Comparison of Periodontal Status Between Male Exclusive Narghile Smokers and Male Exclusive Cigarette Smokers

The adverse health effects of waterpipe smoking in adolescents and young adults: A narrative review

Waterpipe (WP) smoking has rapidly grown in popularity in the United States and other Western countries with the fastest uptake among younger individuals. This growth has been encouraged by the misperception that WP smoke is harmless or less harmful than cigarette smoke. To better understand how WP affects the health of young people, we conducted a narrative review of the literature focusing on the adverse health effects of WP smoking in adolescents and younger adults. We searched scientific literature databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI Web and selected papers that met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-three papers met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. Data were abstracted from the selected papers into a standardized table. The evidence demonstrates that WP smoking can cause acute lung infection and injury, and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, in adolescents and young adults. It is also associated with adverse subclinical effects in this sub-population, including oral and systemic genotoxicity, lung function decline, and the alteration of vascular and hemodynamic functions. Limited evidence that is available indicates associations with psychological and neurological effects and asthma. No identified publications examined the association between WP use and type 2 diabetes, a condition that is associated with cigarette smoking among young people. WP smoking by younger individuals can result in their hospitalization due to systemic CO poisoning and acute lung disease, and induce subclinical adverse effects in the oral cavity, pulmonary system, and in circulation, that are involved in the pathogenesis of local and systemic chronic diseases.

Effect of smoking on periodontal health and validation of self-reported smoking status with serum cotinine levels

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether self-reported smoking and serum cotinine levels associate with periodontal pocket development and to determine the accuracy of self-reported smoking using serum cotinine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This 4-year prospective cohort study included data from 294 dentate adults, aged ≥30 years, who participated in both the Health 2000 Survey and the Follow-up Study of Finnish Adults' Oral Health. Subjectively reported smoking status (daily smokers n = 62, occasional smokers n = 12, quitters n = 49, and never-smokers n = 171), serum cotinine levels, demographic factors, education level, dental behaviours and medical history were collected at baseline. The outcome measure was the number of teeth with periodontal pocketing ≥4 mm over 4 years.

RESULTS

Self-reported daily smokers had 1.82 (95% CI: 1.32-2.50) higher incidence of deepened periodontal pockets than never-smokers. A positive association was observed between serum cotinine (≥42.0 μg/L) and the development of periodontal pockets. The misclassification rate of self-reported smoking was 6%.

CONCLUSIONS

Both self-reported daily smoking and higher serum cotinine were associated with periodontal pocket development. Self-reported smoking was fairly accurate in this study. However, higher cotinine levels among a few self-reported never-smokers indicated misreporting or passive smoking. Thus, self-reports alone are not enough to assess the smoking-attributable disease burden.

Effect of Cigarette and Shisha smoking on cognitive functions impairment: A cross sectional study

Objectives:

Cigarette and Shisha smoking is becoming a common practice in young generation worldwide. Since, this is a growing threat to public health, our study aims to investigate the cognitive function responses of cigarette and Shisha inhalation in adolescents.

Methods:

This retrospective cross sectional study comprised three groups, cigarette smoker, Shisha smoker, and nonsmoker control group (each n=25). All the participants were apparently healthy male volunteers aged 21-24 years. Cognitive functions were assessed by employing “Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery”. The cognitive functions outcome variables were response time tasks (attention switching task (AST) and the percentage of correct answers pattern recognition memory (PRM) task.

Results:

Cigarette and Shisha smokers exhibited a considerable decline in cognitive performance parameters, AST mean correct latency (p=0.001), AST mean correct latency (congruent) (p=0.001), AST mean correct latency (incongruent) (p=0.001) and AST mean correct latency (switching) (p=0.001) compared to matched control group.

Conclusions:

Cigarette and Shisha smokers exhibited significant impairment in their cognitive functions. The present study findings convince that cigarette and Shisha smokers should quit smoking.