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Yang F, Li Y, Wang L, Che H, Zhang X, Jahr H, Wang L, Jiang D, Huang H, Wang J. Full-thickness osteochondral defect repair using a biodegradable bilayered scaffold of porous zinc and chondroitin sulfate hydrogel. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:400-414. [PMID: 37885916 PMCID: PMC10598503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of osteochondral tissue necessitates the re-establishment of a gradient owing to the unique characteristics and healing potential of the chondral and osseous phases. As the self-healing capacity of hyaline cartilage is limited, timely mechanical support during neo-cartilage formation is crucial to achieving optimal repair efficacy. In this study, we devised a biodegradable bilayered scaffold, comprising chondroitin sulfate (CS) hydrogel to regenerate chondral tissue and a porous pure zinc (Zn) scaffold for regeneration of the underlying bone as mechanical support for the cartilage layer. The photocured CS hydrogel possessed a compressive strength of 82 kPa, while the porous pure Zn scaffold exhibited a yield strength of 11 MPa and a stiffness of 0.8 GPa. Such mechanical properties are similar to values reported for cancellous bone. In vitro biological experiments demonstrated that the bilayered scaffold displayed favorable cytocompatibility and promoted chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Upon implantation, the scaffold facilitated the simultaneous regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue in a porcine model, resulting in (i) a smoother cartilage surface, (ii) more hyaline-like cartilage, and (iii) a superior integration into the adjacent host tissue. Our bilayered scaffold exhibits significant potential for clinical application in osteochondral regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yageng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Haodong Che
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Jahr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany
- Institute of Structural Mechanics and Lightweight Design, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luning Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Niu X, Li N, Du Z, Li X. Integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffolds: Challenges, current efforts and future perspectives. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:574-597. [PMID: 35846846 PMCID: PMC9254262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been proposed as a promising strategy to meet the demand of simultaneous regeneration of both cartilage and subchondral bone by constructing integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffold (IGTEOS). This review brought forward the main challenges of establishing a satisfactory IGTEOS from the perspectives of the complexity of physiology and microenvironment of osteochondral tissue, and the limitations of obtaining the desired and required scaffold. Then, we comprehensively discussed and summarized the current tissue-engineered efforts to resolve the above challenges, including architecture strategies, fabrication techniques and in vitro/in vivo evaluation methods of the IGTEOS. Especially, we highlighted the advantages and limitations of various fabrication techniques of IGTEOS, and common cases of IGTEOS application. Finally, based on the above challenges and current research progress, we analyzed in details the future perspectives of tissue-engineered osteochondral construct, so as to achieve the perfect reconstruction of the cartilaginous and osseous layers of osteochondral tissue simultaneously. This comprehensive and instructive review could provide deep insights into our current understanding of IGTEOS. Providing main challenges to establish integrated gradient osteochondral scaffold. Discussing the current tissue-engineered efforts to resolve the above challenges. Highlighting construct techniques, and evaluation index and methods of IGTEOS. Discussing the future perspectives to achieve perfect osteochondral reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
| | - Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 072350, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Dwivedi G, Flaman L, Alaybeyoglu B, Struglics A, Frank EH, Chubinskya S, Trippel SB, Rosen V, Cirit M, Grodzinsky AJ. Inflammatory cytokines and mechanical injury induce post-traumatic osteoarthritis-like changes in a human cartilage-bone-synovium microphysiological system. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:198. [PMID: 35982461 PMCID: PMC9386988 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic knee injuries in humans trigger an immediate increase in synovial fluid levels of inflammatory cytokines that accompany impact damage to joint tissues. We developed a human in vitro cartilage-bone-synovium (CBS) coculture model to study the role of mechanical injury and inflammation in the initiation of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA)-like disease. Methods Osteochondral plugs (cartilage-bone, CB) along with joint capsule synovium explants (S) were harvested from 25 cadaveric distal femurs from 16 human donors (Collin’s grade 0–2, 23–83years). Two-week monocultures (cartilage (C), bone (B), synovium (S)) and cocultures (CB, CBS) were established. A PTOA-like disease group was initiated via coculture of synovium explants with mechanically impacted osteochondral plugs (CBS+INJ, peak stress 5MPa) with non-impacted CB as controls. Disease-like progression was assessed through analyses of changes in cell viability, inflammatory cytokines released to media (10-plex ELISA), tissue matrix degradation, and metabolomics profile. Results Immediate increases in concentrations of a panel of inflammatory cytokines occurred in CBS+INJ and CBS cocultures and cultures with S alone (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α among others). CBS+INJ and CBS also showed increased chondrocyte death compared to uninjured CB. The release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and associated ARGS-aggrecan neoepitope fragments to the medium was significantly increased in CBS and CBS+INJ groups. Distinct metabolomics profiles were observed for C, B, and S monocultures, and metabolites related to inflammatory response in CBS versus CB (e.g., kynurenine, 1-methylnicotinamide, and hypoxanthine) were identified. Conclusion CBS and CBS+INJ models showed distinct cellular, inflammatory, and matrix-related alterations relevant to PTOA-like initiation/progression. The use of human knee tissues from donors that had no prior history of OA disease suggests the relevance of this model in highlighting the role of injury and inflammation in earliest stages of PTOA progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02881-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Flaman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Begum Alaybeyoglu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Javelin Biotech, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - André Struglics
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eliot H Frank
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Chubinskya
- Departments of Pediatrics, Orthopedic Surgery and Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-377, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Li Z, Lin Z, Liu S, Yagi H, Zhang X, Yocum L, Romero‐Lopez M, Rhee C, Makarcyzk MJ, Yu I, Li EN, Fritch MR, Gao Q, Goh KB, O'Donnell B, Hao T, Alexander PG, Mahadik B, Fisher JP, Goodman SB, Bunnell BA, Tuan RS, Lin H. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Miniature Joint System for Disease Modeling and Drug Testing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105909. [PMID: 35436042 PMCID: PMC9313499 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the knee joint such as osteoarthritis (OA) affect all joint elements. An in vitro human cell-derived microphysiological system capable of simulating intraarticular tissue crosstalk is desirable for studying etiologies/pathogenesis of joint diseases and testing potential therapeutics. Herein, a human mesenchymal stem cell-derived miniature joint system (miniJoint) is generated, in which engineered osteochondral complex, synovial-like fibrous tissue, and adipose tissue are integrated into a microfluidics-enabled bioreactor. This novel design facilitates different tissues communicating while still maintaining their respective phenotypes. The miniJoint exhibits physiologically relevant changes when exposed to interleukin-1β mediated inflammation, which are similar to observations in joint diseases in humans. The potential of the miniJoint in predicting in vivo efficacy of drug treatment is confirmed by testing the "therapeutic effect" of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, as well as four other potential disease-modifying OA drugs. The data demonstrate that the miniJoint recapitulates complex tissue interactions, thus providing a robust organ chip model for the study of joint pathology and the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15261USA
| | - Haruyo Yagi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Xiurui Zhang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Lauren Yocum
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | | | - Claire Rhee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Meagan J. Makarcyzk
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPA15260USA
| | - Ilhan Yu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Eileen N. Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPA15260USA
| | - Madalyn R. Fritch
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Kek Boon Goh
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79104Germany
- School of EngineeringMonash University MalaysiaSelangor47500Malaysia
| | - Benjamen O'Donnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative MedicineTulane University School of MedicineOrleansLA70112USA
| | - Tingjun Hao
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - John P. Fisher
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative MedicineTulane University School of MedicineOrleansLA70112USA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and GeneticsUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX76107USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPA15260USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
- Present address:
The Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPA15260USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15219USA
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5
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Khajouei S, Hosseinzadeh E, Ravan H, Mohammadi A. Binary detection of protein and nucleic acid enabled cancer diagnosis through branched hybridization chain reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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7
