)5]3−, and [Mo2O2(μ-S)2(CN)2(O)]2−, and probing the ligand exchange of thiocyanate and cyanide. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Tinsley IC, Borner T, Swanson ML, Chepurny OG, Doebley SA, Kamat V, Sweet IR, Holz GG, Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC, Doyle RP. Synthesis, Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Corrinated Conjugates of the GLP-1R Agonist Exendin-4. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3479-3492. [PMID: 33677970 PMCID: PMC8279408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Corrination
is the conjugation of a corrin ring containing molecule,
such as vitamin B12 (B12) or B12 biosynthetic precursor
dicyanocobinamide (Cbi), to small molecules, peptides, or proteins
with the goal of modifying pharmacology. Recently, a corrinated GLP-1R
agonist (GLP-1RA) exendin-4 (Ex4) has been shown in vivo to have reduced penetration into the central nervous system relative
to Ex4 alone, producing a glucoregulatory GLP-1RA devoid of anorexia
and emesis. The study herein was designed to optimize the lead conjugate
for GLP-1R agonism and binding. Two specific conjugation sites were
introduced in Ex4, while also utilizing various linkers, so that it
was possible to identify Cbi conjugates of Ex4 that exhibit improved
binding and agonist activity at the GLP-1R. An optimized conjugate
(22), comparable with Ex4, was successfully screened
and subsequently assayed for insulin secretion in rat islets and in vivo in shrews for glucoregulatory and emetic behavior,
relative to Ex4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Tinsley
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - MacKenzie L Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Sarah A Doebley
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Varun Kamat
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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Resonance Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy in Probing Structural Changes Invisible to Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: A Study on Truncated Vitamin B 12 Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194386. [PMID: 32987678 PMCID: PMC7584048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates resonance Raman optical activity (RROA) spectra of three truncated vitamin B12 derivatives modified within the nucleotide loop. Since truncated cobalamins possess sufficiently high rotational strength in the range of ROA excitation (532 nm), it was possible to record their spectra in the resonance condition. They showed several distinct spectral features allowing for the distinguishing of studied compounds, in contrast to other methods, i.e., UV-Vis absorption, electronic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The improved capacity of the RROA method is based here on the excitation of molecules via more than two electronic states, giving rise to the bisignate RROA spectrum, significantly distinct from a parent Raman spectrum. This observation is an important step in the dissemination of using RROA spectroscopy in studying the complex structure of corrinoids which may prove crucial for a better understanding of their biological role.
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The Role of Thiocyanate in Modulating Myeloperoxidase Activity during Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176450. [PMID: 32899436 PMCID: PMC7503669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN−) is a pseudohalide anion omnipresent across mammals and is particularly concentrated in secretions within the oral cavity, digestive tract and airway. Thiocyanate can outcompete chlorine anions and other halides (F−, Br−, I−) as substrates for myeloperoxidase by undergoing two-electron oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. This forms their respective hypohalous acids (HOX where X− = halides) and in the case of thiocyanate, hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), which is also a bactericidal oxidative species involved in the regulation of commensal and pathogenic microflora. Disease may dysregulate redox processes and cause imbalances in the oxidative profile, where typically favoured oxidative species, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), result in an overabundance of chlorinated protein residues. As such, the pharmacological capacity of thiocyanate has been recently investigated for its ability to modulate myeloperoxidase activity for HOSCN, a less potent species relative to HOCl, although outcomes vary significantly across different disease models. To date, most studies have focused on therapeutic effects in respiratory and cardiovascular animal models. However, we note other conditions such as rheumatic arthritis where SCN− administration may worsen patient outcomes. Here, we discuss the pathophysiological role of SCN− in diseases where MPO is implicated.
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Bortey-Sam N, Jackson R, Gyamfi OA, Bhadra S, Freeman C, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Diagnosis of cyanide poisoning using an automated, field-portable sensor for rapid analysis of blood cyanide concentrations. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1098:125-132. [PMID: 31948575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide (both HCN and CN- are represented by CN) has multiple industrial applications, is commonly found in some foods, and is a component of fire smoke. Upon exposure, CN blocks production of adenosine triphosphate, causing cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, which can eventually result in death. Considering CN's quick onset of action and the long analysis times associated with current techniques, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and field-portable sensor to detect blood CN concentrations focusing on both concentration and diagnostic accuracy. The sensor takes advantage of the chemical properties of CN by converting it exclusively to HCN via acidification of whole blood. High-speed headspace transfer is used to deliver HCN to a capture solution where it is reacted with naphthalene dialdehyde and taurine to produce a fluorescent β-isoindole product. Simple spectrofluorometric analysis of the product provides quantitative analysis of CN from whole blood in 60 s and requires only 25 μL of blood (obtainable via fingerstick). A limit of detection of 5 μM, a linear range of 10-200 μM (with ≥15 μM considered CN exposed), and excellent accuracy (100 ± 15%) and precision (≤15.2% relative standard deviation) were obtained. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the sensor, rabbit blood samples (N = 190, including 24 blinded samples) were analyzed by both the sensor and a lab-based spectrophotometric method. An excellent positive correlation was obtained between the sensor and the lab-based method (R2 ˃ 0.995) confirming the concentration accuracy of the CN sensor. Moreover, the sensor produced no false positives or negatives when diagnosing CN poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Randy Jackson
- Seacoast Science, Inc., 2151 Las Palmas Drive, Suite C, Carlsbad, CA, 92011, USA
| | - Obed A Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Subrata Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Caleb Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2850 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Determination of free cyano-cobinamide in swine and rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:100-108. [PMID: 31185415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Cobinamide (Cbi) has shown promise as a therapeutic for cyanide poisoning. There are several forms of Cbi based on the identity of the ligands bound to the cobalt in Cbi and these different forms of Cbi have divergent behavior (e.g., the aquo and hydroxo forms of Cbi readily bind to proteins, limiting their distribution significantly, whereas [Cbi(CN)2] does not). While current analysis techniques only measure total Cbi, methods to elucidate the behavior of 'available' Cbi versus cyanide-complexed Cbi would be valuable for biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies. Therefore, a method was developed for the analysis of cyanide-complexed Cbi in plasma via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Plasma samples were prepared by denaturing proteins with 10% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile. The resulting mixture was centrifuged, and the supernatant was removed, dried, and reconstituted. Cyanide-complexed Cbi was then analyzed via LC-MS-MS. The limit of detection was 0.2 μM, and the linear dynamic range was between 1 and 200 μM. The accuracy was 100 ± 17% and the precision, measured by relative standard deviation (%RSD), was ≤18.5%. Carryover, a severe problem when analyzing Cbi via liquid chromatography was eliminated using a polymeric-based stationary phase (PLRP-S) and a controlled washing protocol. The method allowed evaluation of the cyanide-bound and 'available' Cbi from treated animals and, when paired with a method for total Cbi analysis, allows for estimation of Cbi utilization when treating cyanide poisoning.
