Complication Rates Following Cerebral and Coronary Angiography: Nationwide Analysis 2008-2014

Catheter-based angiography is an essential procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular complications in patients. Since cerebral and coronary angiography are similar techniques that utilize the same access sites and general principles, the associated risks overlap and should be identified to help direct patient care. The purpose of this study was to determine complication rates in a combined cohort of cerebral and coronary angiography patients, as well as conduct a comparative analysis of coronary and cerebral angiography complications. The National Inpatient Sample was queried from 2008 to 2014 to identify patients who underwent coronary or cerebral angiography. After assessment of baseline characteristics, complication rates, and disposition in the combined cohort, propensity matching was utilized to create sub-cohorts of coronary and cerebral angiography patients based on demographics and comorbidities. Comparative analysis of procedural complications and disposition was then performed. A total of 3,763,651 hospitalizations were included in our study cohort (3,505,715 coronary angiographies and 257,936 cerebral angiographies). The median age was 62.9 years, with females being 46.42%. The most prevalent comorbidities in the overall cohort were hypertension (69.92%), coronary artery disease (69.48%), smoking (35.64%), and diabetes mellitus (35.13%). Propensity matching demonstrated that the cerebral angiography cohort had lower rates of acute and unspecified renal failure (5.4% vs 9.2%, OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.53-0.61, P < 0.001), hemorrhage/hematoma formation (0.8% vs 1.3%, OR 0.63, 95% CI, 0.54-0.73, P < 0.001), and equivalent rates of retroperitoneum hematoma formation (0.03% vs 0.04%, OR 1.49, 95% CI, 0.76-2.90, P = 0.247) and arterial embolism/thrombus formation (0.3% vs 0.3%, OR 1.01, 95% CI, 0.81-1.27, P = 0.900). Our study showed both cerebral and coronary angiography have generally low rates of procedural complications. Matched cohort analysis demonstrated that cerebral angiography patients are at no greater risk for complications than coronary angiography patients.

Arterial Access Complications Following Percutaneous Femoral Access in 24-Hour Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta Survivors

INTRODUCTION

With the use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) comes the potential for vascular access site complications (VASCs) and limb ischemic sequelae. We aimed to determine the prevalence of VASC and associated clinical and technical factors.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort analysis of 24-h survivors undergoing percutaneous REBOA via the femoral artery in the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute care surgery registry between Oct 2013 and Sep 2021 was performed. The primary outcome was VASC, defined as at least one of the following: hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, arterial stenosis, or the use of patch angioplasty for arterial closure. Associated clinical and procedural variables were examined. Data were analyzed using Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney-U tests, and linear regression.

RESULTS

There were 34 (7%) cases with VASC among 485 meeting inclusion criteria. Hematoma (40%) was the most common, followed by pseudoaneurysm (26%) and patch angioplasty (21%). No differences in demographics or injury/shock severity were noted between cases with and without VASC. The use of ultrasound (US) was protective (VASC, 35% versus no VASC, 51%; P = 0.05). The VASC rate in US cases was 12/242 (5%) versus 22/240 (9.2%) without US. Arterial sheath size >7 Fr was not associated with VASC. US use increased over time (R2 = 0.94, P < 0.001) with a stable rate of VASC (R2 = 0.78, P = 0.61). VASC were associated with limb ischemia (VASC, 15% versus no VASC, 4%; P = 0.006) and arterial bypass procedures (VASC 3% versus no VASC 0%; P < 0.001) but amputation was uncommon (VASC, 3% versus no VASC, 0.4%; P = 0.07).

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous femoral REBOA had a 7% VASC rate which was stable over time. VASC are associated with limb ischemia but need for surgical intervention and/or amputation is rare. The use of US-guided access appears to be protective against VASC and is recommended for use in all percutaneous femoral REBOA procedures.

Safety of sheathless vascular access using braided 4 F selective catheters for common body interventions - a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Besides other factors, complication rate of transarterial interventions depends on the size of the vascular access. Therefore, the vascular access is mostly chosen as small as possible while still allowing all planned parts of the intervention. This retrospective analysis is to evaluate the safety and feasibility of sheathless arterial interventions for a broad spectrum of interventions in daily practice.

METHODS

All sheathless interventions using a 4 F main catheter between May 2018 and September 2021 were included in the evaluation. Additionally, intervention parameters such as type of catheter, use of microcatheter and required change of main catheters were assessed. Information about the use about sheathless approach and catheters were obtained from the material registration system. All catheters were braided.

RESULTS

503 sheathless interventions with 4 F catheters from the groin were documented. The spectrum comprised bleeding embolization, diagnostic angiographies, arterial DOTA-TATE-therapy, uterine fibroid embolization, transarterial chemotherapy, transarterial radioembolization and others. In 31 cases (6 %) a change of the main catheter was required. In 381 cases (76 %) a microcatheter was utilized. No clinically relevant adverse events were observed (grade 2 or higher [CIRSE AE-classification]). None of the cases later required conversion to a sheath-based intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Sheathless interventions with a 4 F braided catheter from the groin are safe and feasible. It allows for a broad spectrum of interventions in daily practice.

A Very Rare Cause of Thrombotic Peripheral Occlusion

A 45-year-old healthy woman presented with claudication of the right leg. The resting ankle-brachial index (ABI) was reduced to 0.6, and a duplex scan revealed an occlusion of the right popliteal artery. Angiography presented a patent superficial femoral artery that ends above the knee joint. Laterally, there was delayed retrograde contrast filling of the popliteal artery. After exploring the internal iliac artery, we crossed a thrombotic occlusion of a persisting sciatic artery (PSA). Local thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (1 mg/h) was initiated. The Angiography 18 hours later showed a reduction of thrombotic material and relevant stenosis in the proximal part of the vessel. Residual thrombus and the stenosis were covered by two stentgrafts (Gore Viabahn Endoprosthesis) that were stabilized by an interwoven stent (Supera). Final angiography displayed a patent sciatic artery and a three-vessel run off. Postinterventional ABI was normalized to 1.0. The magnetic resonance imaging 6 days after the intervention demonstrated a patent PSA again and a normal blood flow on the left leg. A PSA should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower limb ischemia or suspected aneurysm formation. We demonstrated the feasibility of an interventional approach with an excellent outcome in this case.