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Wang Z, Wang H, Xiong J, Li J, Miao X, Lan X, Liu X, Wang W, Cai N, Tang Y. Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of PCL/gelatin hierarchical scaffolds based on melt electrospinning writing and solution electrospinning for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112287. [PMID: 34474838 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging 3D printing technique, melt electrospinning writing (MEW) has been used to fabricate scaffolds with controllable structure and good mechanical strength for bone regeneration. However, how to further improve MEW scaffolds with nanoscale extracellular matrix (ECM) mimic structure and bioactivity is still challenging. In this study, we proposed a simple composite process by combining MEW and solution electrospinning (SE) to fabricate a micro/nano hierarchical scaffold for bone tissue engineering. The morphological results confirmed the hierarchical structure with both well-defined MEW microfibrous grid structure and SE random nanofiber morphology. The addition of gelatin nanofibers turned the scaffolds to be hydrophilic, and led to a slight enhancement of mechanical strength. Compared with PCL MEW scaffolds, higher cell adhesion efficiency, improved cell proliferation and higher osteoinductive ability were achieved for the MEW/SE composite scaffolds. Finally, multilayer composite scaffolds were fabricated by alternately stacking of MEW layer and SE layer and used to assess the effect on cell ingrowth in the scaffolds. The results showed that gelatin nanofibers did not inhibit cell penetration, but promoted the three-dimensional growth of bone cells. Thus, the strategy of the combined use of MEW and SE is a potential method to fabricate micro/nano hierarchical scaffolds to improve bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ultra-precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Miao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingzi Lan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xujie Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nian Cai
- School of Information Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yadong Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Bartolotti I, Roseti L, Petretta M, Grigolo B, Desando G. A Roadmap of In Vitro Models in Osteoarthritis: A Focus on Their Biological Relevance in Regenerative Medicine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1920. [PMID: 33925222 PMCID: PMC8124812 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifaceted musculoskeletal disorder, with a high prevalence worldwide. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are among the main biological targets in the OA microenvironment. Gaining more knowledge on the accuracy of preclinical in vitro OA models could open innovative avenues in regenerative medicine to bridge major gaps, especially in translation from animals to humans. Our methodological approach entailed searches on Scopus, the Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select the most relevant preclinical in vitro models for studying OA. Predicting the biological response of regenerative strategies requires developing relevant preclinical models able to mimic the OA milieu influencing tissue responses and organ complexity. In this light, standard 2D culture models lack critical properties beyond cell biology, while animal models suffer from several limitations due to species differences. In the literature, most of the in vitro models only recapitulate a tissue compartment, by providing fragmented results. Biotechnological advances may enable scientists to generate new in vitro models that combine easy manipulation and organ complexity. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of preclinical in vitro models in OA and outline how the different preclinical systems (inflammatory/biomechanical/microfluidic models) may be valid tools in regenerative medicine, describing their pros and cons. We then discuss the prospects of specific and combinatorial models to predict biological responses following regenerative approaches focusing on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapies to reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bartolotti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Livia Roseti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Mauro Petretta
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
- RegenHu Company, Z.I Du Vivier 22, 1690 Villaz-St-Pierre, Switzerland
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Giovanna Desando
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
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9
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Pirosa A, Gottardi R, Alexander PG, Puppi D, Chiellini F, Tuan RS. An in vitro chondro-osteo-vascular triphasic model of the osteochondral complex. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120773. [PMID: 33798958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of engineered models of the osteochondral complex to study its pathologies and develop possible treatments is hindered by the distinctly different properties of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, with the latter characterized by vascularization. In vitro models of the osteochondral complex have been mainly engineered as biphasic constructs containing just cartilage and bone cells, a condition very dissimilar from the in vivo environment. The different cellular components of the osteochondral complex are governed by interacting biochemical signaling; hence, to study the crosstalk among chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells, we have developed a novel triphasic model of the osteochondral tissue interface. Wet-spun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL/hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds in combination with a methacrylated gelatin (gelMA) hydrogel were used as the polymeric backbone of the constructs. The scaffold components were engineered with human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and differentiated using a dual chamber microphysiological system (MPS) bioreactor that allows the simultaneous, separate flow of media of different compositions for induced differentiation of each compartment towards a cartilaginous or osseous lineage. Within the engineered Microphysiological Vascularized Osteochondral System, hMSCs showed spatially distinct chondrogenic and osteogenic markers in terms of histology and gene expression. HUVECs formed a stable capillary-like network in the engineered bone compartment and enhanced both chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, resulting in the generation of an in vitro system that mimics a vascularized osteochondral interface tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pirosa
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; BIOlab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario Puppi
- BIOlab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- BIOlab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Feng C, Ma B, Xu M, Zhai D, Liu Y, Xue J, Chang J, Wu C. Three-Dimensional Printing of Scaffolds with Synergistic Effects of Micro-Nano Surfaces and Hollow Channels for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:872-880. [PMID: 33715371 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing technology with unique strategies for accurate fabrication of biomaterials in regenerative medicine has been widely applied in bone regeneration. However, the traditional 3D printing scaffolds are only stacked by solid struts without any hollow channel structures, which limits the new bone tissue formation. In this study, a special 3D scaffold with hollow channels and a micro-nano surface was prepared by a modified 3D printing strategy combined with the hydrothermal treatment approach. By regulating the reaction solution of hydrothermal treatment, the micro-nano structures formed on the surface of scaffolds can be successfully controlled. Moreover, the scaffolds have the ability to facilitate the attachment and proliferation of BMSCs after culturing for 1, 3, and 7 days in vitro. Interestingly, the in vivo results demonstrated that the hollow channels and the micro-nano surface present synergistic effects on bone regeneration. They both boost the new bone formation in femur defects in rabbits for 12 weeks after operation. The study demonstrates a 3D scaffold with special surface microstructures and hollow struts that can overcome the shortages of most traditional scaffolds and meanwhile improve the bioactivity of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengchi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianmin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Makarczyk MJ, Gao Q, He Y, Li Z, Gold MS, Hochberg MC, Bunnell BA, Tuan RS, Goodman SB, Lin H. Current Models for Development of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:124-138. [PMID: 33403944 PMCID: PMC8098772 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and disabling disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Symptom-alleviating treatments exist, although none with long-term efficacy. Furthermore, there are currently no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) with demonstrated efficacy in OA patients, which is, in part, attributed to a lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of OA. The inability to translate findings from basic research to clinical applications also highlights the deficiencies in the available OA models at simulating the clinically relevant pathologies and responses to treatments in humans. In this review, the current status in the development of DMOADs will be first presented, with special attention to those in Phase II-IV clinical trials. Next, current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo OA models are summarized and the respective advantages and disadvantages of each are highlighted. Of note, the development and application of microphysiological or tissue-on-a-chip systems for modeling OA in humans are presented and the issues that need to be addressed in the future are discussed. Microphysiological systems should be given serious consideration for their inclusion in the DMOAD development pipeline, both for their ability to predict drug safety and efficacy in human clinical trials at present, as well as for their potential to serve as a test platform for personalized medicine. Impact statement At present, no disease-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) drugs (DMOADs) have been approved for widespread clinical use by regulatory bodies. The failure of developing effective DMOADs is likely owing to multiple factors, not the least of which are the intrinsic differences between the intact human knee joint and the preclinical models. This work summarizes the current OA models for the development of DMOADs, discusses the advantages/disadvantages of each, and then proposes future model development to aid in the discovery of effective and personalized DMOADs. The review also highlights the microphysiological systems, which are emerging as a new platform for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J. Makarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Yuchen He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S. Gold
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C. Hochberg
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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O'Connor SK, Katz DB, Oswald SJ, Groneck L, Guilak F. Formation of Osteochondral Organoids from Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:1099-1109. [PMID: 33191853 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a debilitating joint disease that is characterized by pathologic changes in both cartilage and bone, potentially involving cross talk between these tissues that is complicated by extraneous factors that are difficult to study in vivo. To create a model system of these cartilage-bone interactions, we developed an osteochondral organoid from murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Using this approach, we grew organoids from a single cell type through time-dependent sequential exposure of growth factors, namely transforming growth factor β-3 and bone morphogenic protein 2, to mirror bone development through endochondral ossification. The result is a cartilaginous region and a calcified bony region comprising an organoid with the potential for joint disease drug screening and investigation of genetic risk in a patient or disease-specific manner. Furthermore, we also investigated the possibility of the differentiated cells within the organoid to revert to a pluripotent state. It was found that while the cells themselves maintain the capacity for reinduction of pluripotency, encapsulation in the newly formed 3D matrix prevents this process from occurring, which could have implications for future clinical use of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dakota B Katz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sara J Oswald
