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Barry AR, Babadagli HE, Boswell R, Chen JW, Dawson EL, Lopaschuk DG, McMillan CL, Nguyen BV, Omar MA, Pollmann DM, Zhou JS, Ackman ML. Review of the top 5 cardiology studies of 2019-20. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021; 154:388-393. [PMID: 34777649 PMCID: PMC8581808 DOI: 10.1177/17151635211029328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arden R Barry
- Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Hazal E Babadagli
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Rosaleen Boswell
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - June W Chen
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Ellen L Dawson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services,Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - David G Lopaschuk
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Chloe L McMillan
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Binh V Nguyen
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Mohamed A Omar
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Dylan M Pollmann
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jian Song Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Margaret L Ackman
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; and Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta
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2
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Luo H, Chen CY, Li X, Zhang X, Su CW, Liu Y, Cao T, Hao L, Wang M, Kang JX. Increased lipogenesis is critical for self-renewal and growth of breast cancer stem cells: Impact of omega-3 fatty acids. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1660-1670. [PMID: 34486791 PMCID: PMC9292025 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant lipid metabolism has recently been recognized as a new hallmark of malignancy, but the characteristics of fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) and potential interventions targeting this pathway remain to be addressed. Here, by using the in vitro BCSC models, mammosphere‐derived MCF‐7 cells and HMLE‐Twist‐ER cells, we found that the cells with stem cell‐like properties exhibited a very distinct profile of fatty acid metabolism compared with that of their parental cancer cells, characterized by increased lipogenesis, especially the activity of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) responsible for the production of monounsaturated fatty acids, and augmented synthesis and utilization of the omega‐6 arachidonic acid (AA). Suppression of SCD1 activity by either enzyme inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown strikingly limited self‐renewal and growth of the BCSC, suggesting a key role for SCD1 in BCSC proliferation. Furthermore, elevated levels of SCD1 and other lipogenic enzymes were observed in human breast cancer tissues relative to the noncancer tissues from the same patients and correlated with the pathological grades. Interestingly, treatment of BCSC with omega‐3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, effectively downregulated the expression of the lipogenic enzymes and markedly suppressed BCSC self‐renewal and growth. Dietary supplementation of nude mice bearing BCSC‐derived tumors with omega‐3 fatty acids also significantly reduced their tumor load. These findings have demonstrated that increased lipogenesis is critical for self‐renewal and growth of BCSC, and that omega‐3 fatty acids are effective in targeting this pathway to exert their anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Luo
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiangyong Li
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chien-Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tinglan Cao
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Hao
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology (LLMT), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Raczkiewicz D, Sarecka-Hujar B, Pawełczak-Barszczowska A, Bojar I. How do Polish pharmacy staff evaluate own qualifications, competences, relevance, motivation, effectiveness in health promotion? Health Promot Int 2021; 37:6308793. [PMID: 34165539 PMCID: PMC8851399 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Health promotion programmes are complex and need to engage all health care specialists, including pharmacists. Pharmacies are considered as a potentially ideal place for health promotion and education. To evaluate own qualifications, competences, relevance, motivation and effectiveness of Polish pharmacy staff with regard to health-related information provided to patients, which contributes to health promotion. 308 pharmacy staff from Lublin (Poland) were surveyed with a questionnaire prepared by the researchers and piloted previously. It consisted of 5 domains: qualifications, competences, relevance, motivation, and effectiveness of health promotion. Items in each domain were scored by respondents in 1 − 10 scale where 1 is ‘very low’ and 10 is ‘very high’. Pharmacy staff rated the relevance of health promotion the highest, while the lowest—own competences and effectiveness in health promotion. Female pharmacy staff assessed the relevance of health promotion significantly higher than males (7.1 vs. 6.1, p = 0.005). Higher self-assessments of qualifications, competences, relevance, motivation and effectiveness in health promotion were provided by: the youngest pharmacy staff, those with a short period of employment, and pharmacy staff working in pharmacies employing up to 3 persons. Qualification and competences in health promotion were assessed higher by pharmacy technicians and masters of pharmacy with post-graduate studies or professional specialization, or Ph.D. than by masters of pharmacy. Relevance and effectiveness in health promotion were evaluated higher by pharmacy staff in pharmacies serving more than 100 customers daily. There is a need to improve qualifications, competences, relevance, motivation and effectiveness in health promotion conducted by Polish pharmacy staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raczkiewicz
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Kleczewska str 61/63, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Sarecka-Hujar
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa str 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Bojar
- Department of Women's Health, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego str 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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4