Femoral vascular access for endovascular resuscitation

ABSTRACT

Endovascular resuscitation is an emerging area in the resuscitation of both severe traumatic hemorrhage and nontraumatic cardiac arrest. Vascular access is the critical first procedural step that must be accomplished to initiate endovascular resuscitation. The endovascular interventions presently available and emerging are routinely or potentially performed via the femoral vessels. This may require either femoral arterial access alone or access to both the femoral artery and vein. The time-critical nature of resuscitation necessitates that medical specialists performing endovascular resuscitation be well-trained in vascular access techniques. Keen knowledge of femoral vascular anatomy and skill with vascular access techniques are required to meet the needs of critically ill patients for whom endovascular resuscitation can prove lifesaving. This review article addresses the critical importance of femoral vascular access in endovascular resuscitation, focusing on the pertinent femoral vascular anatomy and technical aspects of ultrasound-guided percutaneous vascular access and femoral vessel cutdown that may prove helpful for successful endovascular resuscitation.

Transcatheter Coil Embolization in 17 Patients with 22 Coronary Artery Fistulas

Coronary artery fistulas are rare anomalies that often become symptomatic with age. They are typically diagnosed incidentally during coronary angiography. The chief nonsurgical treatment is transcatheter coil embolization. We evaluated the outcomes of this procedure in 17 symptomatic patients who had 22 fistulas in total. The 9 men and 8 women (mean age, 52 ± 16.5 yr; range, 27-74 yr) presented at 4 Turkish hospitals from October 2008 through March 2015. Three patients had multiple fistulas. Twelve fistulas originated from the right coronary artery and 10 from the left coronary artery, draining into the pulmonary artery in 18 instances. We evaluated results postprocedurally and after 2 to 5 months, defining angiographic success as a flow better than Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade 2 in the treated artery. Twenty-one of the 22 procedures immediately produced the targeted flow. We observed 2 minor and no major complications. On follow-up, 3 symptomatic patients underwent successful repeat treatment of one fistula each. We found that transcatheter coil embolization afforded good success rates with few complications in closing coronary artery fistulas. We share our experience to add to the data on treating patients with coronary artery fistulas, and to raise awareness among clinicians.

Access Site Complications of Peripheral Endovascular Procedures: A Large, Prospective Registry on Predictors and Consequences

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate predictors and consequences of acute vascular access site complications (ASCs) related to peripheral endovascular diagnostic or interventional procedures. Despite improvement of puncture techniques, access site-related morbidity and mortality is still considerable.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 5263 participants who underwent 5385 endovascular procedures at a single center were consecutively included in this prospective, observational study. Primary outcomes were ASCs defined as composite of puncture site hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, and overt puncture site bleeding on the first day after procedure.

RESULTS

ASCs occurred in 16.6% of peripheral endovascular procedures (78.6% hematomas, 18.9% pseudoaneurysms, 1.4% arteriovenous fistulas, 1.1% overt bleedings). Independent predictors were advanced age [odds ratio (OR) per 10 years: 1.12, p=0.004], female sex (OR men, 0.77; p=0.001), lysis (OR 3.56; p<0.001), periprocedural heparin (OR 5000 IU, 1.96; p=0.001; OR >5000 IU, 3.56; p=0.02), time to access (OR per 10 seconds, 1.01; p<0.001), sheath size (OR per French, 1.59; p<0.001), brachial artery access (OR vs retrograde transfemoral, 4.58; p<0.001), and compression only (OR Angio-Seal, 0.57, p=0.02; ProGlide, 0.36, p<0.001; FemoSeal, 0.57, p<0.001). Treatment was required in 20.2% and prolonged hospitalization in 17.7% of ASC. Three participants died from access site-related bleeding.

CONCLUSION

ASCs after peripheral endovascular procedures are associated with advanced age, female sex, periprocedural antithrombotic medication, brachial artery access, postinterventional bleeding, and nonuse of vascular closure devices.

[Primary retrograde distal access for endovascular interventions in patients with lower limb ischemia]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate safety and technical efficiency of primary retrograde distal access for endovascular interventions in patients with lower limb ischemia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective analysis included 25 endovascular procedures via primary retrograde distal access in 23 patients with chronic obliterating diseases of lower limb arteries. Occlusive lesion of femoral-popliteal segment was observed in 68% of cases, occlusion of at least one tibial artery was also found in 68% of cases. In 44% of cases, occlusive lesion was localized at several levels. Percutaneous intervention via anterior tibial artery or dorsalis pedis artery was performed in 68% of cases, posterior tibial artery - 24% of cases, peroneal artery - 8% of cases. We used 2 accesses in 92% of cases (the main one for intervention and additional one for angiography). In 8% of cases, intervention was carried out through a single access. Angiosome artery was punctured in 65% of cases. The only patent tibial vessel was used in 20% of cases. In 24% of cases, we performed antegrade recanalization of 'adjacent' tibial artery via distal access.

RESULTS

Primary retrograde distal access was successfully performed in 100% of cases. Retrograde revascularization was not successful in all cases (successful recanalization rate 96%, retrograde intervention rate - 92%). Femoral access was performed in 8% of cases. Antegrade blood flow through at least one tibial artery was restored in all cases. Direct revascularization of the affected angiosome was performed in 15 patients with foot necrosis, indirect revascularization through collaterals - in 5 patients. Local complications of surgical access occurred in 12% of cases.