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Logan Groneck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Chiesa I, De Maria C, Lapomarda A, Fortunato GM, Montemurro F, Di Gesù R, Tuan RS, Vozzi G, Gottardi R. Endothelial cells support osteogenesis in an in vitro vascularized bone model developed by 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025013. [PMID: 31929117 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6a1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, in which vascularization and mineralization are concurrent processes during skeletal development. Indeed, both components should be included in any reliable and adherent in vitro model platform for the study of bone physiology and pathogenesis of skeletal disorders. To this end, we developed an in vitro vascularized bone model, using a gelatin-nanohydroxyapatite (gel-nHA) three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted scaffold. First, we seeded human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the scaffold, which underwent osteogenic differentiation for 2 weeks. Then, we included lentiviral-GFP transfected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) within the 3D bioprinted scaffold macropores to form a capillary-like network during 2 more weeks of culture. We tested three experimental conditions: condition 1, bone constructs with HUVECs cultured in 1:1 osteogenic medium (OM): endothelial medium (EM); condition 2, bone constructs without HUVECs cultured in 1:1 OM:EM; condition 3: bone construct with HUVECs cultured in 1:1 growth medium:EM. All samples resulted in engineered bone matrix. In conditions 1 and 3, HUVECs formed tubular structures within the bone constructs, with the assembly of a complex capillary-like network visible by fluorescence microscopy in the live tissue and histology. CD31 immunostaining confirmed significant vascular lumen formation. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify osteogenic differentiation and endothelial response. Alkaline phosphatase and runt-related transcription factor 2 upregulation confirmed early osteogenic commitment of hMSCs. Even when OM was removed under condition 3, we observed clear osteogenesis, which was notably accompanied by upregulation of osteopontin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagen type I. These findings indicate that we have successfully realized a bone model with robust vascularization in just 4 weeks of culture and we highlighted how the inclusion of endothelial cells more realistically supports osteogenesis. The approach reported here resulted in a biologically inspired in vitro model of bone vascularization, simulating de novo morphogenesis of capillary vessels occurring during tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chiesa
- Research Center 'E. Piaggio', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America. Dept. of Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Parrish J, Lim K, Zhang B, Radisic M, Woodfield TBF. New Frontiers for Biofabrication and Bioreactor Design in Microphysiological System Development. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1327-1343. [PMID: 31202544 PMCID: PMC6874730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPSs) have been proposed as an improved tool to recreate the complex biological features of the native niche with the goal of improving in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. In just over a decade, MPS technologies have progressed from single-tissue chips to multitissue plates with integrated pumps for perfusion. Concurrently, techniques for biofabrication of complex 3D constructs for regenerative medicine and 3D in vitro models have evolved into a diverse toolbox for micrometer-scale deposition of cells and cell-laden bioinks. However, as the complexity of biological models increases, experimental throughput is often compromised. This review discusses the existing disparity between MPS complexity and throughput, then examines an MPS-terminated biofabrication line to identify the hurdles and potential approaches to overcoming this disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Parrish
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence (MedTech CoRE), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Khoon Lim
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence (MedTech CoRE), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; New Zealand Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence (MedTech CoRE), Auckland, New Zealand.
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15
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Xue R, Chung B, Tamaddon M, Carr J, Liu C, Cartmell SH. Osteochondral tissue coculture: An in vitro and in silico approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3112-3123. [PMID: 31334830 PMCID: PMC6790609 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue engineering aims to regenerate functional tissue‐mimicking physiological properties of injured cartilage and its subchondral bone. Given the distinct structural and biochemical difference between bone and cartilage, bilayered scaffolds, and bioreactors are commonly employed. We present an osteochondral culture system which cocultured ATDC5 and MC3T3‐E1 cells on an additive manufactured bilayered scaffold in a dual‐chamber perfusion bioreactor. Also, finite element models (FEM) based on the microcomputed tomography image of the manufactured scaffold as well as on the computer‐aided design (CAD) were constructed; the microenvironment inside the two FEM was studied and compared. In vitro results showed that the coculture system supported osteochondral tissue growth in terms of cell viability, proliferation, distribution, and attachment. In silico results showed that the CAD and the actual manufactured scaffold had significant differences in the flow velocity, differentiation media mixing in the bioreactor and fluid‐induced shear stress experienced by the cells. This system was shown to have the desired microenvironment for osteochondral tissue engineering and it can potentially be used as an inexpensive tool for testing newly developed pharmaceutical products for osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Xue
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benedict Chung
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Carr
- Manchester Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Harriet Cartmell
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Iseki T, Rothrauff BB, Kihara S, Sasaki H, Yoshiya S, Fu FH, Tuan RS, Gottardi R. Dynamic Compressive Loading Improves Cartilage Repair in an In Vitro Model of Microfracture: Comparison of 2 Mechanical Loading Regimens on Simulated Microfracture Based on Fibrin Gel Scaffolds Encapsulating Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2188-2199. [PMID: 31307219 PMCID: PMC6637720 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519855645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microfracture of focal chondral defects often produces fibrocartilage, which inconsistently integrates with the surrounding native tissue and possesses inferior mechanical properties compared with hyaline cartilage. Mechanical loading modulates cartilage during development, but it remains unclear how loads produced in the course of postoperative rehabilitation affect the formation of the new fibrocartilaginous tissue. PURPOSE To assess the influence of different mechanical loading regimens, including dynamic compressive stress or rotational shear stress, on an in vitro model of microfracture repair based on fibrin gel scaffolds encapsulating connective tissue progenitor cells. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Cylindrical cores were made in bovine hyaline cartilage explants and filled with either (1) cartilage plug returned to original location (positive control), (2) fibrin gel (negative control), or (3) fibrin gel with encapsulated connective tissue progenitor cells (microfracture mimic). Constructs were then subjected to 1 of 3 loading regimens: (1) no loading (ie, unloaded), (2) dynamic compressive loading, or (3) rotational shear loading. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21, the integration strength between the outer chondral ring and the central insert was measured with an electroforce mechanical tester. The central core component, mimicking microfracture neotissue, was also analyzed for gene expression by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, glycosaminoglycan, and double-stranded DNA contents, and tissue morphology was analyzed histologically. RESULTS Integration strengths between the outer chondral ring and central neotissue of the cartilage plug and fibrin + cells groups significantly increased upon exposure to compressive loading compared with day 0 controls (P = .007). Compressive loading upregulated expression of chondrogenesis-associated genes (SRY-related HGMG box-containing gene 9 [SOX9], collagen type II α1 [COL2A1], and increased ratio of COL2A1 to collagen type I α1 [COL1A1], an indicator of more hyaline phenotype) in the neotissue of the fibrin + cells group compared with the unloaded group at day 21 (SOX9, P = .0032; COL2A1, P < .0001; COL2A1:COL1A1, P = .0308). Fibrin + cells constructs exposed to shear loading expressed higher levels of chondrogenic genes compared with the unloaded condition, but the levels were not as high as those for the compressive loading condition. Furthermore, catabolic markers (MMP3 and ADAMTS 5) were significantly upregulated by shear loading (P = .0234 and P < .0001, respectively) at day 21 compared with day 0. CONCLUSION Dynamic compressive loading enhanced neotissue chondrogenesis and maturation in a simulated in vitro model of microfracture, with generation of more hyaline-like cartilage and improved integration with the surrounding tissue. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Controlled loading after microfracture may be beneficial in promoting the formation of more hyaline-like cartilage repair tissue; however, the loading regimens applied in this in vitro model do not yet fully reproduce the complex loading patterns created during clinical rehabilitation. Further optimization of in vitro models of cartilage repair may ultimately inform rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iseki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan
| | - Benjamin B. Rothrauff
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shinsuke Kihara
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Freddie H. Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
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17