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Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Comment on "Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181". Nutrients 2020; 12:E2321. [PMID: 32748881 PMCID: PMC7468812 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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5
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Platelet activation and prothrombotic mediators at the nexus of inflammation and atherosclerosis: Potential role of antiplatelet agents. Blood Rev 2020; 45:100694. [PMID: 32340775 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are central to inflammation-related manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as atherosclerosis. Platelet-activating factor (PAF), thrombin, thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) are some of the key agonists of platelet activation that are at the intersection between a plethora of inflammatory pathways that modulate pro-inflammatory and coagulation processes. The aim of this article is to review the role of platelets and the relationship between their structure, function, and the interactions of their constituents in systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis. Antiplatelet therapies are discussed with a view to primary prevention of CVD by the clinical reduction of platelet reactivity and inflammation. Current antiplatelet therapies are effective in reducing cardiovascular risk but increase bleeding risk. Novel therapeutic antiplatelet approaches beyond current pharmacological modalities that do not increase the risk of bleeding require further investigation. There is potential for specifically designed nutraceuticals that may become safer alternatives to pharmacological antiplatelet agents for the primary prevention of CVD but there is serious concern over their efficacy and regulation, which requires considerably more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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6
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Lordan R, Redfern S, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: are marine phospholipids the answer? Food Funct 2020; 11:2861-2885. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the latest research on the cardioprotective effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) and n-3 FA bound to polar lipids (PL). Overall, n-3 PL may have enhanced bioavailability and potentially bioactivityversusfree FA and ester forms of n-3 FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Shane Redfern
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
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7
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Tsoupras A, O'Keeffe E, Lordan R, Redfern S, Zabetakis I. Bioprospecting for Antithrombotic Polar Lipids from Salmon, Herring, and Boarfish By-Products. Foods 2019; 8:foods8090416. [PMID: 31540159 PMCID: PMC6769463 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine polar lipids (PLs) have exhibited promising cardioprotection. In this study, marine by-products such as salmon heads (SHs), their brain, eyes and main optic nerves (SBEON), and head-remnants after SBEON removal (RemSH), as well as herring fillets (HFs), herring heads (HHs) and minced boarfish (MB), were evaluated as potential sustainable sources of such bioactive PLs. The antithrombotic bioactivities of PLs derived from these marine by-products were assessed for the first time in human platelets against platelet-activating factor (PAF), thrombin, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), while their fatty acid composition was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PLs from all marine by-products tested possess strong antithrombotic activities against aggregation of human platelets induced by all platelet agonists tested. RemSH, SBEON, HHs, HFs, and MB exhibited strong anti-PAF effects, similar to those previously reported for salmon fillets. PLs from MB had the strongest anti-collagen effects and PLs from SHs and SBEON were the most active against thrombin and ADP. PLs from HHs had similar antithrombotic effects with those from HFs in all agonists. RemSH was less active in all agonists, suggesting that SBEON is the main source of bioactive PLs in SHs. All PLs were rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid, with favourable low values of the ω6/ω3 ratio. Salmon, herring, and boarfish by-products are rich sources of bioactive marine PLs with potent antithrombotic and cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Eoin O'Keeffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Shane Redfern
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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8
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In Vitro Antithrombotic Properties of Salmon ( Salmo salar) Phospholipids in a Novel Food-Grade Extract. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010062. [PMID: 30669323 PMCID: PMC6357043 DOI: 10.3390/md17010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine and salmon polar lipids (PLs) extracted by conventional extractions with non-food-grade solvents (CE-salmon-PLs) possess antithrombotic bioactivities against platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thrombin. Similar effects of food-grade-extracted (FGE) marine PLs have not yet been reported. In this study, food-grade solvents were used to extract PLs from Irish organic farmed salmon (Salmo salar) fillets (FGE-salmon-PLs), while their antithrombotic bioactivities were assessed in human platelets induced by platelet aggregation agonists (PAF/thrombin). FGE-salmon-PLs were further separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) into lipid subclasses, and the antithrombotic bioactivities of each subclass were also assessed. LC-MS was utilized to elucidate the structure-activity relationships. FGE-salmon-PLs strongly inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation, while their relevant anti-thrombin effects were at least three times more potent than the previously reported activities of CE-salmon-PLs. TLC-derived lipid fractions corresponding to phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) were the most bioactive lipid subclasses obtained, especially against thrombin. Their LC-MS analysis elucidated that they are diacyl- or alkyl-acyl- PC and PE moieties baring ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at their sn-2 position, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Our results concerning the potent antithrombotic effects of FGE-salmon-PLs against both PAF and thrombin pathways strongly suggest that such food-grade extracts are putative candidates for the development of novel cardioprotective supplements and nutraceuticals.