CONCLUSION

Endovascular revascularization via primary retrograde distal access was technically effective in most cases. There were no complications with systemic consequences.

Adjunctive false lumen intervention for chronic aortic dissections is safe but offers unclear benefit

OBJECTIVE

Adjunctive false lumen embolization (FLE) with thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in patients with chronic aortic dissection is thought to induce FL thrombosis and favorable aortic remodeling. However, these data are derived from small single-institution experiences and the potential benefit of FLE remains unproven. In this study, we examined perioperative and midterm outcomes of patients with aortic dissection undergoing concomitant TEVAR and FLE.* METHODS: Patients 18 or older who underwent TEVAR for chronic aortic dissection with known FLE status in the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative database between January 2010 and February 2020 were included. Ruptured patients and emergent procedures were excluded. Patient characteristics, operative details and outcomes were analyzed by group: TEVAR with or without FLE. Primary outcomes were in-hospital post-operative complications and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included follow-up mean maximum aortic diameter change, rates of false lumen thrombosis, re-intervention rates, and mortality.

RESULTS

884 patients were included: 46 had TEVAR/FLE and 838 had TEVAR alone. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of age, gender, comorbidities, prior aortic interventions, mean maximum pre-operative aortic diameter (5.1cm vs. 5.0cm, P=0.43), presentation symptomatology, or intervention indication. FLE was associated with significantly longer procedural times (178min vs. 146min, P=0.0002), increased contrast use (134mL vs. 113mL, P=0.02), and prolonged fluoroscopy time (34min vs. 21min, P<0.0001). However, FLE was not associated with a significant difference in post-operative complications (17.4% vs. 13.8%, P=0.51), length of stay (6.5 vs. 5.7 days, P=0.18), or in-hospital all-cause mortality (0% vs. 1.3%, P=1). In mid-term follow-up (median 15.5months, IQR 2.2-36.2 months), all-cause mortality trended lower, but was not significant (2.2% vs. 7.8%); and Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no difference in overall survival between groups (P=0.23). By Cox regression analysis, post-operative complications had the strongest independent association with all-cause mortality (HR 2.65, 95% CI 1.56-4.5, P<0.001). In patients with available follow-up imaging and re-intervention status, mean aortic diameter change (n=337, -0.71cm vs. -0.69cm, P=0.64) and re-intervention rates (n=487, 10% vs. 11.4%, P=1) were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunctive FLE, despite increased procedural times, can be performed safely for patients with chronic dissection without significantly higher overall perioperative morbidity or mortality. TEVAR/FLE demonstrates trends for improved survival and increased rates of FL thrombosis in the treated thoracic segment; however, given the lack of evidence to suggest a significant reduction in re-intervention rates or induction of more favorable aortic remodeling compared to TEVAR alone, the overall utility of this technique in practice remains unclear. Further investigation is needed to determine the most appropriate role for FLE in managing chronic aortic dissections.

Comparison between antegrade common femoral artery access and superficial femoral artery access in infrainguinal endovascular interventions

BACKGROUND

Antegrade access for infrainguinal endovascular intervention can be achieved through the common femoral artery (CFA) or superficial femoral artery (SFA). A few studies with small sample sizes have shown similar efficacy and safety for antegrade puncture of the CFA and SFA. In the present study, we analyzed the feasibility of SFA access and the occurrence of complications between SFA and CFA ipsilateral access in a broader cohort.

METHODS

In the present retrospective study, we analyzed data from 462 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who had undergone peripheral angioplasty from 2009 to 2016. The inclusion criteria were PAD at Rutherford stage 3 to 6 and use of an endovascular approach. Patients with coagulation disorders, those receiving anticoagulant therapy, cases with deployment of closure devices, cases with more than one access on the same limb, and patients with inadequate bed rest after the procedure were excluded. A systematic analysis of all patients' electronic medical records was performed to evaluate the demographic aspects and technical success and identify the possible complications associated with CFA and SFA access.

RESULTS

Of the 462 patients, 290 had undergone SFA puncture and 172, CFA puncture. The demographic evaluation of both groups revealed no differences between the two groups, except that more patients with diabetes were in the CFA group and more patients with dyslipidemia and an advanced clinical presentation were in the SFA group. First puncture access was successful in 99.7% of the SFA group and 96.5% of the CFA group (P = .01). The hematoma rate in the SFA and CFA groups was 20.3% and 11%, respectively (P = .01). The incidence of major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding was not significantly different between the two groups (P = .215). Only three patients had developed a pseudoaneurysm, two of whom were in the SFA group. Female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.572; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.520-4.354; P < .001] and older age (OR, 1.034; 95% CI, 1.009-1.059; P = .007) were associated with an increased hematoma rate.

CONCLUSIONS

SFA access was associated with a higher overall rate of hematoma compared with CFA access. However, no significant difference was found in the incidence of major bleeding between the two access sites. Planned SFA access should be considered as an alternative to CFA access.

Technical Success and Complication Rates of Retrograde Arterial Access for Endovascular Therapy for Critical Limb Ischaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Antegrade crossing techniques via transfemoral access are often challenging and may be associated with technical and clinical failure when treating patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI). The objective of this study was to summarise all available literature regarding retrograde endovascular treatment of patients with CLI and to investigate the technical success and complication rate of retrograde access.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central until May 2020. A meta-analysis of 31 observational studies (29 retrospective and two prospective; 26 and five studies with low and moderate risk of bias, respectively) was conducted with random effects modelling. The incidence of adverse events peri-procedurally and during follow up were calculated.

