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Murry LT, Desselle SP. Barriers to person-centered service design in pharmacy practice: examples, lessons, and potential solutions. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:542-547. [PMID: 38194008 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite increased attention to, and frameworks conceptualizing person-centered care, systematic, organizational, and provider-level barriers continue to discourage the development and delivery of person-centered care (PCC) in pharmacy practice and beyond. This commentary describes existing pharmacy-specific literature related to PCC, barriers to PCC within the context of pharmacy practice, and potential solutions to increase person-centeredness in pharmacy services. Literature to substantiate and describe barriers and potential solutions was identified from 2008 to 2023, a period where the emphasis on PCC in pharmacy practice dramatically increased. Overall, pharmacy-specific literature was identified describing four key barriers to PCC. Several potential solutions were identified, including: using innovative and theory-informed approaches to collecting individual need and preference information, employing processes and equipping providers to facilitate trust, changing organizational culture, and aligning quality metrics and financial incentives with PCC. Identified solutions may be used to address individual, organizational, and systematic barriers to promote PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, Chicago, IL, 60603, USA.
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2
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te Paske R, van Dijk L, Yilmaz S, Linn AJ, van Boven JFM, Vervloet M. Factors Associated with Patient Trust in the Pharmacy Team: Findings from a Mixed Method Study Involving Patients with Asthma & COPD. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:3391-3401. [PMID: 38111692 PMCID: PMC10726757 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s429969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pharmacy team has been shifting its role from primarily dispensing medications to providing patient-centred pharmaceutical care. Establishing a trust relation between the pharmacy team and their patients is fundamental for this new role. This study aimed to (i) identify the level of trust in the pharmacy team among patients with asthma and/or COPD, (ii) assess whether the level of trust patients have in pharmacists differs from their trust in pharmacy technicians, and (iii) identify factors that contribute to building trust in the pharmacy team. Patients and Methods First, a focus group with six patients with asthma and/or COPD was conducted to explore which aspects they considered significant for establishing trust in the pharmacy team. Subsequently, these insights were used to develop an online questionnaire. A link to the online questionnaire was distributed among patients with asthma and/or COPD. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analyses to identify underlying constructs for trust. Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate whether these constructs affected trust (scale 1-10) in the pharmacy team. Results A total of 290 patients completed the questionnaire. On average, they rated their trust in the pharmacy team with a score of 7.4 out of 10 (SD: 1.5), almost identical to their trust in the pharmacist and pharmacy technician. Patient trust in pharmacy teams is influenced by their perception of engagement, expertise in medication-related matters, and effective communication. Conclusion Trust in the pharmacy team was observed as moderately high, indicating that there is room for improvement. Due to the changing role of the pharmacy team, its members should strive to enhance their patient-centred skills ensuring ongoing efforts to build and maintain trust with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland te Paske
- Department of Healthcare from the Perspective of Patients, Clients and Citizens, Nivel (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, - Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liset van Dijk
- Department of Healthcare from the Perspective of Patients, Clients and Citizens, Nivel (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, - Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Selina Yilmaz
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, - Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek J Linn
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Job F M van Boven
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcia Vervloet
- Department of Healthcare from the Perspective of Patients, Clients and Citizens, Nivel (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Chong S, Huynh B, Wong S, Woldeyesus T, Faulks M, El-Amin K, Thibeaux J, Lewis J, Harlin R, Carter M, Shatara R, Zhou C, Oni-Orisan A. Preferences and Perspectives of Black Male Barbershop Patrons on Receiving Health Care in Nontraditional Settings. Health Equity 2023; 7:835-842. [PMID: 38145054 PMCID: PMC10739686 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2023.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-Hispanic Black men experience a disproportionate rate of morbidity and mortality from hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions in the United States. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of community-based health outreach in settings not traditionally utilized for health care. Understanding how potential future participants view health care services in nontraditional settings is a necessary step to ascertain the success of these interventions in the real world. Our study objective was to explore the preferences of Black male barbershop patrons regarding health care-provided services in these nontraditional settings. Methods We recruited patrons of a Black-owned barbershop in the San Francisco Bay Area. Study participants were asked to complete a survey assessing individual attitudes and preferences toward the idea of receiving health care services in traditional and nontraditional settings. Results Among non-Hispanic Black males (n=17), 81% agreed or strongly agreed that they would prefer to receive health care in traditional clinics. Receiving care at the pharmacy (56% agreed or strongly agreed) and the patient's own home (53% agreed or strongly agreed) were the next most preferred locations. A minority of participants agreed or strongly agreed that they preferred to receive health care in nontraditional settings: 47% for barbershops, 19% for churches, and 6% for grocery stores. Discussion Participants expressed preference for traditional over nontraditional settings, despite listing barriers that may be addressed, in part, by nontraditional settings. One potential reason for this is simply a lack of familiarity. Establishing and normalizing nontraditional clinical settings may allow for enhanced acceptance within Black communities, ultimately increasing health care access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Huynh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Temesgen Woldeyesus
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Clinical Programs, Roots Community Health Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Melvin Faulks
- Department of Clinical Programs, Roots Community Health Center, Oakland, California, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Lewis