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9
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Abstract
Platelet-derived microvesicles (pMVs) are small, heterogeneous vesicles released from platelet membranes as a result of activation. These microvesicles possess a wide range of properties, including prothrombotic, proatherogenic, proinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and even anticoagulant activity. The elevated release of these microvesicles has been observed in various metabolic, inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and connective tissue disease. Modulation of both pMV generation and the expression of their surface molecules may have beneficial clinical implications and could become a novel therapeutic target. However, mechanisms by which pharmacological agents can modify pMV formation are elusive. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of drugs routinely used in primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease on the release of pMV and expression of their surface procoagulant and proinflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rosińska
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maria Łukasik
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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10
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Tsoupras A, Lordan R, Demuru M, Shiels K, Saha SK, Nasopoulou C, Zabetakis I. Structural Elucidation of Irish Organic Farmed Salmon (Salmo salar) Polar Lipids with Antithrombotic Activities. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E176. [PMID: 29882848 PMCID: PMC6025065 DOI: 10.3390/md16060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While several marine polar lipids (PL) have exhibited cardioprotective properties through their effects on the platelet-activating factor (PAF) pathways, salmon PL have not been tested so far. In this study, the antithrombotic activities of salmon PL were assessed in human platelets and the structural characterisation of bioactive salmon PL was performed by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. PL from fillets of Irish organic farmed salmon (Salmo salar) were extracted and separated into several lipid subclasses by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), while their fatty acid profile was fully characterised by GC-MS. Salmon total lipids (TL), total neutral lipids (TNL), total polar lipids (TPL), and each PL subclass obtained by TLC were further assessed for their in vitro effects towards PAF-induced and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in human platelets. Salmon PL exhibited antithrombotic effects on human platelet aggregation, mostly through their strong inhibitory effects against the PAF pathway with IC50 values comparable to other marine PL, but with lower effects towards the thrombin pathway. PL fractions corresponding to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives exhibited the most potent anti-PAF effects, while LC-MS analysis putatively elucidated their structure/function relationship. Several diacyl-PC/PE and alkyl-acyl-PC/PE species containing mostly docosahexaenoic acid at their sn-2 glycerol-backbone may be responsible for the bioactivity. The data presented suggests that salmon contains PL with strong antithrombotic bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Martina Demuru
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Katie Shiels
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Constantina Nasopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, GR 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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Sharp RP, Gales BJ, Sirajuddin R. Comparing the Impact of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acid Products on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2018; 18:83-92. [PMID: 29080985 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of triglycerides are associated with pancreatitis and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Numerous pharmacologic therapies are available to treat hypertriglyceridemia, including prescription omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce triglyceride levels by 20-50%. Available data indicate the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may be beneficial for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Products containing DHA may increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and, subsequently, coronary heart disease risk. We reviewed prescription omega-3 fatty acid products, of which two-omega-3 acid ethyl esters (OM3EE) and omega-3 carboxylic acid (OM3CA)-contain both DHA and EPA, whereas the other-icosapent ethyl (IPE)-contains EPA only. We identified three retrospective chart reviews and three case reports comparing IPE with OM3EE, whereas two studies compared IPE with placebo. We also reviewed the major studies of OM3EE versus placebo used to gain US FDA approval. LDL-C levels decreased or did not increase significantly in all available studies and case reports in patients receiving the IPE product, with the best data supporting a dose of 4 g per day. The majority of studies only included patients taking IPE concomitantly with statins, but limited data from one study using IPE monotherapy showed a small reduction in LDL-C. Many questions remain regarding IPE, including whether the product reduces cardiovascular events and mortality.