RESULTS

The 31 studies enrolled 1 910 patients who were treated endovascularly for femoropopliteal and/or infrapopliteal lesions causing CLI. Most of the patients had diabetes while more than half of the overall population had coronary artery disease and dyslipidaemia. All lesions were located in the infra-inguinal segment and most were chronic total occlusions (96%; 95% CI 85%-100%). Seven studies reported moderate or severe calcification in approximately half of the cases (45%; 95% CI 30%-60%). The overall technical success of the retrograde approach was 96% (18 studies; 95% CI 92%-100%). Perforation, flow limiting dissection, distal embolisation, and local haematoma at the retrograde access site were infrequent and observed in 2.1%, 0.6%, 0.1%, and 1.3% of the patients, respectively. The six month primary patency rate was 78% (five studies; 95% CI 46%-99%), the six month limb salvage rate was 77% (four studies; 95% CI 70%-84%).

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that the retrograde or bidirectional antegrade/retrograde approach is safe and effective and facilitates angioplasty when antegrade treatment fails. However, prospective studies with standardised wound care and surveillance protocols are needed to investigate retrograde techniques in patients with CLI who failed antegrade revascularisation, to improve long term limb salvage and survival.

Comparison of Transfemoral Cerebral Angiography and Transradial Cerebral Angiography Following a Shift in Practice During Four Years at a Single Center in China

Background

Cerebral angiography, or intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA), is a fluoroscopic imaging technique. In China, until recently, transfemoral access (TFA) has been used, rather than transradial access (TRA). This retrospective study aimed to compare transfemoral cerebral angiography (TFCA) with transradial cerebral angiography (TRCA) consecutively performed by the same operator, at a single center in China, to determine whether there were benefits from the shift from TFA to TRA in terms of efficiency, safety, and feasibility.

Material/Methods

A review of 1,048 cerebral angiograms in 980 patients was performed by a single operator from June 2014 to May 2018, including the TFA group (n=513) and the transradial access (TRA) group (n=535), and 39 patients underwent both TFA and TRA. The total procedure time, duration of fluoroscopy, catheterization success rate, image quality, length of stay in hospital, complications of the procedure, and patient preference were compared between the groups.

Results

Compared with TFCA, TRCA resulted in significantly shorter total procedure time, a higher catheterization success rate, better image quality, and shorter duration of hospital stay (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the TFA and TRA groups for cardiovascular, cerebral, and access site complications. Patients in the TRA group showed a significantly reduced fluoroscopy time at the early stages of operator training (P<0.05). Patient preference included TRA (76.74%), TFA (16.28%), and no preference (6.89%).

Conclusions

During four years at a single center, and with a single operator, TRCA was safe, feasible, and more rapid when compared with TFCA.

Vascular access management after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using a calcium alginate sheet: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Management of vascular access (VA) is essential in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, VA often fails and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is required. Conventional hemostasis at the puncture site is associated with complications. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of a hemostatic wound dressing made of calcium alginate at the puncture site of VA after PTA and evaluate other factors affecting hemostasis.

METHODS

After PTA for VA, 200 HD patients were randomized to a calcium alginate sheet (CA) group (n = 100) or a no drug-eluting sheet (control) group (n = 100). We recorded time to hemostasis at the puncture site every 5 min, noting any complications.

RESULTS

In the CA group, rates of hemostatic achievement at 5, 10, 15 and >15 min were 57, 25, 8 and 10%, respectively. In the control group, the rates were 39, 28, 14 and 19%, respectively. Rates of hemostatic achievement at 5 min were significantly higher in the CA group (P = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis, factors affecting hemostasis within 5 min were use of the CA sheet [odds ratio (OR) 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-4.37], platelet count ≤100 000/μL (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.04-0.69), number of antithrombotic tablets used per day ≥1 tablet (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.26-0.94) and upper arm VA (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.55).

CONCLUSIONS

A CA sheet can safely reduce time to hemostasis at the puncture site after PTA, and should be considered for treating patients with a bleeding tendency.

Discharge to a Post-Acute Care Facility after Emergent Femoral Artery Repair is Not Protective Against Wound Complications

BACKGROUND

Access site complication is the most common adverse event after endovascular intervention, and when emergent operative repair of the common femoral artery (CFA) is needed, patient morbidity can be significantly increased. The intent of this project was to identify predictors of wound events after emergent operative repair of the CFA due to an access site complication. It was hypothesized that patients discharged to a facility would benefit from an ongoing relationship with healthcare professionals as evidenced by more consistent follow-up and lower wound complication rates.

METHODS

Patients who had a percutaneous CFA access complication and required emergent open CFA repair at an academic medical institution between 2015 and 2018 were included, and the charts were reviewed retrospectively. Primary outcomes included wound complication and outpatient compliance with vascular surgery clinic visit. Dichotomous groups were evaluated by the chi-squared test, and continuous variables were evaluated by Student's t-test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were completed to assess risk factors contributing to wound event or failure of clinic follow-up.

RESULTS

Forty-four patients were identified with emergent CFA repair due to an access complication between July 2015 and June 2018. Among this population, 33% of patients had wound complications and 27% were discharged to a facility. Among those discharged to a facility, the rate of follow-up to the vascular surgeon's clinic was significantly lower than those discharged to home (40% vs. 85%, P < 0.05), and the incidence of wound complications appeared greater but did not reach statistical significance (50% vs. 27%, P = 0.11). Univariate analysis indicated that kidney disease, albumin <3 g/dL, and current smoking were predictive of wound complication, whereas on multivariate analysis, only kidney disease remained predictive (P < 0.05, odds ratio = 22). The modified frailty index (mFI) was not predictive of wound complications or compliance with follow-up. However, mFI did approach statistical significance when predicting discharge to a facility.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the availability of medical personnel to arrange transportation and provide wound care in post-acute care facilities, patients who were discharged to a facility after CFA injury requiring emergent repair experienced lower compliance with clinic follow-up and may have suffered more wound complications. Strategies to improve compliance with patient follow-up and wound healing in patients sent to post-acute care facilities are warranted.

The resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of aorta (REBOA) device-what radiologists need to know

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a novel device approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in 2017 as an alternative to resuscitative emergent thoracotomy (RET). Due to advancements in placement of REBOA, including newly validated placement using anatomic landmarks, REBOA is now widely used by interventional radiologists and emergency physicians in acute subdiaphragmatic hemorrhage. Increased use of REBOA necessitates that radiologists are familiar with verification of proper REBOA placement to minimize complications. This review describes the REBOA device, indications, placement, and complications, summarizing the current available literature.

Redefining the fluoroscopic landmarks for common femoral arterial puncture during cardiac catheterization: Femoral angiogram and computed tomography angiogram (FACT) study of common femoral artery anatomy

BACKGROUND

The mid-femoral head (F₅₀ ) is a common fluoroscopic target for common femoral artery (CFA) puncture during cardiac catheterization. Punctures above the inguinal ligament (marking the proximal end of CFA) increase the risk of retroperitoneal hemorrhage and are classified as high punctures.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 114 CT angiograms for the anatomic relationship of the inguinal ligament to the femoral head (FH) and inferior epigastric artery (IEA). We analyzed 114 CT angiograms and 500 femoral angiograms, for the relation of the mid-point of CFA to F₅₀ and F₇₅ (the junction of upper 3/4th and lower 1/4th of FH).

RESULTS

The proximal third of femoral head (F₃₃ ) (-1.4 mm) and IEA nadir (-2.9 mm) were closer approximations to the inguinal ligament than the IEA origin (-12.8 mm) or cranial end of FH (-15.2 mm). The inguinal ligament correlated better with the IEA nadir than F₃₃ (R²  = 0.49 vs. 0.001). F₇₅ was a closer approximation for the mid-point of the CFA than F₅₀ (0.3 mm vs. -9.2 mm). Using F₇₅ as the target for CFA puncture carried the lowest risk for non-CFA punctures (18.6%), while using F₅₀ had a 41.2% risk for non-CFA punctures. F₇₅ had an increased risk for low punctures (14.2%) but F₅₀ had a far higher risk for high punctures (36.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

The nadir of IEA is the best landmark for identifying the inguinal ligament (the proximal end of CFA) and defining high punctures. F₇₅ is a more accurate target for successful CFA puncture than F_50.

Technical limitations of REBOA in a patient with exsanguinating pelvic crush trauma: a case report

Background

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is an effective adjunct in hemodynamic unstable patients with uncontrolled and non-compressible torso hemorrhage promoting temporary stability during injury repair. The aim of our study was to analyze real life usability of REBOA based on a case report and to review the literature with respect to its possibilities and limitations.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 17-years old female patient who sustained a severe roll-over trauma and pelvic crush injury as a bicyclist by a truck. Upon arrival of the first responders, the patient was awake, alert, and following commands.Subsequent to lifting the truck, the patient became hypotensive and required cardiopulmonary resuscitation, application of a pelvic binder, and endotracheal intubation at the accident scene. She was then admitted by ambulance to our trauma center under ongoing resuscitative measures. After primary survey, it was decided to perform a REBOA with surgical approach to the left femoral artery. Initial insertion of the catheter was successful but could not be advanced beyond the inguinal region. Hence, the patient was transferred to the operating room (OR) but died despite maximum therapy. In the OR and later autopsy, we found a long-distance ruptured and dehiscent external iliac artery with massive bleeding into the pelvis in the context of a bilateral vertical shear fractured pelvic bone.

Conclusion

REBOA can be a useful adjunct but there is a major limitation with potential vascular injury after pelvic trauma. In these situations, cross-clamping the proximal aorta or pre-peritoneal pelvic packing as "traditional" approaches of hemorrhage control during resuscitation may be the most considerable methods for temporary stabilization in severely injured trauma patients. More clinical and cadaveric studies are needed to further understand indications and limitations of REBOA after severe pelvic trauma.

A meta-analysis of the incidence of complications associated with groin access after the use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in trauma patients

BACKGROUND

Serious complications related to groin access have been reported with the use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the incidence of complications related to groin access from the use of REBOA in adult trauma patients.

METHODS

We identified articles in MEDLINE and EMBASE. We reviewed all studies that involved adult trauma patients who underwent the placement of a REBOA and included only those that reported the incidence of complications related to groin access. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed.

RESULTS

We identified 13 studies with a total of 424 patients. REBOA was inserted most commonly by trauma surgeons or emergency room physicians. Information regarding puncture technique was reported in 12 studies and was available for a total of 414 patients. Percutaneous access and surgical cutdown were performed in 304 (73.4%) and 110 (26.5%) patients, respectively. Overall, complications related to groin access occurred in 5.6% of patients (n = 24/424). Lower limb amputation was required in 2.1% of patients (9/424), of which three cases (3/424 [0.7%]) were directly related to the vascular puncture from the REBOA insertion. A meta-analysis that used the logit transformation showed a 5% (95% CI 3%-9%) incidence of complications without significant heterogeneity (LR test: χ = 0.73, p = 0.2, Tau-square = 0.2). In a second meta-analysis, we used the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation and found an incidence of complications of 4% (95% CI 2%-7%) with low heterogeneity (I = 16.3%).

CONCLUSION

We found that the incidence of complications related to groin access was of 4-5% based on a meta-analysis of 13 studies published worldwide. Currently, there are no benchmarks or quality measures as a reference to compare, and thus, further work is required to identify these benchmarks and improve the practice of REBOA in trauma surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Systematic review and meta-analysis, level III.

