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Boening-Ulman KM, Mikelonis AM, Heckman JL, Calfee MW, Ratliff K, Youn S, Smith JS, Mitchell CE, Hunt WF, Winston RJ. The potential to manage releases of Bacillus anthracis using bioretention and a high flow media filter: Results of simulated runoff testing with tracer spores Bacillus globigii. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120286. [PMID: 38354613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The threat of bioterrorism has spurred research on the decontamination and containment of different agents. Anthrax [causative agent Bacillus anthracis (Ba)] is a disease that can lead to severe infections within human and animals, particularly when inhaled. This research investigated the use of spore-contaminated simulated runoff events into stormwater control measures (SCMs), which are designed to retain and improve the quality of runoff and may have the potential to filter and contain the spores. In this study, the effectiveness of a bioretention cell (BRC) and high flow media filter (HFMF) in Huron, Ohio, were evaluated for removal of Bacillus globigii (Bg) spores (a harmless cognate of Ba). Three 4-8 mm simulated runoff events were created for each SCM using a fire hydrant and Bg spores were injected into the runoff upstream of the SCM inlets. The BRC significantly (p < 0.001) outperformed the HFMF in reducing Bg concentrations and loads, with an average load reduction of 1.9 log (∼99% reduction) compared to 0.4 (∼60% reduction), respectively. A probable critical design factor leading to these differences was the infiltration rate of the media and subsequent retention time within the filters, which was supported by similar disparities in suspended solids reductions. Differences in spore removal may also have been due to particle size distribution of the HFMF, which was more gravelly than the bioretention cell. At 3 and 6 months after the-simulated runoff tests, soil samples taken from both SCMs, yielding detectable Bg spores within the top 15 cm of media, with increased spore concentrations where ponding occurred for longer durations during the tests. This suggests that forebays and areas near inlets may be hotspots for spore cleanup in a real-world bioterrorism incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Boening-Ulman
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Anne M Mikelonis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - J Lee Heckman
- APTIM Government Solutions, 1600 Gest St., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Test and Evaluation Facility, Cincinnati, OH, 45204, USA
| | - M Worth Calfee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Katherine Ratliff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Sungmin Youn
- Department of Civil Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caleb E Mitchell
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3100 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - William F Hunt
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3100 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Blacksell SD, Dhawan S, Kusumoto M, Le KK, Summermatter K, O'Keefe J, Kozlovac J, Almuhairi SS, Sendow I, Scheel CM, Ahumibe A, Masuku ZM, Bennett AM, Kojima K, Harper DR, Hamilton K. The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory- Bacillus anthracis and Brucella melitensis. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2023; 28:72-86. [PMID: 37342513 PMCID: PMC10278026 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Brucella melitensis and Bacillus anthracis are zoonoses transmitted from animals and animal products. Scientific information is provided in this article to support biosafety precautions necessary to protect laboratory workers and individuals who are potentially exposed to these pathogens in the workplace or other settings, and gaps in information are also reported. There is a lack of information on the appropriate effective concentration for many chemical disinfectants for this agent. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling of contaminated materials. B. melitensis is reported to have the highest number of laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) to date in laboratory workers. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify potential gaps in biosafety and focused on five main sections including the route of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, LAIs, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination strategies. Results Scientific literature currently lacks information on the effective concentration of many chemical disinfectants for this agent and in the variety of matrices where it may be found. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of PPE during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling contaminated materials. Discussion Clarified vulnerabilities based on specific scientific evidence will contribute to the prevention of unwanted and unpredictable infections, improving the biosafety processes and procedures for laboratory staff and other professionals such as veterinarians, individuals associated with the agricultural industry, and those working with susceptible wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhya Dhawan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marina Kusumoto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kim Khanh Le
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Research Medicine Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Joseph O'Keefe
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Kozlovac
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
| | - Christina M. Scheel
- WHO Collaborating Center for Biosafety and Biosecurity, Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony Ahumibe
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Zibusiso M. Masuku
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Allan M. Bennett
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kazunobu Kojima
- Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David R. Harper
- The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hamilton
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