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12
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Mitra B, Zabetakis I. Dairy Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: Do We Really Need to be Concerned? Foods 2018; 7:E29. [PMID: 29494487 PMCID: PMC5867544 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of death and morbidity globally and diet plays a crucial role in the disease prevention and pathology. The negative perception of dairy fats stems from the effort to reduce dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake due to their association with increased cholesterol levels upon consumption and the increased risk of CVD development. Institutions that set dietary guidelines have approached dairy products with negative bias and used poor scientific data in the past. As a result, the consumption of dairy products was considered detrimental to our cardiovascular health. In western societies, dietary trends indicate that generally there is a reduction of full-fat dairy product consumption and increased low-fat dairy consumption. However, recent research and meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of full-fat dairy consumption, based on higher bioavailability of high-value nutrients and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, the relationship between dairy consumption, cardiometabolic risk factors and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases are discussed. Functional dairy foods and the health implications of dairy alternatives are also considered. In general, evidence suggests that milk has a neutral effect on cardiovascular outcomes but fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, kefir and cheese may have a positive or neutral effect. Particular focus is placed on the effects of the lipid content on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | | | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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13
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Patti AM, Al-Rasadi K, Giglio RV, Nikolic D, Mannina C, Castellino G, Chianetta R, Banach M, Cicero AF, Lippi G, Montalto G, Rizzo M, Toth PP. Natural approaches in metabolic syndrome management. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:422-441. [PMID: 29593818 PMCID: PMC5868676 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.68717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized as a group of cardiometabolic risk factors that raise the risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes mellitus and stroke. Treatment strategies include pharmacologic interventions and supplementary (or "alternative") treatments. Nutraceuticals are derived from food sources (isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and herbal products) that are purported to provide health benefits, in addition to providing basic nutritional value. Nutraceuticals are claimed to prevent chronic diseases, improve health, delay the aging process, increase life expectancy, and support the structure and function of the body. The study of the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals in patients with MetS, including product standardization, duration of supplementation and definition of optimal dosing, could help better define appropriate treatment. This review focuses on widely marketed nutraceuticals (namely polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, macroelements and vitamins) with clinically demonstrated effects on more than one component of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Maria Patti
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Carlo Mannina
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Castellino
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Roberta Chianetta
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arrigo F.G. Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
- EuroMediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Italy
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, Illinois; Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Phospholipids of Animal and Marine Origin: Structure, Function, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E1964. [PMID: 29135918 PMCID: PMC6150200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, the latest literature on the functional properties of phospholipids in relation to inflammation and inflammation-related disorders has been critically appraised and evaluated. The paper is divided into three sections: Section 1 presents an overview of the relationship between structures and biological activities (pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory) of several phospholipids with respect to inflammation. Section 2 and Section 3 are dedicated to the structures, functions, compositions and anti-inflammatory properties of dietary phospholipids from animal and marine sources. Most of the dietary phospholipids of animal origin come from meat, egg and dairy products. To date, there is very limited work published on meat phospholipids, undoubtedly due to the negative perception that meat consumption is an unhealthy option because of its putative associations with several chronic diseases. These assumptions are addressed with respect to the phospholipid composition of meat products. Recent research trends indicate that dairy phospholipids possess anti-inflammatory properties, which has led to an increased interest into their molecular structures and reputed health benefits. Finally, the structural composition of phospholipids of marine origin is discussed. Extensive research has been published in relation to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammation, however this research has recently come under scrutiny and has proved to be unreliable and controversial in terms of the therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFA, which are generally in the form of triglycerides and esters. Therefore, this review focuses on recent publications concerning marine phospholipids and their structural composition and related health benefits. Finally, the strong nutritional value of dietary phospholipids are highlighted with respect to marine and animal origin and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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15