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Stylianou A, Kontomaris SV, Grant C, Alexandratou E. Atomic Force Microscopy on Biological Materials Related to Pathological Conditions. SCANNING 2019; 2019:8452851. [PMID: 31214274 PMCID: PMC6535871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an easy-to-use, powerful, high-resolution microscope that allows the user to image any surface and under any aqueous condition. AFM has been used in the investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of a wide range of biological matters including biomolecules, biomaterials, cells, and tissues. It provides the capacity to acquire high-resolution images of biosamples at the nanoscale and allows at readily carrying out mechanical characterization. The capacity of AFM to image and interact with surfaces, under physiologically relevant conditions, is of great importance for realistic and accurate medical and pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper is to review recent trends of the use of AFM on biological materials related to health and sickness. First, we present AFM components and its different imaging modes and we continue with combined imaging and coupled AFM systems. Then, we discuss the use of AFM to nanocharacterize collagen, the major fibrous protein of the human body, which has been correlated with many pathological conditions. In the next section, AFM nanolevel surface characterization as a tool to detect possible pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis and cancer is presented. Finally, we demonstrate the use of AFM for studying other pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), through the investigation of amyloid fibrils and viruses, respectively. Consequently, AFM stands out as the ideal research instrument for exploring the detection of pathological conditions even at very early stages, making it very attractive in the area of bio- and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2238, Cyprus
| | - Stylianos-Vasileios Kontomaris
- Mobile Radio Communications Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
- Athens Metropolitan College, Sorou 74, Marousi 15125, Greece
| | - Colin Grant
- Hitachi High-Technologies Europe, Techspace One, Keckwick Lane, Warrington WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eleni Alexandratou
- Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
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Singh YP, Moses JC, Bhardwaj N, Mandal BB. Injectable hydrogels: a new paradigm for osteochondral tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5499-5529. [PMID: 32254962 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue engineering has become a promising strategy for repairing focal chondral lesions and early osteoarthritis (OA), which account for progressive joint pain and disability in millions of people worldwide. Towards improving osteochondral tissue repair, injectable hydrogels have emerged as promising matrices due to their wider range of properties such as their high water content and porous framework, similarity to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), ability to encapsulate cells within the matrix and ability to provide biological cues for cellular differentiation. Further, their properties such as those that facilitate minimally invasive deployment or delivery, and their ability to repair geometrically complex irregular defects have been critical for their success. In this review, we provide an overview of innovative approaches to engineer injectable hydrogels towards improved osteochondral tissue repair. Herein, we focus on understanding the biology of osteochondral tissue and osteoarthritis along with the need for injectable hydrogels in osteochondral tissue engineering. Furthermore, we discuss in detail different biomaterials (natural and synthetic) and various advanced fabrication methods being employed for the development of injectable hydrogels in osteochondral repair. In addition, in vitro and in vivo applications of developed injectable hydrogels for osteochondral tissue engineering are also reviewed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives of using injectable hydrogels in osteochondral tissue engineering are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India.
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20
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Ren C, Liang Z. Piperine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory injury by down-regulating microRNA-127 in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:947-954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Micro/Nano Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:125-139. [PMID: 29691820 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
To develop an osteochondral tissue regeneration strategy it is extremely important to take into account the multiscale organization of the natural extracellular matrix. The structure and gradients of organic and inorganic components present in the cartilage and bone tissues must be considered together. Another critical aspect is an efficient interface between both tissues. So far, most of the approaches were focused on the development of multilayer or stratified scaffolds which resemble the structural composition of bone and cartilage, not considering in detail a transitional interface layer. Typically, those scaffolds have been produced by the combined use of two or more processing techniques (microtechnologies and nanotechnologies) and materials (organic and inorganic). A significant number of works was focused on either cartilage or bone, but there is a growing interest in the development of the osteochondral interface and in tissue engineering models of composite constructs that can mimic the cartilage/bone tissues. The few works that give attention to the interface between cartilage and bone, as well as to the biochemical gradients observed at the osteochondral unit, are also herein described.
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Stephenson MK, Farris AL, Grayson WL. Recent Advances in Tissue Engineering Strategies for the Treatment of Joint Damage. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 19:44. [PMID: 28718059 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While the clinical potential of tissue engineering for treating joint damage has yet to be realized, research and commercialization efforts in the field are geared towards overcoming major obstacles to clinical translation, as well as towards achieving engineered grafts that recapitulate the unique structures, function, and physiology of the joint. In this review, we describe recent advances in technologies aimed at obtaining biomaterials, stem cells, and bioreactors that will enable the development of effective tissue-engineered treatments for repairing joint damage. RECENT FINDINGS 3D printing of scaffolds is aimed at improving the mechanical structure and microenvironment necessary for bone regeneration within a damaged joint. Advances in our understanding of stem cell biology and cell manufacturing processes are informing translational strategies for the therapeutic use of allogeneic and autologous cells. Finally, bioreactors used in combination with cells and biomaterials are promising strategies for generating large tissue grafts for repairing damaged tissues in pre-clinical models. Together, these advances along with ongoing research directions are making tissue engineering increasingly viable for the treatment of joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makeda K Stephenson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Building 5023, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley L Farris
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Building 5023, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Warren L Grayson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Building 5023, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Pirosa A, Gottardi R, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. Engineering in-vitro stem cell-based vascularized bone models for drug screening and predictive toxicology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29678192 PMCID: PMC5910611 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of veritable in-vitro models of bone tissue is essential to understand the biology of bone and its surrounding environment, to analyze the pathogenesis of bone diseases (e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, etc.), to develop effective therapeutic drug screening, and to test potential therapeutic strategies. Dysregulated interactions between vasculature and bone cells are often related to the aforementioned pathologies, underscoring the need for a bone model that contains engineered vasculature. Due to ethical restraints and limited prediction power of animal models, human stem cell-based tissue engineering has gained increasing relevance as a candidate approach to overcome the limitations of animals and to serve as preclinical models for drug testing. Since bone is a highly vascularized tissue, the concomitant development of vasculature and mineralized matrix requires a synergistic interaction between osteogenic and endothelial precursors. A number of experimental approaches have been used to achieve this goal, such as the combination of angiogenic factors and three-dimensional scaffolds, prevascularization strategies, and coculture systems. In this review, we present an overview of the current models and approaches to generate in-vitro stem cell-based vascularized bone, with emphasis on the main challenges of vasculature engineering. These challenges are related to the choice of biomaterials, scaffold fabrication techniques, and cells, as well as the type of culturing conditions required, and specifically the application of dynamic culture systems using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pirosa
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, Palermo, 90133 Italy
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Bonnevie ED, Mauck RL. Physiology and Engineering of the Graded Interfaces of Musculoskeletal Junctions. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 20:403-429. [PMID: 29641907 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system can be grouped into fibrous, cartilaginous, and calcified tissues. While each tissue type has a distinct composition and function, the intersections between these tissues result in the formation of complex, composite, and graded junctions. The complexity of these interfaces is a critical aspect of their healthy function, but poses a significant challenge for their repair. In this review, we describe the organization and structure of complex musculoskeletal interfaces, identify emerging technologies for engineering such structures, and outline the requirements for assessing the complex nature of these tissues in the context of recapitulating their function through tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Bonnevie
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Col. Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Col. Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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25
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Nichols DA, Sondh IS, Little SR, Zunino P, Gottardi R. Design and validation of an osteochondral bioreactor for the screening of treatments for osteoarthritis. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:18. [PMID: 29445972 PMCID: PMC5813085 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors are systems that can be used to monitor the response of tissues and cells to candidate drugs. Building on the experience developed in the creation of an osteochondral bioreactor, we have designed a new 3D printed system, which allows optical access to the cells throughout testing for in line monitoring. Because of the use of 3D printing, the fluidics could be developed in the third dimension, thus maintaining the footprint of a single well of a typical 96 well plate. This new design was optimized to achieve the maximum fluid transport through the central chamber, which corresponds to optimal nutrient or drug exposure. This optimization was achieved by altering each dimension of the bioreactor fluid path. A physical model for optimized drug exposure was then created and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Nichols
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Inderbir S Sondh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paolo Zunino
- Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy.