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Vitamin B12 for the treatment of vasoplegia in cardiac surgery and liver transplantation: a narrative review of cases and potential biochemical mechanisms. Can J Anaesth 2019; 66:1501-1513. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-019-01449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Tumakov SO, Dereven’kov IA, Sal’nikov DS, Makarov SV. Kinetics of the Reaction between Cobinamide and Isoniazid in Aqueous Solutions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Kaur H, Singh P. Rationally designed molecules for resurgence of cyanide mitigated cytochrome c oxidase activity. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:229-240. [PMID: 30391853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX) containing binuclear heme a3-Cu B centre (BNC) mechanises the process of electron transfer in the last phase of cellular respiration. The molecular modelling based structural analysis of CcOX - heme a3-Cu B complex was performed and the disturbance to this complex under cyanide poisoning conditions was investigated. Taking into consideration the results of molecular docking studies, new chemical entities were developed for clipping cyanide from the enzyme and restoring its normal function. It was found that the molecules obtained by combining syringaldehyde, oxindole and chrysin moieties bearing propyl/butyl spacing groups occupy the BNC region and effectively remove cyanide bound to the enzyme. The binding constant of compound 2 with CN- was 2.3 × 105 M-1 and its ED50 for restoring the cyanide bound CcOX activity in 10 min was 16 µM. The compound interacted with CN- over the pH range 5-10. The comparison of the loss of enzymatic activity in the presence of CN- and resumption of enzymatic activity by compound 2 mediated removal of CN- indicated the efficacy of the compound as antidote of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Identification of specific metabolic pathways as druggable targets regulating the sensitivity to cyanide poisoning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193889. [PMID: 29879736 PMCID: PMC5991913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a potent toxic agent, and the few available antidotes are not amenable to rapid deployment in mass exposures. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to exploit different animal models to identify novel countermeasures. We have created a pipeline that combines high-throughput screening in zebrafish with subsequent validation in two mammalian small animal models as well as a porcine large animal model. We found that zebrafish embryos in the first 3 days post fertilization (dpf) are highly resistant to cyanide, becoming progressively more sensitive thereafter. Unbiased analysis of gene expression in response to several hours of ultimately lethal doses of cyanide in both 1 and 7 dpf zebrafish revealed modest changes in iron-related proteins associated with the age-dependent cyanide resistance. Metabolomics measurements demonstrated significant age-dependent differences in energy metabolism during cyanide exposure which prompted us to test modulators of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolic processes as potential antidotes. In cyanide-sensitive 7 dpf larvae, we identified several such compounds that offer significant protection against cyanide toxicity. Modulators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, as well as the small molecule sodium glyoxylate, consistently protected against cyanide toxicity in 7 dpf zebrafish larvae. Together, our results indicate that the resistance of zebrafish embryos to cyanide toxicity during early development is related to an altered regulation of cellular metabolism, which we propose may be exploited as a potential target for the development of novel antidotes against cyanide poisoning.
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Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, Patterson SE, Prezant DJ, Sciuto AM, Svendsen ER, White CW, Veress LA. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:1060-1072. [PMID: 28418689 PMCID: PMC5529138 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201704-297ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the proceedings from the Inhalational Lung Injury Workshop jointly sponsored by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats (CounterACT) program on May 21, 2013, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The CounterACT program facilitates research leading to the development of new and improved medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents. The workshop was initiated by the Terrorism and Inhalational Disasters Section of the Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health Assembly of the ATS. Participants included both domestic and international experts in the field, as well as representatives from U.S. governmental funding agencies. The meeting objectives were to (1) provide a forum to review the evidence supporting current standard medical therapies, (2) present updates on our understanding of the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of inhalational lung injuries, (3) discuss innovative investigative approaches to further delineating mechanisms of lung injury and identifying new specific therapeutic targets, (4) present promising novel medical countermeasures, (5) facilitate collaborative research efforts, and (6) identify challenges and future directions in the ongoing development, manufacture, and distribution of effective and specific medical countermeasures. Specific inhalational toxins discussed included irritants/pulmonary toxicants (chlorine gas, bromine, and phosgene), vesicants (sulfur mustard), chemical asphyxiants (cyanide), particulates (World Trade Center dust), and respirable nerve agents.
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The Vitamin B 12 Analog Cobinamide Is an Effective Antidote for Oral Cyanide Poisoning. J Med Toxicol 2016; 12:370-379. [PMID: 27631586 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanide is a major chemical threat, and cyanide ingestion carries a higher risk for a supra-lethal dose exposure compared to inhalation but provides an opportunity for effective treatment due to a longer treatment window and a gastrointestinal cyanide reservoir that could be neutralized prior to systemic absorption. We hypothesized that orally administered cobinamide may function as a high-binding affinity scavenger and that gastric alkalinization would reduce cyanide absorption and concurrently increase cobinamide binding, further enhancing antidote effectiveness. METHODS Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into five groups and were given a lethal dose of oral cyanide poisoning (50 mg). The survival time of animals was monitored with oral cyanide alone, oral cyanide with gastric alkalinization with oral sodium bicarbonate buffer (500 mg), and in combination with either aquohydroxocobinamide or dinitrocobinamide (250 mM). Red blood cell cyanide concentration, plasma cobinamide, and thiocyanate concentrations were measured from blood samples. RESULTS In cyanide ingested animals, oral sodium bicarbonate alone significantly prolonged survival time to 20.3 ± 8.6 min compared to 10.5 ± 4.3 min in saline-treated controls, but did not lead to overall survival. Aquohydroxocobinamide and dinitrocobinamide increased survival time to 64 ± 41 (p < 0.05) and 75 ± 16.4 min (p < 0.001), respectively. Compared to aquohydroxocobinamide, dinitrocobinamide showed greater systemic absorption and reduced blood pressure. Dinitrocobinamide also markedly increased the red blood cell cyanide concentration. Under all conditions, the plasma thiocyanate concentration gradually increased with time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a promising new approach to treat high-dose cyanide ingestion, with gastric alkalinization alone and in combination with oral cobinamide for treating a supra-lethal dose of orally administered cyanide in rabbits.
