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Fawzy NA, Tahir MJ, Saeed A, Ghosheh MJ, Alsheikh T, Ahmed A, Lee KY, Yousaf Z. Incidence and factors associated with burnout in radiologists: A systematic review. Eur J Radiol Open 2023; 11:100530. [PMID: 37920681 PMCID: PMC10618688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2023.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale and objectives Burnout among physicians has a prevalence rate exceeding 50%. The radiology department is not immune to the burnout epidemic. Understanding and addressing burnout among radiologists has been a subject of recent interest. Thus, our study aims to systematically review studies reporting the prevalence of burnout in physicians in the radiology department while providing an overview of the factors associated with burnout among radiologists. Materials and methods The search was conducted from inception until November 13th, 2022, in PubMed, Embase, Education Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, and psycArticles. Studies reporting the prevalence of burnout or any subdimensions among radiology physicians, including residents, fellows, consultants, and attendings, were included. Data on study characteristics and estimates of burnout syndrome or any of its subdimensions were collected and summarized. Results After screening 6379 studies, 23 studies from seven countries were eligible. The number of participants ranged from 26 to 460 (median, 162; interquartile range, 91-264). In all, 18 studies (78.3%) employed a form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. In comparison, four studies (17.4%) used the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index, and one study (4.3%) used a single-item measure derived from the Zero Burnout Program survey. Overall burnout prevalence estimates were reported by 14 studies (60.9%) and varied from 33% to 88%. High burnout prevalence estimates were reported by only five studies (21.7%) and ranged from 5% to 62%. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization prevalence estimates were reported by 16 studies (69.6%) and ranged from 11%-100% and 4%-97%, respectively. Furthermore, 15 studies (65.2%) reported low personal accomplishment prevalence, ranging from 14.7% to 84%. There were at least seven definitions for overall burnout and high burnout among the included studies, and there was high heterogeneity among the cutoff scores used for the burnout subdimensions. Conclusion Burnout in radiology is increasing globally, with prevalence estimates reaching 88% and 62% for overall and high burnout, respectively. A myriad of factors has been identified as contributing to the increased prevalence. Our data demonstrated significant variability in burnout prevalence estimates among radiologists and major disparities in burnout criteria, instrument tools, and study quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader A. Fawzy
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Junaid Tahir
- Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center (PKLI & RC), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Saeed
- Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center (PKLI & RC), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Tamara Alsheikh
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Yiu Lee
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Goldhaber NH, Chea A, Hekler EB, Zhou W, Fergerson B. Evaluating the Mental Health of Physician-Trainees Using an SMS Text Message-Based Assessment Tool: Longitudinal Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45102. [PMID: 37266985 DOI: 10.2196/45102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician burnout is a multibillion-dollar issue in the United States. Despite its prevalence, burnout is difficult to accurately measure. Institutions generally rely on periodic surveys that are subject to recall bias. SMS text message-based surveys or assessments have been used in health care and have the advantage of easy accessibility and high response rates. OBJECTIVE In this pilot project, we evaluated the utility of and participant engagement with a simple, longitudinal, and SMS text message-based mental health assessment system for physician-trainees at the study institution. The goal of the SMS text message-based assessment system was to track stress, burnout, empathy, engagement, and work satisfaction levels faced by users in their normal working conditions. METHODS Three SMS text message-based questions per week for 5 weeks were sent to each participant. All data received were deidentified. Additionally, each participant had a deidentified personal web page to follow their scores as well as the aggregated scores of all participants over time. A 13-question optional survey was sent at the conclusion of the study to evaluate the usability of the platform. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS In all, 81 participants were recruited and answered at least six (mean 14; median 14; range 6-16) questions for a total of 1113 responses. Overall, 10 (17%) out of 59 participants responded "Yes" to having experienced a traumatic experience during the study period. Only 3 participants ever answered being "Not at all satisfied" with their job. The highest number of responses indicating that participants were stressed or burnt out came on day 25 in the 34-day study period. There were mixed levels of concern for the privacy of responses. No substantial correlations were noted between responses and having experienced a traumatic experience during the study period. Furthermore, 12 participants responded to the optional feedback survey, and all either agreed or strongly agreed that the SMS text message-based assessment system was easy to use and the number of texts received was reasonable. None of the 12 respondents indicated that using the SMS text message-based assessment system caused stress. CONCLUSIONS Responses demonstrated that SMS text message-based mental health assessments are potentially useful for recording physician-trainee mental health levels in real time with minimal burden, but further study of SMS text message-based mental health assessments should address limitations such as improving response rates and clarifying participants' sense of privacy when using the SMS text message-based assessment system. The findings of this pilot study can inform the development of institution-wide tools for assessing physician burnout and protecting physicians from occupational stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Goldhaber