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26
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Khorshidi S, Karkhaneh A. A review on gradient hydrogel/fiber scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e1974-e1990. [PMID: 29243352 DOI: 10.1002/term.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue regeneration is a complicated field due to the distinct properties and healing potential of osseous and chondral phases. In a natural osteochondral region, the composition, mechanics, and structure vary smoothly from bony to cartilaginous phase. Therefore, a homogeneous scaffold cannot satisfy the complexity of the osteochondral matrix. In essence, a natural extracellular matrix is composed of fibrous proteins elongated into a gelatinous background. A hydrogel/fiber scaffold possessing gradient in both phases would be of the utmost interest to imitate tissue arrangement of a native osteochondral interface. However, there are limited research works that exploit hydrogel/fiber scaffolds for osteochondral restoration. In the present review, currently used fibrous or gelatinous scaffolds for osteochondral damages are discussed. Moreover, superiority of using gradient hydrogel/fiber composites for osteochondral regeneration and practical approaches to develop those scaffolds is debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Khorshidi
- Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Karkhaneh
- Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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27
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Large-Scale Expansion and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Microcarrier-Based Stirred Bioreactors. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1502:87-102. [PMID: 26892015 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an important tool for tissue engineering, thanks to their differentiation potential and their broad trophic activities. However, for clinical purposes or for relevant in vitro applications, large quantities of MSCs are required, which could hardly be reached using conventional cultivation in plastic dishes. Microcarriers have high surface to volume ratio, which enables the easy scale-up of the expansion and differentiation of MSCs. In addition, the agitation in stirred tank bioreactors limits the diffusion gradient of nutrients or morphogens, thus providing a physiologically relevant environment to favor MSC production at large scale. This work describes a simple method for the mass expansion and differentiation of MSCs, including the procedures to monitor the proliferation, metabolic status and phenotype of MSCs during suspension culture. Moreover, this work proposes suitable materials for cGMP compliant culture conditions enabling the clinical grade production of MSCs.
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Gadjanski I. Mimetic Hierarchical Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:143-170. [PMID: 29691821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to engineer biomimetic osteochondral (OC) construct, it is necessary to address both the cartilage and bone phase of the construct, as well as the interface between them, in effect mimicking the developmental processes when generating hierarchical scaffolds that show gradual changes of physical and mechanical properties, ideally complemented with the biochemical gradients. There are several components whose characteristics need to be taken into account in such biomimetic approach, including cells, scaffolds, bioreactors as well as various developmental processes such as mesenchymal condensation and vascularization, that need to be stimulated through the use of growth factors, mechanical stimulation, purinergic signaling, low oxygen conditioning, and immunomodulation. This chapter gives overview of these biomimetic OC system components, including the OC interface, as well as various methods of fabrication utilized in OC biomimetic tissue engineering (TE) of gradient scaffolds. Special attention is given to addressing the issue of achieving clinical size, anatomically shaped constructs. Besides such neotissue engineering for potential clinical use, other applications of biomimetic OC TE including formation of the OC tissues to be used as high-fidelity disease/healing models and as in vitro models for drug toxicity/efficacy evaluation are covered. HIGHLIGHTS Biomimetic OC TE uses "smart" scaffolds able to locally regulate cell phenotypes and dual-flow bioreactors for two sets of conditions for cartilage/bone Protocols for hierarchical OC grafts engineering should entail mesenchymal condensation for cartilage and vascular component for bone Immunomodulation, low oxygen tension, purinergic signaling, time dependence of stimuli application are important aspects to consider in biomimetic OC TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica, Novi Sad, Serbia. .,Belgrade Metropolitan University, Tadeusa Koscuska 63, Belgrade, Serbia.
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29
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Bicho D, Pina S, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. In Vitro Mimetic Models for the Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:373-394. [PMID: 29736583 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In embryonic development, pure cartilage structures are in the basis of bone-cartilage interfaces. Despite this fact, the mature bone and cartilage structures can vary greatly in composition and function. Nevertheless, they collaborate in the osteochondral region to create a smooth transition zone that supports the movements and forces resulting from the daily activities. In this sense, all the hierarchical organization is involved in the maintenance and reestablishment of the equilibrium in case of damage. Therefore, this interface has attracted a great deal of interest in order to understand the mechanisms of regeneration or disease progression in osteoarthritis. With that purpose, in vitro tissue models (either static or dynamic) have been studied. Static in vitro tissue models include monocultures, co-cultures, 3D cultures, and ex vivo cultures, mostly cultivated in flat surfaces, while dynamic models involve the use of bioreactors and microfluidic systems. The latter have emerged as alternatives to study the cellular interactions in a more authentic manner over some disadvantages of the static models. The current alternatives of in vitro mimetic models for bone-cartilage interface regeneration are overviewed and discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bicho
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Pina
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
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Cyr KJ, Avaldi OM, Wikswo JP. Circadian hormone control in a human-on-a-chip: In vitro biology's ignored component? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1714-1731. [PMID: 29065796 PMCID: PMC5832251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-Chips (OoCs) are poised to reshape dramatically the study of biology by replicating in vivo the function of individual and coupled human organs. Such microphysiological systems (MPS) have already recreated complex physiological responses necessary to simulate human organ function not evident in two-dimensional in vitro biological experiments. OoC researchers hope to streamline pharmaceutical development, accelerate toxicology studies, limit animal testing, and provide new insights beyond the capability of current biological models. However, to develop a physiologically accurate Human-on-a-Chip, i.e., an MPS homunculus that functions as an interconnected, whole-body, model organ system, one must couple individual OoCs with proper fluidic and metabolic scaling. This will enable the study of the effects of organ-organ interactions on the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Critical to these efforts will be the recapitulation of the complex physiological signals that regulate the endocrine, metabolic, and digestive systems. To date, with the exception of research focused on reproductive organs on chips, most OoC research ignores homuncular endocrine regulation, in particular the circadian rhythms that modulate the function of all organ systems. We outline the importance of cyclic endocrine regulation and the role that it may play in the development of MPS homunculi for the pharmacology, toxicology, and systems biology communities. Moreover, we discuss the critical end-organ hormone interactions that are most relevant for a typical coupled-OoC system, and the possible research applications of a missing endocrine system MicroFormulator (MES-µF) that could impose biological rhythms on in vitro models. By linking OoCs together through chemical messenger systems, advanced physiological phenomena relevant to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies can be replicated. The concept of a MES-µF could be applied to other standard cell-culture systems such as well plates, thereby extending the concept of circadian hormonal regulation to much of in vitro biology. Impact statement Historically, cyclic endocrine modulation has been largely ignored within in vitro cell culture, in part because cultured cells typically have their media changed every day or two, precluding hourly adjustment of hormone concentrations to simulate circadian rhythms. As the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) community strives for greater physiological realism, the contribution of hormonal oscillations toward regulation of organ systems has been examined only in the context of reproductive organs, and circadian variation of the breadth of other hormones on most organs remains unaddressed. We illustrate the importance of cyclic endocrine modulation and the role that it plays within individual organ systems. The study of cyclic endocrine modulation within OoC systems will help advance OoC research to the point where it can reliably replicate in vitro key regulatory components of human physiology. This will help translate OoC work into pharmaceutical applications and connect the OoC community with the greater pharmacology and physiology communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cyr