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Rockwood GA, Thompson DE, Petrikovics I. Dimethyl trisulfide: A novel cyanide countermeasure. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:2009-2016. [PMID: 26939832 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715622713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present studies, the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of a novel cyanide countermeasure, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), were evaluated. DMTS is a sulfur-based molecule found in garlic, onion, broccoli, and similar plants. DMTS was studied for effectiveness as a sulfur donor-type cyanide countermeasure. The sulfur donor reactivity of DMTS was determined by measuring the rate of the formation of the cyanide metabolite thiocyanate. In experiments carried out in vitro in the presence of the sulfurtransferase rhodanese (Rh) and at the experimental pH of 7.4, DMTS was observed to convert cyanide to thiocyanate with greater than 40 times higher efficacy than does thiosulfate, the sulfur donor component of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved cyanide countermeasure Nithiodote® In the absence of Rh, DMTS was observed to be almost 80 times more efficient than sodium thiosulfate in vitro The fact that DMTS converts cyanide to thiocyanate more efficiently than does thiosulfate both with and without Rh makes it a promising sulfur donor-type cyanide antidote (scavenger) with reduced enzyme dependence in vitro The therapeutic cyanide antidotal efficacies for DMTS versus sodium thiosulfate were measured following intramuscular administration in a mouse model and expressed as antidotal potency ratios (APR = LD50 of cyanide with antidote/LD50 of cyanide without antidote). A dose of 100 mg/kg sodium thiosulfate given intramuscularly showed only slight therapeutic protection (APR = 1.1), whereas the antidotal protection from DMTS given intramuscularly at the same dose was substantial (APR = 3.3). Based on these data, DMTS will be studied further as a promising next-generation countermeasure for cyanide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - David E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
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Jiang J, Chan A, Ali S, Saha A, Haushalter KJ, Lam WLM, Glasheen M, Parker J, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Patel HH, Ambasudhan R, Lipton SA, Pilz RB, Boss GR. Hydrogen Sulfide--Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an Antidote. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20831. [PMID: 26877209 PMCID: PMC4753484 DOI: 10.1038/srep20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas—second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths. Its mechanism of toxicity is only partially known, and no specific therapy exists for sulfide poisoning. We show in several cell types, including human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, that sulfide inhibited complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induced apoptosis. Sulfide increased hydroxyl radical production in isolated mouse heart mitochondria and F2-isoprostanes in brains and hearts of mice. The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide reversed the cellular toxicity of sulfide, and rescued Drosophila melanogaster and mice from lethal exposures of hydrogen sulfide gas. Cobinamide worked through two distinct mechanisms: direct reversal of complex IV inhibition and neutralization of sulfide-generated reactive oxygen species. We conclude that sulfide produces a high degree of oxidative stress in cells and tissues, and that cobinamide has promise as a first specific treatment for sulfide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sameh Ali
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Arindam Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J Haushalter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wai-Ling Macrina Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Megan Glasheen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Parker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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21
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Simultaneous determination of 3-mercaptopyruvate and cobinamide in plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:181-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of cobinamide in pig plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1006:104-111. [PMID: 26540437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been widely utilized for the analysis of compounds in biological matrices due to its selectivity and sensitivity. This study describes the application of an LC-MS/MS-based approach toward the analysis of cobinamide in Yorkshire pig plasma. The selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, linearity, range, carryover, sensitivity, matrix effect, interference, stability, reproducibility, and ruggedness of the method were investigated in pig plasma. The accuracy and precision of the method was determined to be within 10% over three different days over a range of concentrations (25-10,000ng/mL) that spanned more than two orders of magnitude. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for dicyanocobinamide was determined to be 25ng/mL in pig plasma. Carryover was acceptable, as the area response of the carryover blanks were ≤15% of the area response of the nearest LLOQ standard for the analyte, while it was nonexistent for the internal standard. Specificity was ensured using six different lots of pig plasma. While the matrix effects of dicyanocobinamide in plasma were enhanced, ginsenoside Rb1 experienced signal suppression under the described conditions. The absolute recovery results for both compounds were consistent, precise, and reproducibly lower than expected at ∼60% for dicyanocobinamide and ∼22% for ginsenoside Rb1, confirming that a matrix standard curve was required for accurate quantitation. Cobinamide was shown to be very stable in matrix at various storage conditions including room temperature, refrigerated, and frozen at time intervals of 20h, 4 days, and 60 days respectively. This method was demonstrated to be sensitive, reproducible, stable, and rugged, and it should be applicable to the analysis of cobinamide in other biological matrices and species.
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Zelder F. Recent trends in the development of vitamin B12 derivatives for medicinal applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14004-17. [PMID: 26287029 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04843e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article highlights recent developments in the field of vitamin B12 derivatives for medicinal applications. The following topics are emphasized: (1) the development of aquacorrinoids for cyanide detection and detoxification, (2) the use of vitamin B12 conjugates and (3) antivitamins B12 for therapy and diagnosis, and (4) the design of corrinoids as activators of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zelder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Liu Y, Li J, Lu Y. Enzyme therapeutics for systemic detoxification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:24-39. [PMID: 25980935 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Life relies on numerous biochemical processes working synergistically and correctly. Certain substances disrupt these processes, inducing living organism into an abnormal state termed intoxication. Managing intoxication usually requires interventions, which is referred as detoxification. Decades of development on detoxification reveals the potential of enzymes as ideal therapeutics and antidotes, because their high substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency are essential for clearing intoxicating substances without adverse effects. However, intrinsic shortcomings of enzymes including low stability and high immunogenicity are major hurdles, which could be overcome by delivering enzymes with specially designed nanocarriers. Extensive investigations on protein delivery indicate three types of enzyme-nanocarrier architectures that show more promise than others for systemic detoxification, including liposome-wrapped enzymes, polymer-enzyme conjugates, and polymer-encapsulated enzymes. This review highlights recent advances in these nano-architectures and discusses their applications in systemic detoxifications. Therapeutic potential of various enzymes as well as associated challenges in achieving effective delivery of therapeutic enzymes will also be discussed.