Differences of bleedings after percutaneous coronary intervention using femoral closure and radial compression devices

Bleedings represent most relevant complications being correlated with significant rates of adverse clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). To reduce bleeding and improve prognosis various types of vascular closure devices (VCD) are frequently applied. This study aims to compare directly one specific femoral closure (FC) to one specific radial compression (RC) device in patients after PCI focusing on overall and access-site bleedings as well as major adverse cardiac events (MACE).This single-center, prospective, and observational study included consecutive patients either treated by the FC (StarClose SE) or RC (TR Band) device following PCI. The primary outcome was bleeding; the secondary outcomes were MACE at 30 days of follow-up.Two hundred patients in each group were enrolled following PCI. Access-site bleeding was significantly higher in the FC (43%) compared to the RC (30%) group (P = .001). Most common type of access-site bleeding consisted of hematomas. Of these, small and large hematomas were significantly higher in the FC group (P < .05). No significant differences of MACE were observed in both groups. In multivariable logistic regression models no consistent significant association of any risk factor with bleeding complications was identified.Despite the use of VCD, transfemoral arterial access is still associated with a higher rates of access site bleeding consisting mostly of hematomas compared to trans-radial access, whereas no differences of MACE were observed between FC and RC patients at 30 days follow-up.

Extravascular compared to Intravascular Femoral Closure is Associated with Less Bleeding and Similar MACE after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background: Various types of vascular closure devices (VCDs) are frequently utilized in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in order to prevent arterial access site bleeding, which represents one of the most relevant complications associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study aims to compare directly two mechanistically different types of femoral closure (FC) devices in patients undergoing PCI. Methods: This single-center, prospective, observational study includes consecutively patients either treated by the extravascular StarClose SE® (Abbott, Illinois, U.S.A.) or the intravascular AngioSeal™ FC (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) after PCI. The primary endpoint was bleeding complications, the secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days of follow-up. Results: 200 patients in each group (StarClose SE® and AngioSeal™) were enrolled following PCI. The rates of overall and non-access site bleedings were significantly higher in the AngioSeal™ group (56%; 6%) compared to the StarClose SE® group (43.5%; 0.5%) (p = 0.012; 0.003). Additionally, complicated access site bleedings were also significantly higher in the AngioSeal™ group (p = 0.011). No significant differences of MACE were observed in both groups. However, there was a higher rate of unsuccessful implantation of the StarClose SE® (n=12, excluded from the study). Conclusions: In case of successful implantation, FC by the AngioSeal™ is associated with the higher rate of both access and non-access site bleedings, but similar rates of MACE at 30 days compared to the StarClose SE® device.

Iatrogenic Iliofemoral Vein Dissection: A Rare Complication of Femoral Artery Puncture

Iatrogenic iliac vein dissection secondary to femoral artery puncture is a rare complication that has not yet been documented. A 55-year-old woman presented to our institution with acute right iliofemoral thrombosis 2 weeks after transfemoral cerebral angiography. She was previously healthy and was not taking any medication. Right iliofemoral vein dissection was diagnosed by computed tomography angiography and confirmed by conventional venography. The patient was treated endovascularly with stent insertion, and the venous outflow was patent on the 6-month follow-up computed tomography angiogram.

Endovascular treatment of iliac and common femoral arteries disease by the transradial access: A prospective, feasibility study

AIM

To report feasibility and safety of endovascular interventions on iliac and common femoral arteries, using the transradial access (TRA).

METHODS

100 consecutive patients (19 women; mean age 71, range 37-90years) with critical limb ischemia (30%) or claudication, and TASC A-D lesions in iliac or common femoral arteries, were prospectively enrolled, from January 2013 to June 2015, to be treated via the TRA. Exclusion criteria included no palpable radial arteries (RA) and the presence of a fistula for hemodialysis. Patients were evaluated for procedural technical success, in-hospital complications, and 30days clinical success (defined as improvement of at least one grade in the Rutherford classification of symptoms).

RESULTS

A total of 131 iliac and common femoral arteries lesions were treated (58 in common iliac arteries, 38 in external iliac arteries and 35 in common femoral arteries). Ninety-two stents were deployed in 58 patients. Procedural technical success was achieved in 91% of the lesions; with 95% technical success rate in common iliac arteries, 87% in external iliac arteries and 89% in common femoral arteries; with 72% technical success rate in occlusions and 98% in stenosis. No in-hospital complications were observed. At 30days, 93 patients (93%) had an improvement of at least one category in the Rutherford classification of symptoms (clinical success rate 93%); 12 patients (12%) had an asymptomatic occlusion of the RA.

CONCLUSIONS

TRA can be used to treat iliac and common femoral arteries lesions with a high grade of technical success and a low rate of complications.

Vascular complications from resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta: Life over limb?

BACKGROUND

Vascular complications from resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) have been reported in as high as 13% with some patients requiring lower-extremity amputation. We sought to review our institution series of REBOA and assess our vascular complications.

METHODS

Retrospective review of all patients undergoing REBOA from October 2011 through July 2016. Data were gathered from the Memorial Hermann Trauma Registry and the hospital electronic medical records. Operative details and vascular injuries from arterial access for REBOA insertion were recorded.

RESULTS

Forty-eight patients underwent REBOA during our study period. Thirty-eight had the 14 Fr. system placed and 10 had the 7 Fr. system placed. Of the 24 surviving the removal of the 14 Fr. sheath, 19 had primary repair of the arteriotomy without vascular complication. The other five required additional vascular procedures to repair arteriotomy with no lower-extremity amputations. There were no vascular complications of sheath removal with the 7 Fr. system, with no amputations.

CONCLUSION

Implementation of REBOA can be done safely without increased risk of vascular access complications or limb loss. The 14 Fr. system will more likely require further vascular procedures to address the access site, whereas the 7 Fr. system will not.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic/care management, level II.