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Wang Z, Kowal SF, Carslaw N, Kahan TF. Photolysis-driven indoor air chemistry following cleaning of hospital wards. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1241-1255. [PMID: 32485006 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective cleaning techniques are essential for the sterilization of rooms in hospitals and industry. No-touch devices (NTDs) that use fumigants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), formaldehyde (HCHO), ozone (O3 ), and chlorine dioxide (OClO) are a recent innovation. This paper reports a previously unconsidered potential consequence of such cleaning technologies: the photochemical formation of high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydroperoxy radicals (HO2 ), organic peroxy radicals (RO2 ), and chlorine radicals (Cl) which can form harmful reaction products when exposed to chemicals commonly found in indoor air. This risk was evaluated by calculating radical production rates and concentrations based on measured indoor photon fluxes and typical fumigant concentrations during and after cleaning events. Sunlight and fluorescent tubes without covers initiated photolysis of all fumigants, and plastic-covered fluorescent tubes initiated photolysis of only some fumigants. Radical formation was often dominated by photolysis of fumigants during and after decontamination processes. Radical concentrations were predicted to be orders of magnitude greater than background levels during and immediately following cleaning events with each fumigant under one or more illumination condition. Maximum predicted radical concentrations (1.3 × 107 molecule cm-3 OH, 2.4 ppb HO2 , 6.8 ppb RO2 and 2.2 × 108 molecule cm-3 Cl) were much higher than baseline concentrations. Maximum OH concentrations occurred with O3 photolysis, HO2 with HCHO photolysis, and RO2 and Cl with OClO photolysis. Elevated concentrations may persist for hours after NTD use, depending on the air change rate and air composition. Products from reactions involving radicals could significantly decrease air quality when disinfectants are used, leading to adverse health effects for occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Shawn F Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Saini V, Sikri K, Batra SD, Kalra P, Gautam K. Development of a highly effective low-cost vaporized hydrogen peroxide-based method for disinfection of personal protective equipment for their selective reuse during pandemics. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:29. [PMID: 32572338 PMCID: PMC7303439 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required to safely work with biological agents of bacterial (i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or viral origin (Ebola and SARS). COVID-19 pandemic especially has created unforeseen public health challenges including a global shortage of PPE needed for the safety of health care workers (HCWs). Although sufficient stocks of PPE are currently available, their critical shortage may develop soon due to increase in demand and depletion of existing supply lines. To empower our HCWs and ensure their continued protection, proactive measures are urgently required to develop procedures to safely decontaminate the PPEs to allow their "selective reuse" during contingency situations. METHODS Herein, we have successfully developed a decontamination method based on vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP). We have used a range of concentration of hydrogen peroxide to disinfect PPE (coveralls, face-shields, and N-95 masks). To ensure a proper disinfection, we have evaluated three biological indicators namely Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus, considered as the gold standard for disinfection processes. We next evaluated the impact of repeated VHP treatment on physical features, permeability, and fabric integrity of coveralls and N-95 masks. Next, we performed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to evaluate microscopic changes in fiber thickness of N-95 masks, melt blown layer or coverall body suits. Considering the fact that any disinfection procedure should be able to meet local requirements, our study included various regionally procured N-95 masks and coveralls available at our institute All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India. Lastly, the practical utility of VHP method developed herein was ascertained by operationalizing a dedicated research facility disinfecting used PPE during COVID-19. RESULTS Our prototype studies show that a single VHP cycle (7-8% Hydrogen peroxide) could disinfect PPE and PPE housing room of about 1200 cubic feet (length10 ft × breadth 10 ft × height 12 ft) in less than 10 min, as noted by a complete loss of B. stearothermophilus spore revival. The results are consistent and reproducible as tested in over 10 cycles in our settings. Further, repeated VHP treatment did not result in any physical tear, deformity or other appreciable change in the coverall and N-95 masks. Our permeation tests evaluating droplet penetration did not reveal any change in permeability post-VHP treatments. Also, SEM analysis indeed revealed no significant change in fiber thickness or damage to fibers of coveralls or melt blown layer of N-95 masks essential for filtration. There was no change in user comfort and experience following VHP treatment of PPE. Based on results of these studies, and parameters developed and optimized, an institutional research facility to disinfect COVID-19 PPE is successfully established and operationalized with more than 80% recovery rate for used PPE post-disinfection. CONCLUSIONS Our study, therefore, successfully establishes the utility of VHP to effectively disinfect PPE for a possible reuse as per the requirements. VHP treatment did not damage coveralls, cause physical deformity and also did not alter fabric architecture of melt blown layer. We observed that disinfection process was successful consistently and therefore believe that the VHP-based decontamination model will have a universal applicability and utility. This process can be easily and economically scaled up and can be instrumental in easing global PPE shortages in any biosafety facility or in health care settings during pandemic situation such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India ,grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Biosafety Laboratory-3 Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Kriti Sikri
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sakshi Dhingra Batra
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Priya Kalra
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Kamini Gautam
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029 India
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Santhakumar K, Viswanath V. Novel Methods for Efficacy Testing of Disinfectants – Part II. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe control of infections and maintenance of hygienic conditions are of central importance and the insights gained through several investigations have practical significance today. In contrast, the maintenance of environment and surface disinfection is still controversial and demands novel disinfectants to meet the required criteria. The healthcare centers are fraught with various microorganisms and serve as a point source for multidrug resistance in patients which is more critical to treat. Therefore, it has begun a comprehensive plan in hospitals to focus on disinfection and maintenance of hygiene which is not always appreciated. The urgency to determine the effectiveness of disinfectants is often questioned. The review article shows how the existing problems could be solved by a systematic approach and reports on effective evaluation studies that meet the requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannappan Santhakumar
- 1School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India