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Kadjo AF, Dasgupta PK, Boss GR. Comment on "Rapid visual detection of blood cyanide" by C. Männel-Croisé and F. Zelder, Analytical Methods, 2012, 4, 2632. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:5707-5711. [PMID: 26640525 PMCID: PMC4670041 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide poisoning from Inhaled HCN is all too common in victims of smoke inhalation in fires. While the toxic effects arise primarily from its inhibitory effects on cytochrome c oxidase, the majority of the cyanide binds to methemoglobin (metHb) in the blood. It can be considered as the detoxification mechanism: one of the antidotes used earlier was nitrite which primarily works by converting hemoglobin to metHb (normally present to the extent of ~1% of the total hemoglobin). Vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin) and related analogs have long been known to have high affinity for cyanide and has been used as antidotes - the binding of cyanide to many compounds in this general family also results in a significant change in color that can be used for analytical purposes. Männel Croisé and Zelder (Anal. Methods, 2012, 4, 2632) have advocated direct addition of a related compound to blood samples and isolating the colored measurand on a solid phase extraction cartridge. While they demonstrated attractive rapid measurement of cyanide in spiked blood samples, we believe that this is not a practically usable procedure regardless of the exact chromogenic reagent used. Cyanide bound to metHb dissociates too slowly for a 1 min reaction to work as suggested - we believe for reasons unknown (eg., metHb levels in their blood samples unusually low), cyanide added to their blood samples did not (have time to) bind to metHb and these samples may not resemble real situations where significant amount of the cyanide will be bound to metHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinde F Kadjo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX 76019-1065, USA
| | - Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX 76019-1065, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, USA
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Maitra D, Ali I, Abdulridha RM, Shaeib F, Khan SN, Saed GM, Pennathur S, Abu-Soud HM. Kinetic studies on the reaction between dicyanocobinamide and hypochlorous acid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110595. [PMID: 25375773 PMCID: PMC4222763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent oxidant generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is an abundant enzyme used for defense against microbes. We examined the potential role of HOCl in corrin ring destruction and subsequent formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) from dicyanocobinamide ((CN)2-Cbi). Stopped-flow analysis revealed that the reaction consists of at least three observable steps, including at least two sequential transient intermediates prior to corrin ring destruction. The first two steps were attributed to sequential replacement of the two cyanide ligands with hypochlorite, while the third step was the destruction of the corrin ring. The formation of (OCl)(CN)-Cbi and its conversion to (OCl)2-Cbi was fitted to a first order rate equation with second order rate constants of 0.002 and 0.0002 µM−1s−1, respectively. The significantly lower rate of the second step compared to the first suggests that the replacement of the first cyanide molecule by hypochlorite causes an alteration in the ligand trans effects changing the affinity and/or accessibility of Co toward hypochlorite. Plots of the apparent rate constants as a function of HOCl concentration for all the three steps were linear with Y-intercepts close to zero, indicating that HOCl binds in an irreversible one-step mechanism. Collectively, these results illustrate functional differences in the corrin ring environments toward binding of diatomic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Iyad Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rasha M. Abdulridha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Faten Shaeib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Sana N. Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Nair C, Shoemark A, Chan M, Ollosson S, Dixon M, Hogg C, Alton EWFW, Davies JC, Williams HD. Cyanide levels found in infected cystic fibrosis sputum inhibit airway ciliary function. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 25186256 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00097014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported cyanide at concentrations of up to 150 μM in the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a negative correlation with lung function. Our aim was to investigate possible mechanisms for this association, focusing on the effect of pathophysiologically relevant cyanide levels on human respiratory cell function. Ciliary beat frequency measurements were performed on nasal brushings and nasal air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures obtained from healthy volunteers and cystic fibrosis patients. Potassium cyanide decreased ciliary beat frequency in healthy nasal brushings (n = 6) after 60 min (150 μM: 47% fall, p<0.0012; 75 μM: 32% fall, p<0.0001). Samples from cystic fibrosis patients (n = 3) showed similar results (150 μM: 55% fall, p = 0.001). Ciliary beat frequency inhibition was not due to loss of cell viability and was reversible. The inhibitory mechanism was independent of ATP levels. KCN also significantly inhibited ciliary beat frequency in ALI cultures, albeit to a lesser extent. Ciliary beat frequency measurements on ALI cultures treated with culture supernatants from P. aeruginosa mutants defective in virulence factor production implicated cyanide as a key component inhibiting the ciliary beat frequency. If cyanide production similarly impairs mucocilliary clearance in vivo, it could explain the link with increased disease severity observed in cystic fibrosis patients with detectable cyanide in their airway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mario Chan
- Dept of Gene Therapy, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sarah Ollosson
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mellissa Dixon
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Jane C Davies
- Dept of Gene Therapy, Imperial College, London, UK Joint senior authors
| | - Huw D Williams
- Dept of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK Joint senior authors
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Salnikov DS, Makarov SV, van Eldik R, Kucherenko PN, Boss GR. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with diaquacobinamide in aqueous solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014; 2014:4123-4133. [PMID: 25580081 PMCID: PMC4286256 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a detailed kinetic study of the reaction of the vitamin B12 analog diaquacobinamide ((H2O)2Cbi(III)) with hydrogen sulfide in water from pH 3 to 11. The reaction proceeds in three steps: (i) formation of three different complexes between cobinamide and hydrogen sulfide, viz. (HO-)(HS-)Cbi(III), (H2O)(HS-)Cbi(III), and (HS-)2Cbi(III); (ii) inner-sphere electron transfer (ISET) in the two complexes with one coordinated HS- to form the reduced cobinamide complex [(H)S]Cbi(II); and (iii) addition of a second molecule of hydrogen sulfide to the reduced cobinamide. ISET does not proceed in the (HS-)2Cbi(III) complex. The final products of the reaction between cobinamide and hydrogen sulfide were found to be independent of pH, with the main product being a complex of cobinamide(II) with the anion-radical SSH2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis S. Salnikov
- Department of Food Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen – Nuremberg, Egerland strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sergei V. Makarov
- Department of Food Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen – Nuremberg, Egerland strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Polina N. Kucherenko
- Department of Food Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskiy str. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652, United States