Assessment of Minimum Important Difference and Substantial Clinical Benefit with the Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire-6 when Evaluating Revascularisation Procedures in Peripheral Arterial Disease

OBJECTIVES

Patient reported outcomes are increasingly used to assess outcomes after peripheral arterial disease (PAD) interventions. VascuQoL-6 (VQ-6) is a PAD specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument for routine clinical practice and clinical research. This study assessed the minimum important difference for the VQ-6 and determined thresholds for the minimum important difference and substantial clinical benefit following PAD revascularisation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a population-based observational cohort study. VQ-6 data from the Swedvasc Registry (January 2014 to September 2016) was analysed for revascularised PAD patients. The minimum important difference was determined using a combination of a distribution based and an anchor-based method, while receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC) was used to determine optimal thresholds for a substantial clinical benefit following revascularisation.

RESULTS

A total of 3194 revascularised PAD patients with complete VQ-6 baseline recordings (intermittent claudication (IC) n = 1622 and critical limb ischaemia (CLI) n = 1572) were studied, of which 2996 had complete VQ-6 recordings 30 days and 1092 a year after the vascular intervention. The minimum important difference 1 year after revascularisation for IC patients ranged from 1.7 to 2.2 scale steps, depending on the method of analysis. Among CLI patients, the minimum important difference after 1 year was 1.9 scale steps. ROC analyses demonstrated that the VQ-6 discriminative properties for a substantial clinical benefit was excellent for IC patients (area under curve (AUC) 0.87, sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.76) and acceptable in CLI (AUC 0.736, sensitivity 0.63, specificity 0.72). An optimal VQ-6 threshold for a substantial clinical benefit was determined at 3.5 scale steps among IC patients and 4.5 in CLI patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The suggested thresholds for minimum important difference and substantial clinical benefit could be used when evaluating VQ-6 outcomes following different interventions in PAD and in the design of clinical trials.

Clinical outcomes of femoral closure compared to radial compression devices following percutaneous coronary intervention: the FERARI study

This study aims to compare prospectively the differences of clinical outcomes being associated with a specific femoral closure (FC) compared to a radial compression (RC) device following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). This single-center, prospective observational study included consecutively 400 patients either treated by a specific FC (Angio-Seal™, St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN) or RC (TR Band^®, Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) device following PCI. The primary outcome was to evaluate overall, access site and non-access site bleedings, the secondary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) occurring within 30 days of follow-up. 200 patients in each group (FC and RC group) were enrolled following PCI. The prevalence of overall bleedings was 56% in FC and 37% in RC group (p = 0.001). Access site bleedings were significantly higher in the FC (50%) compared to the RC (30%) group (p = 0.001). Most common type of access site bleeding consisted of hematomas (FC 45% vs. RC 27%, p = 0.001). Of these, intermediate and large hematomas were significantly higher in the FC group (p < 0.05). Surgical interventions following device-related bleedings were uncommon in both groups. No significant differences of MACE were observed in both treatment groups. Despite the use of a vascular closure device, the femoral arterial access is still associated with a higher rate of access site bleedings, consisting mostly of intermediate to large hematomas. No differences of MACE were found between FC versus RC following PCI at 30 days.

TRIAL REGISTRY

ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02455661 ).

Starclose SE® hemostasis after 6F direct antegrade superficial femoral artery access distal to the femoral head for peripheral endovascular procedures in obese patients

PURPOSE

Direct superficial femoral artery (SFA) antegrade puncture is a valid alternative to common femoral artery (CFA) access for peripheral vascular interventions. Data investigating vascular closure device (VCD) hemostasis of distant SFA 6F access are limited. We aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of the Starclose SE® VCD for hemostasis, following direct 6F antegrade SFA access distal to the femoral head.

METHODS

This prospective, single-center study included patients who were not suitable for CFA puncture and were scheduled to undergo peripheral endovascular interventions using direct antegrade SFA 6F access, at least 2 cm below the inferior edge of femoral head. Hemostasis was obtained with the Starclose SE® VCD (Abbott Laboratories). Primary endpoints were successful hemostasis rate and periprocedural (30-day) major complication rate. Secondary endpoint was the rate of minor complications. Clinical and Doppler ultrasound follow-up was performed at discharge and at one month.

RESULTS

Between September 2014 and August 2015, a total of 30 patients (21 male; 70.0%) with a mean body mass index of 41.2 kg/m2 were enrolled. Mean age was 72±9 years (range, 67-88 years). Most patients suffered from critical limb ischemia (87.1%) and diabetes (61.3%). Calcifications were present in eight cases (26.6%). Reason for direct SFA puncture was obesity (100%). Successful hemostasis was achieved in 100% of the cases. No major complications were noted after one-month follow-up. Minor complications included two <5 cm hematomas (6.6%) not necessitating treatment.

CONCLUSION

In this prospective study, Starclose SE® VCD was safe and effective for hemostasis of antegrade direct SFA puncture. Uncomplicated hemostasis was achieved even in cases of puncturing 2 to 7 cm below the inferior edge of the femoral head.

Two-year results from a randomized clinical trial of revascularization in patients with intermittent claudication

Background

Intermittent claudication is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. The use of revascularization techniques to improve health-related quality of life remains controversial.

Methods

Patients with intermittent claudication due to iliac or femoropopliteal peripheral artery disease were enrolled in the IRONIC trial. They were randomized to either best medical therapy (BMT), including a structured, non-supervised exercise programme, or revascularization with either endovascular or open techniques in addition to BMT. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life at 2 years assessed using the Short Form 36 (SF-36®) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included VascuQoL questionnaire results, treadmill walking distances and achievement of patient-specified treatment goals.

Results

Both randomized groups had improved health-related quality of life and treadmill walking distance at 2-year follow-up. Overall SF-36® physical component summary score, three SF-36® physical domain scores, overall VascuQoL score, and three of five VascuQoL domain scores showed significantly greater improvement in the group that also received invasive treatment. Intermittent claudication distance on a graded treadmill improved more in the revascularization + BMT group (117 versus 55 m; P = 0·003) whereas maximum walking distance and 6-min walk test distance were similar. Some 44 per cent of patients in the revascularization + BMT group reported they had fully achieved their treatment goal versus 10 per cent in the BMT group.

