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Filgueira TO, Carvalho PRC, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Castoldi A, Teixeira AM, de Albuquerque RB, de Lima-Filho JL, Souto FO. The impact of supervised physical exercise on chemokines and cytokines in recovered COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051059. [PMID: 36685603 PMCID: PMC9846636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which induces a high release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, leading to severe systemic disorders. Further, evidence has shown that recovered COVID-19 patients still have some symptoms and disorders from COVID-19. Physical exercise can have many health benefits. It is known to be a potent regulator of the immune system, which includes frequency, intensity, duration, and supervised by a professional. Given the confinement and social isolation or hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, the population became sedentary or opted for physical exercise at home, assuming the guarantee of the beneficial effects of physical exercise and reducing exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise protocol and a home-based unsupervised exercise protocol on chemokine and cytokine serum levels in recovered COVID-19 patients. This study was a prospective, parallel, two-arm clinical trial. Twenty-four patients who had moderate to severe COVID-19 concluded the intervention protocols of this study. Participants were submitted to either supervised exercise protocol at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco or home-based unsupervised exercise for 12 weeks. We analyzed serum levels of chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, and CXCL10/IP-10) and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). Before the interventions, no significant differences were observed in the serum levels of chemokines and cytokines between the supervised and home-based unsupervised exercise groups. The CXCL8/IL-8 (p = 0.04), CCL2/MCP-1 (p = 0.03), and IFN-γ (p = 0.004) levels decreased after 12 weeks of supervised exercise. In parallel, an increase in IL-2 (p = 0.02), IL-6 (p = 0.03), IL-4 (p = 0.006), and IL-10 (p = 0.04) was observed after the supervised protocol compared to pre-intervention levels. No significant differences in all the chemokines and cytokines were found after 12 weeks of the home-based unsupervised exercise protocol. Given the results, the present study observed that supervised exercise was able to modulate the immune response in individuals with post-COVID-19, suggesting that supervised exercise can mitigate the inflammatory process associated with COVID-19 and its disorders. Clinical trial registration https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7z3kxjk, identifier U1111-1272-4730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayrine Ordonio Filgueira
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center, Agreste Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Caruaru, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Renata Bezerra de Albuquerque
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José Luiz de Lima-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center, Agreste Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Caruaru, Brazil
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Stephen G, Kate M B. Caregiving and allostatic load predict future illness and disability: A population-based study. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100295. [PMID: 34589788 PMCID: PMC8474636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caring for sick or disabled relatives is a key model for understanding the effects of chronic stress on immunity/inflammation; biomarkers which are part of an index of allostatic load. Here, we examine whether caring and allostatic load are predictive of future illness/disability and if the association between caring and illness/disability is mediated by allostatic load. Method Using data from the Understanding Society Wave 2 (2011) and Wave 9 (2017–2019) datasets in the UK, a sample of 471 of caregivers and 2,151 non-caregivers (all initially healthy) were compared on allostatic load and future illness/disability. Results Caregivers had higher allostatic risk scores, for total as well as immune and non-immune biomarkers, and were more likely (23.3% vs 17.4%) to have an illness/disability in the future compared to non-caregivers. Moreover, caregiving was responsible for a 33% future illness/disability risk. Further, allostatic load was also predictive of excess risk (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08 – 1.26; p < .001); higher allostatic load was associated with increased risk of illness/disability in the future. In an unadjusted mediation model, allostatic load mediated the association between caregiving and future illness/disability. However, after controlling for confounding, the mediation became non-significant. Conclusions These results confirm that caregiving and allostatic load are damaging for future health. Results are also discussed in relation to public health aspects of caregiving. Caregivers have a greater risk of future illness and disability relative to non-caregivers. Allostatic load is higher among caregivers. Risk of illness and disability continued beyond cessation of caring. Caregiving and allostatic load predicted future illness and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gallagher Stephen
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Bennett Kate M
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, UK
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