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Fry N, Boss GR, Sailor MJ. Oxidation-Induced Trapping of Drugs in Porous Silicon Microparticles. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:2758-2764. [PMID: 25678746 PMCID: PMC4311935 DOI: 10.1021/cm500797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An approach for the preparation of an oxidized porous silicon microparticle drug delivery system that can provide efficient trapping and sustained release of various drugs is reported. The method uses the contraction of porous silicon's mesopores, which occurs during oxidation of the silicon matrix, to increase the loading and retention of drugs within the particles. First, a porous Si (pSi) film is prepared by electrochemical etching of p-type silicon with a resistivity of >0.65 Ω cm in a 1:1 (v/v) HF/ethanol electrolyte solution. Under these conditions, the pore walls are sufficiently thin to allow for complete oxidation of the silicon skeleton under mild conditions. The pSi film is then soaked in an aqueous solution containing the drug (cobinamide or rhodamine B test molecules were used in this study) and sodium nitrite. Oxidation of the porous host by nitrite results in a shrinking of the pore openings, which physically traps the drug in the porous matrix. The film is subsequently fractured by ultrasonication into microparticles. Upon comparison with commonly used oxidizing agents for pSi such as water, peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, nitrite is kinetically and thermodynamically sufficient to oxidize the pore walls of the pSi matrix, precluding reductive (by Si) or oxidative (by nitrite) degradation of the drug payload. The drug loading efficiency is significantly increased (by up to 10-fold), and the release rate is significantly prolonged (by 20-fold) relative to control samples in which the drug is loaded by infiltration of pSi particles postoxidation. We find that it is important that the silicon skeleton be completely oxidized to ensure the drug is not reduced or degraded by contact with elemental silicon during the particle dissolution-drug release phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole
L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
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Bebarta VS, Tanen DA, Boudreau S, Castaneda M, Zarzabal LA, Vargas T, Boss GR. Intravenous cobinamide versus hydroxocobalamin for acute treatment of severe cyanide poisoning in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 64:612-9. [PMID: 24746273 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Hydroxocobalamin is a Food and Drug Administration-approved antidote for cyanide poisoning. Cobinamide is a potential antidote that contains 2 cyanide-binding sites. To our knowledge, no study has directly compared hydroxocobalamin with cobinamide in a severe, cyanide-toxic large-animal model. Our objective is to compare the time to return of spontaneous breathing in swine with acute cyanide-induced apnea treated with intravenous hydroxocobalamin, intravenous cobinamide, or saline solution (control). METHODS Thirty-three swine (45 to 55 kg) were intubated, anesthetized, and instrumented (continuous mean arterial pressure and cardiac output monitoring). Anesthesia was adjusted to allow spontaneous breathing with FiO2 of 21% during the experiment. Cyanide was continuously infused intravenously until apnea occurred and lasted for 1 minute (time zero). Animals were then randomly assigned to receive intravenous hydroxocobalamin (65 mg/kg), cobinamide (12.5 mg/kg), or saline solution and monitored for 60 minutes. A sample size of 11 animals per group was selected according to obtaining a power of 80%, an α of .05, and an SD of 0.17 in mean time to detect a 20% difference in time to spontaneous breathing. We assessed differences in time to death among groups, using Kaplan-Meier estimation methods, and compared serum lactate, blood pH, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation time curves with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Baseline weights and vital signs were similar among groups. The time to apnea and cyanide dose required to achieve apnea were similar. At time zero, mean cyanide blood and lactate concentrations and reduction in mean arterial pressure from baseline were similar. In the saline solution group, 2 of 11 animals survived compared with 10 of 11 in the hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide groups (P<.001 between the 2 treated groups and the saline solution group). Time to return of spontaneous breathing after antidote was similar between hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide (1 minute 48 seconds versus 1 minute 49 seconds, respectively). Blood cyanide concentrations became undetectable at the end of the study in both antidote-treated groups, and no statistically significant differences were detected between the 2 groups for mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, respiratory rate, lactate, or pH. CONCLUSION Both hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide rescued severely cyanide-poisoned swine from apnea in the absence of assisted ventilation. The dose of cobinamide was one fifth that of hydroxocobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Medical Toxicology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX.
| | - David A Tanen
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Susan Boudreau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Maria Castaneda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lee A Zarzabal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Toni Vargas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Gerry R Boss
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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31
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Brenner M, Benavides S, Mahon SB, Lee J, Yoon D, Mukai D, Viseroi M, Chan A, Jiang J, Narula N, Azer SM, Alexander C, Boss GR. The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide is an effective hydrogen sulfide antidote in a lethal rabbit model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:490-7. [PMID: 24716792 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.904045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic gas for which no effective antidotes exist. It acts, at least in part, by binding to cytochrome c oxidase, causing cellular asphyxiation and anoxia. We investigated the effects of three different ligand forms of cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, to reverse sulfide (NaHS) toxicity. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits received a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of NaHS (3 mg/min) until expiration or a maximum 270 mg dose. Animals received six different treatments, administered at the time when they developed signs of severe toxicity: Group 1-saline (placebo group, N = 9); Group 2--IV hydroxocobalamin (N = 7); Group 3--IV aquohydroxocobinamide (N = 6); Group 4--IV sulfitocobinamide (N = 6); Group 5--intramuscular (IM) sulfitocobinamide (N = 6); and Group 6-IM dinitrocobinamide (N = 8). Blood was sampled intermittently, and systemic blood pressure and deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin were measured continuously in peripheral muscle and over the brain region; the latter were measured by diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS). RESULTS Compared with the saline controls, all cobinamide derivatives significantly increased survival time and the amount of NaHS that was tolerated. Aquohydroxocobinamide was most effective (261.5 ± 2.4 mg NaHS tolerated vs. 93.8 ± 6.2 mg in controls, p < 0.0001). Dinitrocobinamide was more effective than sulfitocobinamide. Hydroxocobalamin was not significantly more effective than the saline control. CONCLUSIONS Cobinamide is an effective agent for inhibiting lethal sulfide exposure in this rabbit model. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose and form of cobinamide and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California , Irvine, CA , USA
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Stutelberg MW, Vinnakota CV, Mitchell BL, Monteil AR, Patterson SE, Logue BA. Determination of 3-mercaptopyruvate in rabbit plasma by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:94-8. [PMID: 24480329 PMCID: PMC3989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accidental or intentional cyanide poisoning is a serious health risk. The current suite of FDA approved antidotes, including hydroxocobalamin, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate is effective, but each antidote has specific major limitations, such as large effective dosage or delayed onset of action. Therefore, next generation cyanide antidotes are being investigated to mitigate these limitations. One such antidote, 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP), detoxifies cyanide by acting as a sulfur donor to convert cyanide into thiocyanate, a relatively nontoxic cyanide metabolite. An analytical method capable of detecting 3-MP in biological fluids is essential for the development of 3-MP as a potential antidote. Therefore, a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) method was established to analyze 3-MP from rabbit plasma. Sample preparation consisted of spiking the plasma with an internal standard ((13)C3-3-MP), precipitation of plasma proteins, and reaction with monobromobimane to inhibit the characteristic dimerization of 3-MP. The method produced a limit of detection of 0.1μM, a linear dynamic range of 0.5-100μM, along with excellent linearity (R(2)≥0.999), accuracy (±9% of the nominal concentration) and precision (<7% relative standard deviation). The optimized HPLC-MS-MS method was capable of detecting 3-MP in rabbits that were administered sulfanegen, a prodrug of 3-MP, following cyanide exposure. Considering the excellent performance of this method, it will be utilized for further investigations of this promising cyanide antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Stutelberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chakravarthy V Vinnakota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brendan L Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alexandre R Monteil
