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Bravo AJ, Wedell E, Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Looby A, Dickter CL, Schepis TS. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among young adult college students: Prevalence rates and associations with mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2062-2073. [PMID: 34398695 PMCID: PMC8847537 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1954012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective/Participants: In a large, diverse sample of college students (N = 2,230), this online study investigated racial/ethnic differences on type of discriminatory event experienced and perceived stress, and whether discrimination-related stress was associated with mental health symptoms. Methods: Prevalence of lifetime/past year discriminatory events was assessed and frequency of discrimination-related stress was compared across racial/ethnic groups. Correlations between discrimination-related stress and mental health symptoms were also examined. Results: All racial/ethnic groups reported experiencing all types of discriminatory events, though prevalence was lowest for White students. Racial/ethnic minority (i.e., Asian, Black, Latinx) students reported greater discrimination-related perceived stress compared to White, non-Hispanics. Across all racial/ethnic groups, discrimination-related stress was positively associated with negative mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety/depressive symptoms). Conclusions: These results highlight the need to continue efforts to reduce discriminatory experiences of racial/ethnic minority students and to incorporate antiracism interventions in universities to mitigate the pervasive negative experiences of minority students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Wedell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary
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2
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Chaku N, Curtis CA, Hoyt LT, Zeiders KH, Niu L, Sarsar E, Nair RL. Civic engagement, discrimination, and sleep health among youth of color. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-5. [PMID: 36796083 PMCID: PMC10427728 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2162826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the moderating effect of discrimination experiences on the association between civic engagement and sleep in youth of color. Participants included 125 college students (Mage = 20.41, SD = 1.41, 22.6% cisgender male). Most of the sample (28%) identified as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin; 26% identified as multi-racial/ethnicity; 23% identified as Asian; 19% identified as Black or African American; and 4% identified as Middle Eastern or North African. Youth self-reported their civic engagement (civic activism and civic efficacy), discriminatory experiences, and sleep duration during the week of the 2016 United States presidential inauguration (T1) and again approximately 100 days later (T2). Civic efficacy was associated with longer sleep duration. In contexts of discrimination, however, more civic activism and efficacy was associated with less sleep duration. In contexts of low discrimination, more civic efficacy was associated with longer sleep duration. Thus, civic engagement within supportive contexts may contribute to positive sleep among youth of color. Working toward dismantling racist systems may be one way to combat the racial/ethnic sleep disparities that underlie long-term health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chaku
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Katharine H. Zeiders
- Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY
| | - Evelyn Sarsar
- Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rajni L. Nair
- College of Integrative Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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3
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Olaniyan FV, Hayes G. Just ethnic matching? Racial and ethnic minority students and culturally appropriate mental health provision at British universities. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2022; 17:2117444. [PMID: 36052439 PMCID: PMC9448376 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2022.2117444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graeme Hayes
- Department of Sociology and Policy, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Discrimination and Health Among First-Generation Hispanic/Latinx Immigrants: the Roles of Sleep and Fatigue. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:2105-2116. [PMID: 34606072 PMCID: PMC10168626 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing literature documents the associations between discrimination and health. Emerging evidence suggests that among Hispanic/Latinx immigrants, discrimination leads to the deterioration of health outcomes over time. While sleep has been proposed as an important mediator of the relationship between discrimination and health, few studies have explicitly investigated this pathway, particularly among Hispanic/Latinx populations. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between racial/ethnic discrimination, sleep, and physical and mental health among Hispanic/Latinx immigrants in the USA. Data and Methods Using data from a parent study of first-generation Hispanic/Latinx immigrants in the southeastern USA, we conducted sequential mediation analyses using the bootstrapping method to investigate whether self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and fatigue mediate the relationship(s) between self-reported discrimination, as measured by the discrimination subscale of the Riverside Acculturative Stress Inventory, and self-reported physical and mental health. RESULTS Nocturnal awakenings, fatigue, and sleep quality were statistically significant sequential mediators of the relationship between discrimination and physical health (b = -.001, SE = .001, CI [-.0027, -.0001]); fatigue alone also mediated this relationship (b = -.01, SE = .01, CI [-.0279, -.0003]). Nocturnal awakenings, fatigue, and sleep quality were also significant sequential mediators of the relationship between discrimination and mental health (b = -.001, SE = .001, CI [-.0031, -.0001]). CONCLUSION Sleep and fatigue play an important role in linking discrimination and health among first-generation Hispanic/Latinx immigrants. The development and implementation of interventions that focus on reducing fatigue among this population could mitigate the effects of unfair treatment on health outcomes.