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Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Scaini G, Rebelo J, Damiani AP, Pereira M, Andrade VM, Gava FF, Valvassori SS, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Streck EL. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases DNA damage in brain of rats subjected to a chemically induced chronic model of Tyrosinemia type II. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1043-1050. [PMID: 28315992 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type II is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a mutation in a gene encoding the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase leading to an accumulation of tyrosine in the body, and is associated with neurologic and development difficulties in numerous patients. Because the accumulation of tyrosine promotes oxidative stress and DNA damage, the main aim of this study was to investigate the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of omega-3 treatment in a chemically-induced model of Tyrosinemia type II in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex of rats. Our results showed chronic administration of L-tyrosine increased the frequency and the index of DNA damage, as well as the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid treatment totally prevented increased DNA damage in the striatum and hippocampus, and partially prevented in the cerebral cortex, whereas the increase in 8-OHdG levels was totally prevented by omega-3 fatty acid treatment in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the main accumulating metabolite in Tyrosinemia type II induce DNA damage in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex, possibly mediated by free radical production, and the supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids was able to prevent this damage, suggesting that could be involved in the prevention of oxidative damage to DNA in this disease. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation to Tyrosinemia type II patients may represent a new therapeutic approach and a possible adjuvant to the curren t treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriani P Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiara Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Gava
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Manuelli M, Della Guardia L, Cena H. Enriching Diet with n-3 PUFAs to Help Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases in Healthy Adults: Results from Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071552. [PMID: 28718800 PMCID: PMC5536040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are believed to be important for cardiovascular health. Many investigations have been carried out in an attempt to examine the effect of n-3 PUFAs intake, in the form of supplementation or fortified foods, for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors for CVD, whereas less is known about the effect on healthy individuals. The present study reviews the available literature in order to examine the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake, either via supplementation or enriched food, and the prevention of CVD among healthy adults. Interventional clinical trials on subjects aged >18 years old with none of the established risk factors for CVD have been considered for review. n-3 PUFAs supplementation or enriched food may positively regulate triglycerides and some lipoprotein subsets, as well as several vascular and coagulation parameters, even in healthy patients, presenting no risk factors for CVD, suggesting a protective effect. Diet enrichment with omega-3 is likely to be useful in helping to lower the risk of developing CVD in healthy individuals, but still offers no strong evidence of a tangible benefit on a population level. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal daily intake, especially to prevent the unfavorable effects of PUFAs over-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Manuelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
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17
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Genetics: Implications for Prevention and Management of Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:2797-2818. [PMID: 28007143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An exciting new era has dawned for the prevention and management of coronary artery disease (CAD) utilizing genetic risk variants. The recent identification of over 60 susceptibility loci for CAD confirms not only the importance of established risk factors, but also the existence of many novel causal pathways that are expected to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of CAD and facilitate the development of new therapeutic agents over time. Concurrently, Mendelian randomization studies have provided intriguing insights on the causal relationship between CAD-related traits, and highlight the potential benefits of long-term modifications of risk factors. Last, genetic risk scores of CAD may serve not only as prognostic, but also as predictive markers, and carry the potential to considerably improve the delivery of established prevention strategies. This review will summarize the evolution and discovery of genetic risk variants for CAD and their current and future clinical applications.
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18
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Park DR, Ko R, Kwon SH, Min B, Yun SH, Kim MH, Minatelli J, Hill S, Lee SY. FlexPro MD, a Mixture of Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Hyaluronic Acid, Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Production Through Inhibition of NF-κB. J Med Food 2017; 19:1196-1203. [PMID: 27982753 PMCID: PMC5312594 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FlexPro MD® (FP-MD), a novel multi-ingredient dietary supplement formulation, has been demonstrated to relieve knee joint pain in humans. However, the mechanisms of action responsible for the activity of FP-MD have not been elucidated. In this study, we show the anti-inflammatory effects of FP-MD in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). FP-MD significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β. In contrast, it elevated the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FP-MD markedly reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α). Importantly, the anti-inflammatory effects of FP-MD were demonstrated in mice with LPS-induced inflammatory arthritis in which FP-MD significantly reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers. Thus, this study suggests that FP-MD has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB that may offer a molecular basis for its pain relief property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Ri Park
- 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.,2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryeojin Ko
- 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.,2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - John Minatelli
- 4 US Nutraceuticals, L.L.C. d/b/a Valensa International, Eustis, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen Hill
- 4 US Nutraceuticals, L.L.C. d/b/a Valensa International, Eustis, Florida, USA
| | - Soo Young Lee
- 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.,2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea
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19
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Majnooni MB, Mohammadi B, Jalili R, Babaei A, Bahrami G. Determination of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection using precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1275000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahareh Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ronak Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Atefeh Babaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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