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science Center 131, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Mitchell BL, Bhandari RK, Bebarta VS, Rockwood GA, Boss GR, Logue BA. Toxicokinetic profiles of α-ketoglutarate cyanohydrin, a cyanide detoxification product, following exposure to potassium cyanide. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spitler R, Schwappacher R, Wu T, Kong X, Yokomori K, Pilz RB, Boss GR, Berns MW. Nitrosyl-cobinamide (NO-Cbi), a new nitric oxide donor, improves wound healing through cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2374-82. [PMID: 23920342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) donors have been shown to improve wound healing, but the mechanism is not well defined. Here we show that the novel NO donor nitrosyl-cobinamide (NO-Cbi) improved in vitro wound healing in several cell types, including an established line of lung epithelial cells and primary human lung fibroblasts. On a molar basis, NO-Cbi was more effective than two other NO donors, with the effective NO-Cbi concentration ranging from 3 to 10μM, depending on the cell type. Improved wound healing was secondary to increased cell migration and not cell proliferation. The wound healing effect of NO-Cbi was mediated by cGMP, mainly through cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (PKGI), as determined using pharmacological inhibitors and activators, and siRNAs targeting PKG type I and II. Moreover, we found that Src and ERK were two downstream mediators of NO-Cbi's effect. We conclude that NO-Cbi is a potent inducer of cell migration and wound closure, acting via cGMP, PKG, Src, and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Spitler
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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35
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Proinsias KÓ, Giedyk M, Banach Ł, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Gryko D. Selectively Modified Cobyrinic Acid Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Dereven'kov IA, Salnikov DS, Makarov SV, Surducan M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Boss GR. Comparative study of reaction of cobalamin and cobinamide with thiocyanate. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 125:32-9. [PMID: 23685470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Co(III) and Co(II) cobalamin (Cbl) and cobinamide (Cbi) with thiocyanate was examined with UV-vis and EPR spectra. S/N-linkage isomerism was explored on Co(III) and Co(II) Cbl and Cbi models using density functional theory (DFT; BP86, B3LYP). Performed calculations suggest the prevalence of isothiocyanato isomers over thiocyanato complexes on both Co(III) and Co(II) centers. The formation of Cbl(II) complex with thiocyanate was observed at high ligand concentrations which was proposed to be hexacoordinated. DFT data maintain the possibility of hexacoordinated Co(II) complexes with thiocyanate in which one of extra-ligands is weakly coordinated. It is found that high thiocyanate concentrations could retard cyanide binding to cobalamin but not to cobinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Dereven'kov
- State University of Chemistry and Technology, Engels str. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
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37
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Kurcoń S, Proinsias KÓ, Gryko D. Cobryketone Derived from Vitamin B12via Palladium-Catalyzed Cleavage of the sp3–sp3 Carbon–Carbon Bond. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4115-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Kurcoń
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keith ó Proinsias
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry PAS, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Sik Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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39
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Franke A, van Eldik R. Factors That Determine the Mechanism of NO Activation by Metal Complexes of Biological and Environmental Relevance. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Benz OS, Yuan Q, Amoscato AA, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Metalloporphyrin Co(III)TMPyP ameliorates acute, sublethal cyanide toxicity in mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2678-86. [PMID: 23148604 DOI: 10.1021/tx300327v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of Co(III)TMPyP(CN)(2) at pH 7.4 has been shown to be completely cooperative (α(H) = 2) with an association constant of 2.1 (±0.2) × 10(11). The kinetics were investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry and revealed a complicated net reaction exhibiting 4 phases at pH 7.4 under conditions where cyanide was in excess. The data suggest molecular HCN (rather than CN(-)) to be the attacking nucleophile around neutrality. The two slower phases do not seem to be present when cyanide is not in excess, and the other two phases have rates comparable to that observed for cobalamin, a known effective cyanide scavenger. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) did not affect the cooperativity of cyanide binding to Co(III)TMPyP, only lowered the equilibrium constant slightly to 1.2 (±0.2) × 10(11) and had an insignificant effect on the observed rate. A sublethal mouse model was used to assess the effectiveness of Co(III)TMPyP as a potential cyanide antidote. The administration of Co(III)TMPyP to sodium cyanide intoxicated mice resulted in the time required for the surviving mice to right themselves from a supine position being significantly decreased (9 ± 2 min) compared to that of the controls (33 ± 2 min). All observations were consistent with the demonstrated antidotal activity of Co(III)TMPyP operating through a cyanide-binding (i.e., scavenging) mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar S Benz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, The University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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Sharina I, Sobolevsky M, Doursout MF, Gryko D, Martin E. Cobinamides are novel coactivators of nitric oxide receptor that target soluble guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:723-32. [PMID: 22171090 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), a ubiquitously expressed heme-containing receptor for nitric oxide (NO), is a key mediator of NO-dependent processes. In addition to NO, a number of synthetic compounds that target the heme-binding region of sGC and activate it in a NO-independent fashion have been described. We report here that dicyanocobinamide (CN2-Cbi), a naturally occurring intermediate of vitamin B(12) synthesis, acts as a sGC coactivator both in vitro and in intact cells. Heme depletion or heme oxidation does not affect CN2-Cbi-dependent activation. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrates that CN2-Cbi targets a new regulatory site and functions though a novel mechanism of sGC activation. Unlike all known sGC regulators that target the N-terminal regulatory regions, CN2-Cbi directly targets the catalytic domain of sGC, resembling the effect of forskolin on adenylyl cyclases. CN2-Cbi synergistically enhances sGC activation by NO-independent regulators 3-(4-amino-5-cyclopropylpyrimidine-2-yl)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (BAY41-2272), 4-[((4-carboxybutyl){2-[(4-phenethylbenzyl)oxy]phenethyl}amino) methyl [benzoic]-acid (cinaciguat or BAY58-2667), and 5-chloro-2-(5-chloro-thiophene-2-sulfonylamino-N-(4-(morpholine-4-sulfonyl)-phenyl)-benzamide sodium salt (ataciguat or HMR-1766). BAY41-2272 and CN2-Cbi act reciprocally by decreasing the EC(50) values. CN2-Cbi increases intracellular cGMP levels and displays vasorelaxing activity in phenylephrine-constricted rat aortic rings in an endothelium-independent manner. Both effects are synergistically potentiated by BAY41-2272. These studies uncover a new mode of sGC regulation and provide a new tool for understanding the mechanism of sGC activation and function. CN2-Cbi also offers new possibilities for its therapeutic applications in augmenting the effect of other sGC-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraida Sharina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health Science Center in Houston, Medical School, 1941 East Rd., Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Petrikovics I, Jayanna P, Childress J, Budai M, Martin S, Kuzmitcheva G, Rockwood G. Optimization of liposomal lipid composition for a new, reactive sulfur donor, and in vivo efficacy studies on mice to antagonize cyanide intoxication. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2011; 2011:928626. [PMID: 22187653 PMCID: PMC3236500 DOI: 10.1155/2011/928626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Present studies have focused on a novel cyanide antidotal system, on the coencapsulation of a new sulfur donor DTO with rhodanese within sterically stabilized liposomes. The optimal lipid composition for coencapsulation of DTO with rhodanese is the combination of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, cholesterol, cationic lipid (DOTAP), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] ammonium salt (with molar ratios of 82.7 : 9.2 : 3.0 : 5.1). With the optimized compositions, prophylactic and therapeutic in vivo efficacy studies were carried out in a mice model. When DTO was coencapsulated with rhodanese and thiosulfate the prophylactic antidotal protection was 4.9 × LD(50). Maximum antidotal protection against cyanide intoxication (15 × LD(50)) was achieved with coencapsulated rhodanese and DTO/thiosulfate in combination with sodium nitrite. When applied therapeutically, 100% survival rate (6/6) was achieved at 20 mg/kg cyanide doses with the encapsulated DTO-rhodanese-thiosulfate antidotal systems with and without sodium nitrite. These data are indicating that the appropriately formulated DTO is a promising sulfur donor for cyanide antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Prashanth Jayanna
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
- Triesta Sciences, HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd, P. Kalinga Rao Road, Sampangiramnagar, Bengaluru 560 027, India
| | - Jonathan Childress
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Marianna Budai
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Galina Kuzmitcheva
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Gary Rockwood
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
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Ma J, Ohira SI, Mishra SK, Puanngam M, Dasgupta PK, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Blackledge W, Boss GR. Rapid point of care analyzer for the measurement of cyanide in blood. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4319-24. [PMID: 21553921 PMCID: PMC3105183 DOI: 10.1021/ac200768t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive optical analyzer for the rapid determination of cyanide in blood in point of care applications is described. HCN is liberated by the addition of 20% H(3)PO(4) and is absorbed by a paper filter impregnated with borate-buffered (pH 9.0) hydroxoaquocobinamide (hereinafter called cobinamide). Cobinamide on the filter changes color from orange (λ(max) = 510 nm) to violet (λ(max) = 583 nm) upon reaction with cyanide. This color change is monitored in the transmission mode by a light emitting diode (LED) with a 583 nm emission maximum and a photodiode detector. The observed rate of color change increases 10 times when the cobinamide solution for filter impregnation is prepared in borate-buffer rather than in water. The use of a second LED emitting at 653 nm and alternate pulsing of the LEDs improves the limit of detection by 4 times to ~0.5 μM for a 1 mL blood sample. Blood cyanide levels of imminent concern (≥10 μM) can be accurately measured in ~2 min. The response is proportional to the mass of cyanide in the sample: smaller sample volumes can be successfully used with proportionate change in the concentration LODs. Bubbling air through the blood-acid mixture was found effective for mixing of the acid with the sample and the liberation of HCN. A small amount of ethanol added to the top of the blood was found to be the most effective means to prevent frothing during aeration. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for repetitive determination of blood samples containing 9 μM CN was 1.09% (n = 5). The technique was compared blind with a standard microdiffusion-spectrophotometric method used for the determination of cyanide in rabbit blood. The results showed good correlation (slope 1.05, r(2) 0.9257); independent calibration standards were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Santosh K. Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Mahitti Puanngam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868
| | - Matthew Brenner
- UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868
| | - William Blackledge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
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Oszajca M, Franke A, Brindell M, Stochel G, van Eldik R. Mechanistic studies on the reactions of cyanide with a water-soluble Fe(III) porphyrin and their effect on the binding of NO. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:3413-24. [PMID: 21428315 DOI: 10.1021/ic1023345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the water-soluble Fe(III)(TMPS) porphyrin with CN(-) in basic solution leads to the stepwise formation of Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(H(2)O) and Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(2). The kinetics of the reaction of CN(-) with Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(H(2)O) was studied as a function of temperature and pressure. The positive value of the activation volume for the formation of Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(2) is consistent with the operation of a dissociatively activated mechanism and confirms the six-coordinate nature of the monocyano complex. A good agreement between the rate constants at pH 8 and 9 for the formation of the dicyano complex implies the presence of water in the axial position trans to coordinated cyanide in the monocyano complex and eliminates the existence of Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(OH) under the selected reaction conditions. Both Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(H(2)O) and Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(2) bind nitric oxide (NO) to form the same nitrosyl complex, namely, Fe(II)(TMPS)(CN)(NO(+)). Kinetic studies indicate that nitrosylation of Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(2) follows a limiting dissociative mechanism that is supported by the independence of the observed rate constant on [NO] at an appropriately high excess of NO, and the positive values of both the activation parameters ΔS(‡) and ΔV(‡) found for the reaction under such conditions. The relatively small first-order rate constant for NO binding, namely, (1.54 ± 0.01) × 10(-2) s(-1), correlates with the rate constant for CN(-) release from the Fe(III)(TMPS)(CN)(2) complex, namely, (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10(-2) s(-1) at 20 °C, and supports the proposed nitrosylation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszajca
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Nůsková H, Vrbacký M, Drahota Z, Houštěk J. Cyanide inhibition and pyruvate-induced recovery of cytochrome c oxidase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:395-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chan A, Balasubramanian M, Blackledge W, Mohammad OM, Alvarez L, Boss GR, Bigby TD. Cobinamide is superior to other treatments in a mouse model of cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:709-17. [PMID: 20704457 PMCID: PMC3119202 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2010.505197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cyanide is a rapidly acting cellular poison, primarily targeting cytochrome c oxidase, and is a common occupational and residential toxin, mostly via smoke inhalation. Cyanide is also a potential weapon of mass destruction, with recent credible threats of attacks focusing the need for better treatments, as current cyanide antidotes are limited and impractical for rapid deployment in mass casualty settings. OBJECTIVE We have used mouse models of cyanide poisoning to compare the efficacy of cobinamide (Cbi), the precursor to cobalamin (vitamin B(12)), to currently approved cyanide antidotes. Cbi has extremely high affinity for cyanide and substantial solubility in water. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied Cbi in both an inhaled and intraperitoneal model of cyanide poisoning in mice. RESULTS We found Cbi more effective than hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite, and the combination of sodium thiosulfate-sodium nitrite in treating cyanide poisoning. Compared to hydroxocobalamin, Cbi was 3 and 11 times more potent in the intraperitoneal and inhalation models, respectively. Cobinamide sulfite (Cbi-SO(3)) was rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection, and mice recovered from a lethal dose of cyanide even when given at a time when they had been apneic for over 2 min. In range-finding studies, Cbi-SO(3) at doses up to 2000 mg/kg exhibited no clinical toxicity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that Cbi is a highly effective cyanide antidote in mouse models, and suggest it could be used in a mass casualty setting, because it can be given rapidly as an intramuscular injection when administered as Cbi-SO(3). Based on these animal data Cbi-SO(3) appears to be an antidote worthy of further testing as a therapy for mass casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Chan