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - Omero M. Avaldi
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Systems Biology and Bioengineering Undergraduate Research Experience
| | - John P. Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, 37235, USA
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31
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Watson DE, Hunziker R, Wikswo JP. Fitting tissue chips and microphysiological systems into the grand scheme of medicine, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1559-1572. [PMID: 29065799 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids (EOs), single organ/tissue chips (TCs), and multiple organs interconnected to create miniature in vitro models of human physiological systems, are rapidly becoming effective tools for drug development and the mechanistic understanding of tissue physiology and pathophysiology. The second MPS thematic issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine comprises 15 articles by scientists and engineers from the National Institutes of Health, the IQ Consortium, the Food and Drug Administration, and Environmental Protection Agency, an MPS company, and academia. Topics include the progress, challenges, and future of organs-on-chips, dissemination of TCs into Pharma, children's health protection, liver zonation, liver chips and their coupling to interconnected systems, gastrointestinal MPS, maturation of immature cardiomyocytes in a heart-on-a-chip, coculture of multiple cell types in a human skin construct, use of synthetic hydrogels to create EOs that form neural tissue models, the blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip, MPS models of coupled female reproductive organs, coupling MPS devices to create a body-on-a-chip, and the use of a microformulator to recapitulate endocrine circadian rhythms. While MPS hardware has been relatively stable since the last MPS thematic issue, there have been significant advances in cell sourcing, with increased reliance on human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and in characterization of the genetic and functional cell state in MPS bioreactors. There is growing appreciation of the need to minimize perfusate-to-cell-volume ratios and respect physiological scaling of coupled TCs. Questions asked by drug developers are followed by an analysis of the potential value, costs, and needs of Pharma. Of highest value and lowest switching costs may be the development of MPS disease models to aid in the discovery of disease mechanisms; novel compounds including probes, leads, and clinical candidates; and mechanism of action of drug candidates. Impact statement Microphysiological systems (MPS), which include engineered organoids and both individual and coupled organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are a rapidly growing topic of research that addresses the known limitations of conventional cellular monoculture on flat plastic - a well-perfected set of techniques that produces reliable, statistically significant results that may not adequately represent human biology and disease. As reviewed in this article and the others in this thematic issue, MPS research has made notable progress in the past three years in both cell sourcing and characterization. As the field matures, currently identified challenges are being addressed, and new ones are being recognized. Building upon investments by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency of more than $200 million since 2012 and sizable corporate spending, academic and commercial players in the MPS community are demonstrating their ability to meet the translational challenges required to apply MPS technologies to accelerate drug development and advance toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemarie Hunziker
- 2 National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- 3 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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32
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Groen WM, Diloksumpan P, van Weeren PR, Levato R, Malda J. From intricate to integrated: Biofabrication of articulating joints. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2089-2097. [PMID: 28621834 PMCID: PMC5655743 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articulating joints owe their function to the specialized architecture and the complex interplay between multiple tissues including cartilage, bone and synovium. Especially the cartilage component has limited self-healing capacity and damage often leads to the onset of osteoarthritis, eventually resulting in failure of the joint as an organ. Although in its infancy, biofabrication has emerged as a promising technology to reproduce the intricate organization of the joint, thus enabling the introduction of novel surgical treatments, regenerative therapies, and new sets of tools to enhance our understanding of joint physiology and pathology. Herein, we address the current challenges to recapitulate the complexity of articulating joints and how biofabrication could overcome them. The combination of multiple materials, biological cues and cells in a layer-by-layer fashion, can assist in reproducing both the zonal organization of cartilage and the gradual transition from resilient cartilage toward the subchondral bone in biofabricated osteochondral grafts. In this way, optimal integration of engineered constructs with the natural surrounding tissues can be obtained. Mechanical characteristics, including the smoothness and low friction that are hallmarks of the articular surface, can be tuned with multi-head or hybrid printers by controlling the spatial patterning of printed structures. Moreover, biofabrication can use digital medical images as blueprints for printing patient-specific implants. Finally, the current rapid advances in biofabrication hold significant potential for developing joint-on-a-chip models for personalized medicine and drug testing or even for the creation of implants that may be used to treat larger parts of the articulating joint. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:2089-2097, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweena Diloksumpan
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Equine SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Paul René van Weeren
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Equine SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtPO Box 85500, 3508 GAUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtPO Box 85500, 3508 GAUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Equine SciencesUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Di Luca A, Klein-Gunnewiek M, Vancso JG, van Blitterswijk CA, Benetti EM, Moroni L. Covalent Binding of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Transforming Growth Factor-β3 to 3D Plotted Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28865136 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Engineering the osteochondral tissue presents some challenges mainly relying in its function of transition from the subchondral bone to articular cartilage and the gradual variation in several biological, mechanical, and structural features. A possible solution for osteochondral regeneration might be the design and fabrication of scaffolds presenting a gradient able to mimic this transition. Covalent binding of biological factors proved to enhance cell adhesion and differentiation in two-dimensional culture substrates. Here, we used polymer brushes as selective linkers of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) on the surface of 3D scaffolds fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) and subsequent controlled radical polymerization. These growth factors (GFs) are known to stimulate the differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) toward the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, respectively. BMP-2 and TGF-β3 were covalently bound both homogeneously within a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based brush-functionalized scaffolds, and following a gradient composition by varying their concentration along the axial section of the 3D constructs. Following an approach previously developed by our group and proved to be successful to generate fibronectin gradients, opposite brush-supported gradients of BMP-2 and TGF-β3 were finally generated and subsequently tested to differentiate cells in a gradient fashion. The brush-supported GFs significantly influenced hMSCs osteochondral differentiation when the scaffolds were homogenously modified, yet no effect was observed in the gradient scaffolds. Therefore, this technique seems promising to maintain the biological activity of growth factors covalently linked to 3D scaffolds, but needs to be further optimized in case biological gradients are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Luca
- University of Twente, Tissue Regeneration Department, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Klein-Gunnewiek