Conclusion

A revascularization strategy with unsupervised exercise improved health-related quality of life and intermittent claudication distance more than standard BMT and an unsupervised exercise programme in patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication. Registration number: NCT01219842 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Design and Rationale of the Femoral Closure versus Radial Compression Devices Related to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (FERARI) Study

BACKGROUND

Bleeding events after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are associated with patients’ age, gender, and the presence of chronic kidney disease, antithrombotic treatment, as well as arterial access site. Patients being treated by PCI using radial access site are associated with an improved prognosis. However, the safety of femoral closure devices has never been compared to radial compression devices following PCI. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of femoral closure compared to radial compression devices in patients treated by PCI envisaging access site bleedings as well as short- and long-term prognostic outcomes.

METHODS

The Femoral Closure versus Radial Compression Devices Related to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (FERARI) study is a single-center observational study comparing 400 consecutive patients undergoing PCI either using radial compression devices (TR Band™) or femoral closure devices (Angio-Seal™) at the corresponding access site. The primary outcome consists of the occurrence of vascular complications at the arterial access site, including major bleedings as defined by common classification systems. Secondary outcomes consist of the occurrence of adverse cardiac events, including all-cause mortality, target lesion revascularization, and target vessel revascularization during 30 days and 12 months of follow-up.

RESULTS

Study enrollment was initiated in February 2014. The enrollment phase is expected to last until May 2015.

CONCLUSIONS

The FERARI study intends to comparatively evaluate the safety and prognostic outcome of patients being treated by radial or femoral arterial closure devices following PCI during daily clinical practice.

Pocket-size imaging devices allow for reliable bedside screening for femoral artery access site complications

The aim of this study was to validate pocket-size imaging devices (PSIDs) as a fast screening tool for detecting complications after femoral artery puncture. Forty patients undergoing femoral artery puncture for arterial access related to percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled. Twenty-four hours after percutaneous coronary intervention, the involved inguinal region was assessed with PSIDs enabling 2-D gray-scale and color Doppler imaging. Subsequently, examination with a stationary high-end ultrasound system was performed to verify the findings of bedside examination in all patients. In 37 patients, PSID imaging had good diagnostic quality. False aneurysms (one asymptomatic) occurred in four patients, and all were recognized during bedside screening with PSID. One case of femoral artery thrombosis was confirmed with PSID and during standard ultrasonographic examination. Physical examination augmented with the quick bedside PSID examination had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91%. PSID facilitated rapid bedside detection of serious access site complications in the vast majority of patients, including asymptomatic cases.

Access and hemostasis: femoral and popliteal approaches and closure devices-why, what, when, and how?

This article reviews the arterial access sites used in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease, including common femoral, superficial femoral, and popliteal arterial puncture. The optimal approach and techniques for arterial puncture will be described and technical tips and tricks will be discussed. An overview of the currently available vascular closure devices will also be presented. Indications, contraindications, and complications will be discussed. Results of the use of vascular closure devices compared with manual compression will be presented.

The Use of ExoSeal Vascular Closure Device for Direct Antegrade Superficial Femoral Artery Puncture Site Hemostasis

PURPOSE

This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the ExoSeal vascular closure device (VCD) to achieve hemostasis in antegrade access of the superficial femoral artery (SFA).

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of ExoSeal VCD used for hemostasis in 110 accesses to the SFA in 93 patients between July 2011 and July 2013. All patients had patent proximal SFA based on computer tomography angiography or ultrasound duplex. Arterial calcifications at puncture site were graded using fluoroscopy. The SFA was accessed in an antegrade fashion with ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance. In all patients, 5-7F vascular sheaths were used. The ExoSeal VCD was applied to achieve hemostasis at the end of the procedure. All patients were clinically examined and had ultrasound duplex exam for any puncture site complications during the 24 h postprocedure.

RESULTS

In all procedures, the ExoSeal was applied successfully. We did not encounter any device-related technical failure. There were four major complications in four patients (3.6 %): three pseudoaneurysms, which were treated with direct thrombin injection, and one hematoma, which necessitated transfusion of two blood units. All patients with complications were treated with anticoagulation preprocedure or received thrombolytic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The ExoSeal VCD can be safely used for antegrade puncture of the SFA, with a high procedural success rate (100 %) and a low rate of access site complications (3.6 %).

Percutaneous treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms: comparison of fibrin sealant against thrombin

INTRODUCTION: Femoral pseudoaneurysms are a complication that occurs in connection with up to 8% of percutaneous procedures. Of the available treatments, ultrasound guided thrombin injection has a high success rate and is well-tolerated by patients. The combination of thrombin and fibrinogen known as fibrin sealant forms a stable clot and can be used to treat pseudoaneurysms, particularly those with complex anatomy and larger size. OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of treating femoral pseudoaneurysm in two ways: Group T was treated with thrombin alone and Group T+F was treated with fibrin sealant (thrombin+fibrinogen). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of femoral pseudoaneurysm cases treated between January 2005 and December 2012. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were treated, 21 with thrombin alone and seven with fibrin sealant. All patients in group T were treated successfully, but only four patients in group T+F were treated successfully (57.1% success rate in Group T+F, p<0.01). The three cases of failure in group T+F needed surgery and in one of these cases the complication was embolization to the femoral bifurcation. The pseudoaneurysms that were treated with fibrin sealant were larger (25 cm3 in Group T and 57.7 cm3 in Group T+F, p=0.02) and required larger volumes of thrombin (0.5 mL in Group T and 1.0 mL in Group T+F, p<0.01). There was one complication in Group T and two complications in Group T+F (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the small number of cases reviewed, treatment with thrombin alone was superior to treating with fibrin sealant, since it caused few complications and was more effective at correcting pseudoaneurysms.