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Fernandez LR, Girón SE, Killoren SE, Campione-Barr N. Latinx college students' anxiety, academic stress, and future aspirations: the role of sibling relationship quality. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2022; 32:1-10. [PMID: 36373078 PMCID: PMC9638304 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Latinx students experience stress at higher rates than European-American college-students in the U.S. and report the highest levels of anxiety among all other college-students, which can be a potential barrier to success. However, family members are identified as important sources of support by Latinx young-adults, and feeling support from family indicates a higher likelihood to remain enrolled in college. Few studies have explored the role of siblings in this relationship. This study examined whether positive and negative relationship qualities (RQ) between Latinx siblings may interact with level of anxiety, predicting academic stress (AS) and future aspirations (FA). Findings indicated that younger siblings with high anxiety and high negative RQ experienced higher levels of AS, while older siblings with low or mean-level anxiety and high negative RQ experienced high AS. Younger siblings with low anxiety, and high negative RQ with older siblings experienced low FA. The findings provide evidence that sibling relationship quality in Latinx students moderates the associations with anxiety, academic stress, and future aspirations, and that the presence of negative relationship qualities carried particular implications for future aspirations and academic stress. Understanding the influence of Latinx sibling RQ on mental health and AS can offer insight into the role of sibling relationships in the context of health, academic retention, and success in Latinx young people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E. Killoren
- Dept. of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO US
- Dept. of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO US
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6
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Fleming E, Smith CS, Ware TK, Gordon NB. Can academic dentistry become an anti-racist institution?: Addressing racial battle fatigue and building belonging. J Dent Educ 2022; 86:1075-1082. [PMID: 36165246 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Racism, oppression, and marginalization are unfortunate hallmarks that Black individuals face in the United States. While dental schools serve as institutions of both learning and patient care, applying humanistic principles, they are not immune to racism, specifically anti-Black racism. In this paper, the theoretical framework of racial battle fatigue is applied to academic dentistry to consider how it may impact faculty who have experiences with racism and discrimination. The framework of racial battle fatigue allows for a critique of academic dentistry as an institution that may be toxic, neither welcoming Black faculty members nor supporting their professional and career advancement, despite accreditation standards that call on these institutions to be humanistic environments for diversity and inclusion. Black faculty members may face unique challenges in academic dentistry because of racial battle fatigue. The cumulative stress may warrant unique strategies to both recruit and retain them in academic dental institutions. Specifically, pathways may need to be funded to insure that they have support and time allocations for professional development and career promotion. With understanding the effects of racial battle fatigue, dental schools may want to adopt policies and practices that support the professional and personal well-being and success of faculty, especially those faculty members who are Black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Fleming
- University of Maryland School of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos S Smith
- Department of Dental Public Health and Policy, VCU School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Oral Health Equity Core, Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry and Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tawana K Ware
- Indiana University of School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas B Gordon
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Public Health and Community Service, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Browne NT, Hodges EA, Small L, Snethen JA, Frenn M, Irving SY, Gance-Cleveland B, Greenberg CS. Childhood obesity within the lens of racism. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12878. [PMID: 34927392 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and a multitude of prevention and treatment efforts, childhood obesity in the United States continues to affect nearly 1 in 5 (19.3%) children, with significantly higher rates among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour communities. This narrative review presents social foundations of structural racism that exacerbate inequity and disparity in the context of childhood obesity. The National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities' Research Framework guides the explication of structurally racist mechanisms that influence health disparities and contribute to childhood obesity: biologic and genetic, health behaviours, chronic toxic stress, the built environment, race and cultural identity, and the health care system. Strategies and interventions to combat structural racism and its effects on children and their families are reviewed along with strategies for research and implications for policy change. From our critical review and reflection, the subtle and overt effects of societal structures sustained from years of racism and the impact on the development and resistant nature of childhood obesity compel concerted action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A Hodges
- UNC-Chapel Hill School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Small
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia A Snethen
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Nursing, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marilyn Frenn
- Marquette University College of Nursing, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sharon Y Irving
- Pediatric Nursing, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Cindy Smith Greenberg
- College of Health and Human Development, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
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8