- University of Twente, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers Group, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Julius G Vancso
- University of Twente, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers Group, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- University of Twente, Tissue Regeneration Department, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- University of Twente, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers Group, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093-CH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- University of Twente, Tissue Regeneration Department, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dorcemus DL, George EO, Dealy CN, Nukavarapu SP. * Harnessing External Cues: Development and Evaluation of an In Vitro Culture System for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:719-737. [PMID: 28346796 PMCID: PMC5568178 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, engineered structures have been developed for osteochondral (OC) tissue regeneration. While the optimal structure design is yet to be determined, these scaffolds require in vitro evaluation before clinical use. However, the means by which complex scaffolds, such as OC scaffolds, can be tested are limited. Taking advantage of a mesenchymal stem cell's (MSC's) ability to respond to its surrounding we harness external cues, such as the cell's mechanical environment and delivered factors, to create an in vitro culture system for OC tissue engineering with a single cell source on a gradient yet integrated scaffold system. To do this, the effect of hydrogel stiffness on the expression of human MSCs (hMSCs) chondrogenic differentiation was studied using histological analysis. Additionally, hMSCs were also cultured in different combinations of chondrogenic and osteogenic media to develop a co-differentiation media suitable for OC lineage differentiation. A uniquely graded (density-gradient matrix) OC scaffold with a distal cartilage hydrogel phase specifically tailored to support chondrogenic differentiation was cultured using a newly developed "simulated in vivo culture method." The scaffold's culture in co-differentiation media models hMSC infiltration into the scaffold and subsequent differentiation into the distal cartilage and proximal bone layers. Cartilage and bone marker staining along with specific matrix depositions reveal the effect of external cues on the hMSC differentiation. As a result of these studies a model system was developed to study and culture OC scaffolds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Dorcemus
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eve O George
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Caroline N Dealy
- 3 Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Syam P Nukavarapu
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
- 2 Institute for Regenerative Engineering, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
- 4 Orthopaedic Surgery Department, UCONN Health , Farmington, Connecticut
- 5 Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut
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35
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A model system for developing a tissue engineered meniscal enthesis. Acta Biomater 2017; 56:110-117. [PMID: 27989921 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The meniscus acts as a stabilizer, lubricator, and load distributer in the knee joint. The mechanical stability of the meniscus depends on its connection to the underlying bone by a fibrocartilage to bone transition zone called the meniscal enthesis. Tissue engineered menisci hold great promise as a treatment alternative however lack a means of integrated fixation to the underlying bone needed in order for a tissue engineered meniscal replacement to be successful. Tissue engineering the meniscal enthesis is a difficult task given the complex gradients of cell type, mineral, and extracellular matrix molecules. Therefore, there is a need for a simplified and high throughput enthesis model to test experimental parameters. The goal of this study was to develop a simplified enthesis model to test collagen integration with decellularized bone. We found that injection molding collagen into tubing loaded with decellularized bone plugs resulted in a scaffold with three regions: bone, bone-collagen, and collagen. Furthermore, collagen formation was directed in the axial direction by using mechanical fixation at the bony ends. The results of this study showed that this technique can be used to mimic the native enthesis morphology and serves as ideal test platform to generate a model tissue engineered enthesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The meniscal enthesis is a complex structure that is essential to mechanical stability of the meniscus and the knee joint. Several studies document the development of anatomically shaped tissue engineered meniscus constructs, but none have focused on how to integrate such tissues with underlying bone. This study establishes a simplified construct to model the meniscal enthesis composed of a collagen gel seeded with meniscal fibrochondrocytes integrated with decellularized cancellous bone. Mechanical fixation at the bony ends induced tissue integration of fibers into the bony tissue, which is critical for mechanical performance and has yet to be shown in enthesis literature. Our test platform is amenable to targeted experiments investigating mineralization gradients, collagen fiber alignment, cell population phenotype, and media conditioning with experimental impact on enthesis studies for meniscus, tendon, and ligament.
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Workman J, Thambyah A, Broom N. The influence of early degenerative changes on the vulnerability of articular cartilage to impact-induced injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 43:40-49. [PMID: 28199881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the structural changes in a bovine model of early degeneration were validated by our research group to be analogous to that in early human osteoarthritis. The hypothesis of this study was that the structural changes associated with increasing levels of degeneration would lead to higher levels of tissue damage in response to impact induced injury. METHODS A total of forty bovine patellae were obtained for this study. Cartilage-on-bone samples were extracted from the distal lateral quarter, a region known to be affected by varying levels of degeneration. A single impact drop test was applied to these samples delivering 2.3J of energy. A dynamic load cell and image capture at 2000fps allowed for the calculation of the reaction stress and coefficient of restitution. The extent of tissue damage was examined from the micro to ultrastructural levels using differential interference contrast optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy respectively. FINDINGS The impact mechanical properties of mildly degenerate articular cartilage were not significantly different but showed a significantly larger amount of structural damage. From comparing the mechanical and structural response of intact and mildly degenerate cartilage, to tissue showing increased macro-scale tissue degeneration, the significance of the surface layer and fibrillar scale transverse interconnectivity in effectively attenuating impact loads is demonstrated in this study. INTERPRETATION This study shows that even though articular cartilage can appear visibly normal under macroscopic observation, the micro-scale structural changes associated with very early stage osteoarthritis can have a significant effect on its vulnerability to impact damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Workman
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ashvin Thambyah
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Neil Broom
- University of Auckland, 2-6 Park Ave, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Supramolecular Organization of Collagen Fibrils in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Knee and Hip Joint Cartilage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163552. [PMID: 27780246 PMCID: PMC5079628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage matrix is a composite of discrete, but interacting suprastructures, i.e. cartilage fibers with microfibrillar or network-like aggregates and penetrating extrafibrillar proteoglycan matrix. The biomechanical function of the proteoglycan matrix and the collagen fibers are to absorb compressive and tensional loads, respectively. Here, we are focusing on the suprastructural organization of collagen fibrils and the degradation process of their hierarchical organized fiber architecture studied at high resolution at the authentic location within cartilage. We present electron micrographs of the collagenous cores of such fibers obtained by an improved protocol for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Articular cartilages are permeated by small prototypic fibrils with a homogeneous diameter of 18 ± 5 nm that can align in their D-periodic pattern and merge into larger fibers by lateral association. Interestingly, these fibers have tissue-specific organizations in cartilage. They are twisted ropes in superficial regions of knee joints or assemble into parallel aligned cable-like structures in deeper regions of knee joint- or throughout hip joints articular cartilage. These novel observations contribute to an improved understanding of collagen fiber biogenesis, function, and homeostasis in hyaline cartilage.