- Medicine Service, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA 92161
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - William Blackledge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Othman M. Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Medicine Service, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA 92161
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy D. Bigby
- Medicine Service, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA 92161
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK. Cobinamide-based cyanide analysis by multiwavelength spectrometry in a liquid core waveguide. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6244-50. [PMID: 20560532 PMCID: PMC2912415 DOI: 10.1021/ac101158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel cyanide analyzer based on sensitive cobinamide chemistry relies on simultaneous reagent and sample injection and detection in a 50 cm liquid core waveguide (LCW) flow cell illuminated by a white light emitting diode. The transmitted light is read by a fiber-optic charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer. Alkaline cobinamide (orange, lambda(max) = 510 nm) changes to violet (lambda(max) = 583 nm) upon reaction with cyanide. Multiwavelength detection permits built-in correction for artifact responses intrinsic to a single-line flow injection system and corrects for drift. With optimum choice of the reaction medium, flow rate, and mixing coil length, the limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) is 30 nM and the linear dynamic range extends to 10 microM. The response base width for 1% carryover is <95 s, permitting a throughput of 38 samples/h. The relative standard deviations (rsd) for repetitive determinations at 0.15, 0.5, and 1 microM were 7.6% (n = 5), 3.2% (n = 7), and 1.7% (n = 6), respectively. Common ions at 250-80,000x concentrations do not interfere except for sulfide. For the determination of 2 microM CN(-), the presence of 2, 5, 10, 20, 100, and 1000 microM HS(-) results in 22, 27, 48, 58, 88, and 154% overestimation of cyanide. The sulfide product actually has a different characteristic absorption, and in those samples where significant presence is likely, this can be corrected for. We demonstrate applicability by analyzing the hydrolytic cyanide extract of apple and pear seeds with orange seeds as control and also measure HCN in breath air samples. Spike recoveries in these sample extracts ranged from 91 to 108%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065
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Blackledge WC, Blackledge CW, Griesel A, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Pilz RB, Boss GR. New facile method to measure cyanide in blood. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4216-21. [PMID: 20420400 PMCID: PMC2889625 DOI: 10.1021/ac100519z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide, a well-known toxic substance that could be used as a weapon of mass destruction, is likely responsible for a substantial percentage of smoke inhalation deaths. The vitamin B(12) precursor cobinamide binds cyanide with high affinity, changing color and, correspondingly, its spectrophotometric spectrum in the ultraviolet/visible light range. Based on these spectral changes, we developed a new facile method to measure cyanide in blood using cobinamide. The limit of detection was 0.25 nmol, while the limit of quantitation was approximately 0.5 nmol. The method was reliable, requires minimal equipment, and correlated well with a previously established method. Moreover, we adapted it for rapid qualitative assessment of cyanide concentration, which could be used in the field to identify cyanide-poisoned subjects for immediate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Blackledge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093-0652
| | | | - Alexa Griesel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0230
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Renate B. Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093-0652
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093-0652
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK, Blackledge W, Boss GR. Temperature dependence of Henry's law constant for hydrogen cyanide. Generation of trace standard gaseous hydrogen cyanide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:3028-34. [PMID: 20302333 PMCID: PMC2855313 DOI: 10.1021/es1001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary data for the temperature dependent solubility of HCN in water do not presently exist for low concentrations of HCN at environmentally or physiologically relevant temperatures. Henry's Law constant (K(H), M/atm) for the vapor-solution equilibrium of HCN was determined in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 9.00 +/- 0.03 at 296.6 +/- 0.1 K) from 287-311 K. Stable gas phase concentrations of HCN are generated by established techniques, via air equilibration of aqueous cyanide partitioned by a microporous membrane. The effluent gaseous HCN, in equilibrium with the constant temperature aqueous cyanide, was collected in dilute NaOH and determined by a spectrophotometrically using cobinamide. The K(H) of HCN may be expressed as ln K(H) (M/atm) = (8205.7 +/- 341.9)/T - (25.323 +/- 1.144); r(2) = 0.9914) where T is the absolute temperature in K. This corresponds to 9.02 and 3.00 M/atm at 25 and 37.4 degrees C, respectively, compared to actual measurements of 9.86 and 3.22 at 25.0 and 37.8 degrees C, respectively. The technique also allows for convenient generation of trace levels of HCN at ppbv-ppmv levels that can be further diluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065. Phone: 817-272-3171, Fax: 817-272-3808
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065. Phone: 817-272-3171, Fax: 817-272-3808
| | - William Blackledge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
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Intramuscular cobinamide sulfite in a rabbit model of sublethal cyanide toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 55:352-63. [PMID: 20045579 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Exposure to cyanide in fires and industrial exposures and intentional cyanide poisoning by terrorists leading to mass casualties is an ongoing threat. Current treatments for cyanide poisoning must be administered intravenously, and no rapid treatment methods are available for mass casualty cyanide exposures. Cobinamide is a cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) analog with an extraordinarily high affinity for cyanide that is more water-soluble than cobalamin. We investigate the use of intramuscular cobinamide sulfite to reverse cyanide toxicity-induced physiologic changes in a sublethal cyanide exposure animal model and determine the ability of an intramuscular cobinamide sulfite injection to rapidly reverse the physiologic effects of cyanide toxicity. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits were given 10 mg sodium cyanide intravenously over 60 minutes. Quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of tissue oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations were performed concurrently with blood cyanide level measurements and cobinamide levels. Immediately after completion of the cyanide infusion, the rabbits were injected intramuscularly with cobinamide sulfite (n=6) or inactive vehicle (controls, n=5). RESULTS Intramuscular administration led to rapid mobilization of cobinamide and was extremely effective at reversing the physiologic effects of cyanide on oxyhemoglobin and within deoxyhemoglobin extraction. Recovery time to 63% of their baseline values in the central nervous system occurred within a mean of 1,032 minutes in the control group and 9 minutes in the cobinamide group, with a difference of 1,023 minutes (95% confidence interval 116 to 1,874 minutes). In muscle tissue, recovery times were 76 and 24 minutes, with a difference of 52 minutes (95% confidence interval 7 to 98 minutes). RBC cyanide levels returned toward normal significantly faster in cobinamide sulfite-treated animals than in control animals. CONCLUSION Intramuscular cobinamide sulfite rapidly and effectively reverses the physiologic effects of cyanide poisoning, suggesting that a compact cyanide antidote kit can be developed for mass casualty cyanide exposures.
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