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Racial microaffirmations as a response to racial microaggressions: Exploring risk and protective factors. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Rowan-Kenyon HT, McCready AM, Barone NI, Martínez Alemán AM. Does Experiencing Racialized Aggressions on Social Media Influence Perceptions About the Campus Racial Climate? RESEARCH IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2021; 63:610-630. [PMID: 34744291 PMCID: PMC8555717 DOI: 10.1007/s11162-021-09662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use structural equation modeling to examine how the experience of racialized aggressions on social media influenced the perceptions of campus racial climate for undergraduate students of color (n = 771). Findings suggest that students who experienced racialized aggressions on social media did report less positive perceptions of campus diversity climate. Given that in-person and online environments are growing evermore seamless for students, this has implications for campus climate and diversity programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M. McCready
- Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
| | - Nicole I. Barone
- Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA USA
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10
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Estrellado JE, Green JM, Shuman TJ, Staples J. CROSS-RACIAL AND INTERSECTIONAL ALLYSHIP EFFORTS AMONG FACULTY IN A PSYCHOLOGY DOCTORAL PROGRAM. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.1942687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Welborn BL, Hong Y, Ratner KG. Exposure to negative stereotypes influences representations of monetary incentives in the nucleus accumbens. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:347-358. [PMID: 32248234 PMCID: PMC7235954 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary society is saturated with negative representations of racial and ethnic minorities. Social science research finds that exposure to such negative stereotypes creates stress above and beyond pre-existing effects of income inequality and structural racism. Neuroscience studies in animals and humans show that life stress modulates brain responses to rewards. However, it is not known whether contending with negative representations of one’s social group spills overs to influence reward processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of stigmatizing negative stereotypes on neural responding to the anticipation and consumption of monetary gains and losses in a Mexican American sample. Machine learning analyses indicated that incentive-related patterns of brain activity within the nucleus accumbens differed between Mexican Americans subjected to negative stereotypes and those who were not. This effect occurred for anticipating both gains and losses. Our work suggests that rhetoric stigmatizing Latinos and other minorities could alter how members of such groups process incentives in their environment. These findings contribute to our understanding of the linkage between stigmatizing experiences and motivated behavior, with implications for well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Locke Welborn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.,School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 LTJ, UK
| | - Youngki Hong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kyle G Ratner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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12
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Relational‐Cultural Theory–Based Interventions With LGBTQ College Students. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jocc.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Lui PP. Racial Microaggression, Overt Discrimination, and Distress: (In)Direct Associations With Psychological Adjustment. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000020901714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scholars in diverse disciplines have examined the associations between psychological adjustment and microaggression, and overt discrimination. It remains unclear whether the roles of microaggression in adjustment outcomes can be differentiated from the roles of overt discrimination and neuroticism. I examined the extent to which racial microaggression explained unique variances of negative affect, alcohol consumption, and drinking problems while controlling for overt discrimination and neuroticism among African American, Asian American, and Latinx American college students ( N = 713). Intervening roles of psychological distress linking microaggression and overt discrimination to adjustment outcomes were also tested. Among African Americans, microaggression and overt discrimination did not consistently predict psychological adjustment. Among Asian and Latinx Americans, microaggression and overt discrimination predicted negative affect via psychological distress. Microaggression also explained the variances of alcohol use outcomes among Asian Americans. Findings are discussed in the context of an acute racism reactions model and underscore the importance of considering overt discrimination and microaggression simultaneously as determinants of psychological adjustment.
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Lefforge NL, Mclaughlin S, Goates-Jones M, Mejia C. A Training Model for Addressing Microaggressions in Group Psychotherapy. Int J Group Psychother 2020; 70:1-28. [PMID: 38449194 DOI: 10.1080/00207284.2019.1680989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Culturally responsive group psychotherapists have an ethical obligation to respond to microaggressions; therefore, training in therapeutic approaches to microaggressions is necessary. This article describes the complex factors present when microaggressions occur in group psychotherapy and provides a training model that addresses barriers to microaggression responsiveness and facilitates complex skill building. The training model consists of didactic training, role-play and modeling, and an experiential fishbowl-style group exercise. It provides the rationale, parameters, and descriptions of each component to promote the training model. The model was well received at conferences of the American Group Psychotherapy Association, but more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.
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Badiee M, Andrade E. Microsystem and Macrosystem Predictors of Latinx College Students’ Depression and Anxiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1538192718765077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Latinx college students experience depression and anxiety similarly to other groups. Systemic factors (e.g., discrimination, family support) may exacerbate or protect from symptoms. We incorporated an ecological framework to assess family cohesion, social networks, acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, and foreigner objectification as predictors of depression and anxiety for Latinx students at a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI). Only discrimination predicted depression and anxiety after controlling for age, gender, and birthplace. Educational and counseling implications are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edson Andrade
- California State University, San Bernardino, USA
- California State University, Fullerton, USA
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