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Annie Chea
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eric B Hekler
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Byron Fergerson
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Briggs LG, Riew GJ, Kim NH, Aharon S, Klickstein JA, Cao AQ, Lites C, Sedlacek V, Seward MW, Soled DR, Palamara K. Racial and Gender Differences in Medical Student Burnout: A 2021 National Survey. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:723-735. [PMID: 37137644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure racial and gender differences in medical student burnout and identify possible contributing factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Electronic surveys were distributed to medical students at 9 US medical schools from December 27, 2020, through January 17, 2021. Questions covered demographic characteristics, stressors contributing to burnout, and the 2-item Maslach Burnout Inventory. RESULTS Of 5500 invited students, 1178 (21%) responded (mean age, 25.3 years; 61% identified as female). Fifty-seven percent of respondents identified as White, 26% as Asian, and 5% as Black. Overall, 75.6% of students met the criteria for burnout. Women reported more burnout (78% vs 72%; P=.049). There were no differences in burnout prevalence by race. Students commonly reported that lack of sleep (42%), decreased engagement in hobbies or self-care (41%), stress about grades (37%), feeling socially disconnected (36%), and lack of exercise (35%) contributed to burnout. Compared with students of other races, Black students reported that their feelings of burnout were affected significantly more by lack of sleep and poor diet, and Asian students more by stress about grades, residency, and publishing pressure (all P<.05). Female students were more affected than male students by stress about grades, poor diet, and feelings of social disconnectedness and inadequacy (all P<.05). CONCLUSION Burnout (75.6%) was higher than historical norms, and female students reported higher burnout than male students. There was no difference in burnout prevalence by race. There were racial and gender differences in self-identified contributors of burnout. Additional research is needed to confirm whether stressors were contributors to or consequences of burnout, as well as how to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan G Briggs
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ.
| | | | | | - Shani Aharon
- Department of General Surgery, Virginia Mason Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Derek R Soled
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kerri Palamara
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Böckelmann I, Zavgorodnii I, Litovchenko O, Kapustnyk V, Thielmann B. [Professional gratification crisis, overcommitment, and burnout among Ukrainian anesthesiologists and intensive care physicians during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2023; 73:64-74. [PMID: 36714459 PMCID: PMC9869814 DOI: 10.1007/s40664-022-00492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Mental stress of anesthesiologists and intensive care physicians is varied and complex. Overcommitment (OC) is characterized by an excessive tendency to professional commitment, which can lead to psychological stress and consequently to psychological disorders, such as burnout. The prevalence of burnout among intensive care physicians is internationally widespread. The aim of this study was to determine OC and gratification among Ukrainian anesthesia and intensive care physicians during the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic and to analyze the risk of burnout in this professional group, and the associations between OC and burnout. Methods A total of 73 Ukrainian male (47.9%) and female (52.1%) intensive care physicians participated in the survey. The mean age was 39.8 ± 10.94 years (range 23-78 years). In addition to sociodemographic and occupational data, occupational gratification was collected using the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) questionnaire with additional questions on OC, and the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI). Participants were classified and compared into groups with different OC (< 16 points and ≥ 16 points). Results Of the participants 75% (55) could be classified into a group with OC < 16 points, and 18 presented an elevated OC. A significant difference in effort (13.9 ± 4.1 vs. 17.2 ± 3.6 points; p = 0.003) and ERI ratio (0.58 ± 0.2 vs. 0.77 ± 0.2; p = 0.006) was found between these two groups. In the group with OC ≥ 16 points, 50% of participants reported high emotional exhaustion (vs. 12.7% with OC < 16 points; p = 0.002), but also high performance (61.1% vs. 32.7%; p = 0.005). Overall, a burnout prevalence of 2.7% was found in the total sample, with both subjects represented in the OC < 16 points group. Higher emotional exhaustion was associated with higher OC, higher effort, and lower reward. Discussion The study results showed high emotional exhaustion among subjects with high overcommitment and three quarters of the respondents showed symptoms of burnout. For this reason, health promotion measures and prevention should be offered to counteract the high stresses during the pandemic. These should include relationship and behavioral prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Böckelmann
- Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Igor Zavgorodnii
- Lehrstuhl für Hygiene und Ökologie No 2, Nationale Medizinische Universität Charkiw, Charkiw, Ukraine
| | - Olena Litovchenko
- Lehrstuhl für Hygiene und Ökologie No 2, Nationale Medizinische Universität Charkiw, Charkiw, Ukraine
| | - Valerij Kapustnyk
- Lehrstuhl für Innere- und Berufskrankheiten, Nationale Medizinische Universität Charkiw, Charkiw, Ukraine
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Deutschland
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Briggs LG, Riew GJ, Seward MW. Combatting Burnout by Maximizing Medical Student Participation in Exercise Events. Am J Lifestyle Med 2022; 16:779-784. [PMID: 36389050 PMCID: PMC9644146 DOI: 10.1177/15598276211042821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Physicians have a higher risk of burnout than many other professions, and burnout is associated with less altruistic professional values, worse patient-doctor relationships, and increased medical errors. Burnout begins in medical school, such that institutions should intervene early to facilitate increased engagement in forms of self-care, including but not limited to exercise. Exercise is negatively associated with burnout, but there is limited research on what motivates students to participate in exercise events and how events could be optimally designed to maximize attendance. Students from nine medical schools across the United States were invited to complete an online survey assessing the effectiveness of various factors at increasing participation in exercise events. Of 5500 invited students, 1182 (21%) responded. Mean age was 25 years, 61% were female, and 38% male. Fifty-seven percent identified as White, 26% Asian, and 5% Black. Students reported financial discounts (56%), having all logistics planned by event organizers (46%), and opportunities to find informal mentors (40%) as most likely to increase participation. To increase student participation in wellness events, institutions should prioritize available funding toward strategies that save students time and money while building community across levels of training and departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan G. Briggs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grant J. Riew
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael W. Seward
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Mascaro JS, Wallace A, Hyman B, Haack C, Hill CC, Moore MA, Lund MB, Nehl EJ, Bergquist SH, Cole SW. Flourishing in Healthcare Trainees: Psychological Well-Being and the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2255. [PMID: 35206440 PMCID: PMC8871849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
While much attention has been paid to healthcare provider and trainee burnout, less is known about provider well-being (i.e., flourishing) or about the effects of well-being on immune function. This study examined the demographic and psycho-social correlates of well-being among healthcare trainees (resident physicians and physician assistant (PA) trainees) and evaluated the association of well-being with the "conserved transcriptional response to adversity" (CTRA) characterized by up-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulated expression of innate antiviral genes. Participants (n = 58) completed self-reported assessments of sleep disturbance, loneliness, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, and well-being (flourishing). Blood sample RNA profiles were analyzed by RNA sequencing to assess the CTRA. Slightly over half (n = 32; 55.2%) of healthcare trainees were categorized as flourishing. Flourishing was less prevalent among primary caregivers, and more prevalent among trainees who exercised more frequently and those with fewest days sick. Loneliness (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.61, 0.91; p = 0.003) and stress (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.94; p = 0.02) were associated with decreased odds of flourishing when controlling for other variables. Flourishing was associated with down-regulated CTRA gene expression, whereas loneliness was associated with up-regulated CTRA gene expression (both p < 0.05). Assessing these relationships in a larger, multi-site study is of critical importance to inform policy, curricula, and interventions to bolster sustainable trainee well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Mascaro
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Amanda Wallace
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.W.); (E.J.N.)
| | - Brooke Hyman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (C.C.H.)
| | - Carla Haack
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Cherie C. Hill
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.H.); (C.C.H.)
| | - Miranda A. Moore
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Maha B. Lund
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Eric J. Nehl
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.W.); (E.J.N.)
| | | | - Steve W. Cole
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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