- 2Carbon dioxide Research and Green Technologies Center, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lowe JJ, Hewlett AL, Iwen PC, Smith PW, Gibbs SG. Surrogate testing suggests that chlorine dioxide gas exposure would not inactivate Ebola virus contained in environmental blood contamination. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:D211-D215. [PMID: 25955403 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1043058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to decontaminate a room potentially containing the Ebola virus is important to healthcare facilities in the United States. Ebola virus remains viable in body fluids, a room that has housed a patient with Ebola virus disease must have all surfaces manually wiped with an approved disinfectant, which increases occupational exposure risk. This study evaluated the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide inactivation of bacterial organisms in blood as Ebola virus surrogates and as the organisms used by the Nebraska Biocontainment Unit to provide the margin of safety for decontamination. Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis blood suspensions that were exposed to ClO2 gas concentrations and exposure limits. The log reduction in Colony Forming Units (CFU) was determined for each bacterial blood suspension. Exposure parameters approximating industry practices for ClO2 environmental decontamination (360ppm concentration to 780 ppm-hrs exposure, 65% relative humidity) as well as parameters exceeding current practice (1116 ppm concentration to 1400 ppm-hrs exposure; 1342ppm concentration to 1487 ppm-hrs exposure) were evaluated. Complete inactivation was not achieved for any of the bacterial blood suspensions tested. Reductions were observed in concentrations of B. anthracis spores (1.3 -3.76 log) and E. faecalis vegetative cells (1.3 log) whereas significant reductions in vegetative cell concentrations for E. coli and M. smegmatis blood suspensions were not achieved. Our results showed that bacteria in the presence of blood were not inactivated using gaseous ClO2 decontamination. ClO2 decontamination alone should not be used for Ebola virus, but decontamination processes should first include manual wiping of potentially contaminated blood; especially for microorganisms as infectious as the Ebola virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Lowe
- a Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health ; University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health ; Omaha , NE ; USA 68198-5110
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Wendling MQS, Lastivka AT, Rogers JV. Inactivation of Bacillus AnthracisSpores on All-Weather Paper. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601301800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lowe JJ, Hewlett AL, Iwen PC, Smith PW, Gibbs SG. Evaluation of Ambulance Decontamination Using Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2013; 17:401-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10903127.2013.792889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Lowe
- From the Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health (JJL, SGG),
Omaha, Nebraska; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (ALH, PWS),
Omaha, Nebraska; and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (PCI),
Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Angela L. Hewlett
- From the Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health (JJL, SGG),
Omaha, Nebraska; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (ALH, PWS),
Omaha, Nebraska; and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (PCI),
Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Peter C. Iwen
- From the Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health (JJL, SGG),
Omaha, Nebraska; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (ALH, PWS),
Omaha, Nebraska; and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (PCI),
Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Philip W. Smith
- From the Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health (JJL, SGG),
Omaha, Nebraska; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (ALH, PWS),
Omaha, Nebraska; and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (PCI),
Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shawn G. Gibbs
- From the Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health (JJL, SGG),
Omaha, Nebraska; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (ALH, PWS),
Omaha, Nebraska; and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (PCI),
Omaha, Nebraska
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Lowe JJ, Gibbs SG, Iwen PC, Smith PW, Hewlett AL. Decontamination of a hospital room using gaseous chlorine dioxide: Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:533-539. [PMID: 23971883 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.818241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis in a hospital patient care suite. Spore and vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2, spores of Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 and vegetative cells of both Francisella tularensis ATCC 6223 and Yersinia pestis A1122 were exposed to gaseous chlorine dioxide in a patient care suite. Organism inactivation was then assessed by log reduction in viable organisms postexposure to chlorine dioxide gas compared to non-exposed control organism. Hospital room decontamination protocols utilizing chlorine dioxide gas concentrations of 377 to 385 ppm maintained to exposures of 767 ppm-hours with 65% relative humidity consistently achieved complete inactivation of B. anthracis and B. atrophaeus spores, as well as vegetative cells of B. anthracis, F. tularensis, and Y. pestis. Decrease in exposure (ppm-hours) and relative humidity (<65%) or restricting airflow reduced inactivation but achieved >8 log reductions in organisms. Up to 10-log reductions were achieved in a hospital room with limited impact on adjacent areas, indicating chlorine dioxide concentrations needed for decontamination of highly concentrated (>6 logs) organisms can be achieved throughout a hospital room. This study translates laboratory chlorine dioxide fumigation studies applied in a complex clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Lowe
- a Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health , University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health , Omaha , Nebraska
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Gordon D, Carruthers BA, Theriault S. Gaseous Decontamination Methods in High-containment Laboratories. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/153567601201700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Gordon
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Lowe JJ, Gibbs SG, Iwen PC, Smith PW. A case study on decontamination of a biosafety level-3 laboratory and associated ductwork within an operational building using gaseous chlorine dioxide. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2012; 9:D196-D205. [PMID: 23113601 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.733592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Lowe
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5110, USA
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12
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Rogers JV, Richter WR, Shaw MQ, Shesky AM. Large-Scale Inactivation ofBacillus AnthracisAmes, Vollum, and Sterne Spores Using Vaporous Hydrogen Peroxide. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600901400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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