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Iannetti L, D’Urso G, Conoscenti G, Cutrì E, Tuan RS, Raimondi MT, Gottardi R, Zunino P. Distributed and Lumped Parameter Models for the Characterization of High Throughput Bioreactors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162774. [PMID: 27669413 PMCID: PMC5036894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation bioreactors are being developed to generate multiple human cell-based tissue analogs within the same fluidic system, to better recapitulate the complexity and interconnection of human physiology [1, 2]. The effective development of these devices requires a solid understanding of their interconnected fluidics, to predict the transport of nutrients and waste through the constructs and improve the design accordingly. In this work, we focus on a specific model of bioreactor, with multiple input/outputs, aimed at generating osteochondral constructs, i.e., a biphasic construct in which one side is cartilaginous in nature, while the other is osseous. We next develop a general computational approach to model the microfluidics of a multi-chamber, interconnected system that may be applied to human-on-chip devices. This objective requires overcoming several challenges at the level of computational modeling. The main one consists of addressing the multi-physics nature of the problem that combines free flow in channels with hindered flow in porous media. Fluid dynamics is also coupled with advection-diffusion-reaction equations that model the transport of biomolecules throughout the system and their interaction with living tissues and C constructs. Ultimately, we aim at providing a predictive approach useful for the general organ-on-chip community. To this end, we have developed a lumped parameter approach that allows us to analyze the behavior of multi-unit bioreactor systems with modest computational effort, provided that the behavior of a single unit can be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iannetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna D’Urso
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Conoscenti
- Department of Chemical, Industrial, Computer, Mechanical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Cutrì
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paolo Zunino
- MOX, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun AX, Numpaisal PO, Gottardi R, Shen H, Yang G, Tuan RS. Cell and Biomimetic Scaffold-Based Approaches for Cartilage Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Langhans MT, Yu S, Tuan RS. Stem Cells in Skeletal Tissue Engineering: Technologies and Models. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 11:453-474. [PMID: 26423296 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x10666151001115248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the use of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells in skeletal tissue engineering. Specific emphasis is focused on evaluating the function and activities of these cells in the context of development in vivo, and how technologies and methods of stem cell-based tissue engineering for stem cells must draw inspiration from developmental biology. Information on the embryonic origin and in vivo differentiation of skeletal tissues is first reviewed, to shed light on the persistence and activities of adult stem cells that remain in skeletal tissues after embryogenesis. Next, the development and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is discussed, and some of their advantages and disadvantages in the context of tissue engineering are presented. The final section highlights current use of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells, reviewing their origin, differentiation capacity, and potential applications to tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Ng J, Bernhard J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1416:35-54. [PMID: 27236665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are of major interest in regenerative medicine, as they are easily harvested from a variety of sources (including bone marrow and fat aspirates) and they are able to form a range of mesenchymal tissues, in vitro and in vivo. We focus here on the use of MSCs for engineering of cartilage, bone, and complex osteochondral tissue constructs, using protocols that replicate some aspects of natural mesodermal development. For engineering of human bone, we discuss some of the current advances, and highlight the use of perfusion bioreactors for supporting anatomically exact human bone grafts. For engineering of human cartilage, we discuss the limitations of current approaches, and highlight engineering of stratified, mechanically functional human cartilage interfaced with bone by mesenchymal condensation of MSCs. Taken together, current advances enable engineering of physiologically relevant bone, cartilage and osteochondral composites, and physiologically relevant studies of osteochondral development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan Bernhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, VC12-234, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Departments of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Gadjanski I, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Challenges in engineering osteochondral tissue grafts with hierarchical structures. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1583-99. [PMID: 26195329 PMCID: PMC4628577 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major hurdle in treating osteochondral (OC) defects is the different healing abilities of two types of tissues involved - articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Biomimetic approaches to OC-construct engineering, based on recapitulation of biological principles of tissue development and regeneration, have potential for providing new treatments and advancing fundamental studies of OC tissue repair. AREAS COVERED This review on state of the art in hierarchical OC tissue graft engineering is focused on tissue engineering approaches designed to recapitulate the native milieu of cartilage and bone development. These biomimetic systems are discussed with relevance to bioreactor cultivation of clinically sized, anatomically shaped human cartilage/bone constructs with physiologic stratification and mechanical properties. The utility of engineered OC tissue constructs is evaluated for their use as grafts in regenerative medicine, and as high-fidelity models in biological research. EXPERT OPINION A major challenge in engineering OC tissues is to generate a functionally integrated stratified cartilage-bone structure starting from one single population of mesenchymal cells, while incorporating perfusable vasculature into the bone, and in bone-cartilage interface. To this end, new generations of advanced scaffolds and bioreactors, implementation of mechanical loading regimens and harnessing of inflammatory responses of the host will likely drive the further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Center for Bioengineering – BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia, Tel: +381 64 083 58 62, Fax: +381 11 203 06 28,
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Columbia University, 622 west 168th Street, VC12-234, New York NY 10032, USA, tel: +1-212-305-2304, fax: +1-212-305-4692,
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Mellor LF, Mohiti-Asli M, Williams J, Kannan A, Dent MR, Guilak F, Loboa EG. Extracellular Calcium Modulates Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: A Novel Approach for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering Using a Single Stem Cell Source. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2323-33. [PMID: 26035347 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that elevating extracellular calcium from a concentration of 1.8 to 8 mM accelerates and increases human adipose-derived stem cell (hASC) osteogenic differentiation and cell-mediated calcium accretion, even in the absence of any other soluble osteogenic factors in the culture medium. However, the effects of elevated calcium on hASC chondrogenic differentiation have not been reported. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of varied calcium concentrations on chondrogenic differentiation of hASC. We hypothesized that exposure to elevated extracellular calcium (8 mM concentration) in a chondrogenic differentiation medium (CDM) would inhibit chondrogenesis of hASC when compared to basal calcium (1.8 mM concentration) controls. We further hypothesized that a full osteochondral construct could be engineered by controlling local release of calcium to induce site-specific chondrogenesis and osteogenesis using only hASC as the cell source. Human ASC was cultured as micromass pellets in CDM containing transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 6 for 28 days at extracellular calcium concentrations of either 1.8 mM (basal) or 8 mM (elevated). Our findings indicated that elevated calcium induced osteogenesis and inhibited chondrogenesis in hASC. Based on these findings, stacked polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffolds containing either 0% or 20% tricalcium phosphate (TCP) nanoparticles were electrospun and tested for site-specific chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Histological assays confirmed that human ASC differentiated locally to generate calcified tissue in layers containing 20% TCP, and cartilage in the layers with no TCP when cultured in CDM. This is the first study to report the effects of elevated calcium on chondrogenic differentiation of hASC, and to develop osteochondral nanofibrous scaffolds using a single cell source and controlled calcium release to induce site-specific differentiation. This approach holds great promise for osteochondral tissue engineering using a single cell source (hASC) and single scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana F Mellor
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mahsa Mohiti-Asli
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - John Williams
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Arthi Kannan
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Morgan R Dent
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Farshid Guilak
- 2 Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- 1 Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.,3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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Abstract
The new cover of Experimental Biology and Medicine features the hermeneutic circle of biology, a concept we have adapted from the hermeneutic principle that one understands the whole only in terms of each part and the parts only in terms of the whole. Our hermeneutic circle summarizes the course of experimental biology through 2500 years of the achievements of reductionist research (understanding the parts), which culminates in our ability to rapidly sequence the genome. Rather than returning along the same path in a constructionist approach that simply builds upon this knowledge, but in reverse, an alternative is to close the circle with synthetic constructions that seek to integrate the full complexity of biological and physiological systems (understanding the whole), of which organs-on-chips are one example. This closing of the circle cannot be a comprehensively accurate representation of biology, but it can be a synthetic one that effectively defines particular biological subsystems. The illustration of the hermeneutic circle of biology is also intended to suggest both the multiple cycles that may be required to reach such a synthesis and the expansion of the circle in an outward spiral as knowledge increases. Our commentary explains the symbolism of the new cover in a philosophical and scientific discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Andrew P Porter
- Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA 94709-1212, USA
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Wikswo JP. The relevance and potential roles of microphysiological systems in biology and medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1061-72. [PMID: 25187571 PMCID: PMC4330974 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214542068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), consisting of interacting organs-on-chips or tissue-engineered, 3D organ constructs that use human cells, present an opportunity to bring new tools to biology, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and toxicology. This issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine describes the ongoing development of MPS that can serve as in-vitro models for bone and cartilage, brain, gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, microvasculature, reproductive tract, skeletal muscle, and skin. Related topics addressed here are the interconnection of organs-on-chips to support physiologically based pharmacokinetics and drug discovery and screening, and the microscale technologies that regulate stem cell differentiation. The initial motivation for creating MPS was to increase the speed, efficiency, and safety of pharmaceutical development and testing, paying particular regard to the fact that neither monolayer monocultures of immortal or primary cell lines nor animal studies can adequately recapitulate the dynamics of drug-organ, drug-drug, and drug-organ-organ interactions in humans. Other applications include studies of the effect of environmental toxins on humans, identification, characterization, and neutralization of chemical and biological weapons, controlled studies of the microbiome and infectious disease that cannot be conducted in humans, controlled differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into specific adult cellular phenotypes, and studies of the dynamics of metabolism and signaling within and between human organs. The technical challenges are being addressed by many investigators, and in the process, it seems highly likely that significant progress will be made toward providing more physiologically realistic alternatives to monolayer monocultures or whole animal studies. The effectiveness of this effort will be determined in part by how easy the constructs are to use, how well they function, how accurately they recapitulate and report human pharmacology and toxicology, whether they can be generated in large numbers to enable parallel studies, and if their use can be standardized consistent with the practices of regulatory science.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, The Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, VU Station B 351807, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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