- Chicago 2 Barbershop, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Harlin
- Chicago 2 Barbershop, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mario Carter
- Chicago 2 Barbershop, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ramy Shatara
- Chicago 2 Barbershop, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Crystal Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Akinyemi Oni-Orisan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Haga SB. The Critical Role of Pharmacists in the Clinical Delivery of Pharmacogenetics in the U.S. PHARMACY 2023; 11:144. [PMID: 37736916 PMCID: PMC10514841 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the rebirth of pharmacogenomics (PGx) in the 1990s and 2000s, with new discoveries of genetic variation underlying adverse drug response and new analytical technologies such as sequencing and microarrays, there has been much interest in the clinical application of PGx testing. The early involvement of pharmacists in clinical studies and the establishment of organizations to support the dissemination of information about PGx variants have naturally resulted in leaders in clinical implementation. This paper presents an overview of the evolving role of pharmacists, and discusses potential challenges and future paths, primarily focused in the U.S. Pharmacists have positioned themselves as leaders in clinical PGx testing, and will prepare the next generation to utilize PGx testing in their scope of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Gellatly S, Moszczynski A, Fiedeldey L, Houle S, Smith M, Ogbogu U, Rudman D, Minaker L, Shelley J. "No one went into pharmacy … to sell a lot of Coca-Cola. It's just sort of a necessary evil" - Community pharmacists' perceptions of front-of-store sales and ethical tensions in the retail environment. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 11:100312. [PMID: 37576805 PMCID: PMC10415799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are expected to uphold ethical duties to patients and society while maintaining independent businesses or fulfilling expectations of corporate owners. Canadian pharmacy colleges provide only indirect guidance on the retail setting of the profession. Little is known about whether pharmacists identify ethical issues in retail pharmacy or around the sales of non-drug products. Objective This study sought to examine pharmacists' perceptions of their roles in health promotion, the factors that influence the selection of front-of-store products, and ethical issues relating to their dual roles as health care providers and retailers. Methods In 2020, 25 Canadian pharmacists participated in semi-structured phone interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, anonymized, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed using qualitative methods. Results Almost all participants described their role primarily as a health care provider, though some described themselves as 50-50 health care providers and retailers. Most staff pharmacists reported little control over front-of-store product selection. Where participants reported some control, external factors such as business viability and profitability impacted their choices, though some reported selecting products based on the needs of their patient community or their personal beliefs. The dominant tensions described stemmed from participants' dual roles as health care providers and retailers, though specific issues and situations were varied, ranging corporate targets, to service provision, to the sales of unproven or unhealthy products. Participants suggested solutions to the issues they described, ranging from a complete overhaul of the licensing structure of community pharmacies, down to one-on-one conversations with patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the retail setting of community pharmacy produces unique ethical tensions: the imposition of retail sales standards and targets are commonplace, and business viability is a primary driving force in front-of-store product selection. Clear guidance from Canadian pharmacy colleges and legislators to address these tensions and issues may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gellatly
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Alexander Moszczynski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Lean Fiedeldey
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Sherilynn Houle
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St S, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Maxwell Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Debbie Rudman
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Leia Minaker
- School of Planning, Faculty of Environment, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jacob Shelley
- Faculty of Law, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5B9, Canada
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Kim E, Worley MM, Law AV. Pharmacist roles in the medication use process: Perceptions of patients, physicians, and pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1120-1130. [PMID: 37207709 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is uncertain whether stakeholder perceptions of pharmacist roles in the medication use process (MUP) have evolved alongside pharmacist advanced scope of practice. This study aimed to examine patient, pharmacist, and physician perceptions of pharmacist roles in the MUP. DESIGN This IRB-approved study used a cross-sectional design with online panels of patients, pharmacists, and physicians. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A Qualtrics panel of 1,004 patients, 205 pharmacists, and 200 physicians completed the surveys between August-November 2021. OUTCOME MEASURES Using role theory as framework, 12-item surveys were developed to examine perceptions regarding effectiveness of and best choice for improving each MUP step. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlations, and comparisons. RESULTS Majority of the physician, pharmacist, and patient samples believed that physicians prescribe the best possible medications (93.5%, 83.4%, 89.0% respectively), prescriptions are filled accurately (59.0%, 61.4%, 92.6% respectively) and timely (86.0%, 68.8, 90.2% respectively). Majority of physicians (78.5%) opined prescriptions are generally error free and patients are monitored (71%); fewer pharmacists agreed (42.9%, 51%; p<0.05). Most patients (92.4%) reported taking medications as directed; only 60% professionals agreed (p<0.05). Physicians selected 'pharmacists' as top choice for reducing dispensing errors, providing counseling, and helping patients take medications as directed. Patients wanted pharmacists to help manage their medications (87.0%) and 'someone' to periodically check on their health (100%). All 3 groups agreed physician-pharmacist collaboration was important to improve patient care and outcomes (90.0%-97.1%); however, 24% of physicians were uninterested in collaboration. Both professionals reported lack of time, appropriate setup, and interprofessional communication as challenges to collaboration. CONCLUSION Pharmacists believe their roles have evolved to align with expanded opportunities. Patients perceived pharmacists play comprehensive roles in medication management through counseling and monitoring. Physicians recognized pharmacist roles in dispensing and counseling, but not in prescribing or monitoring. Clarity in role expectations amongst these stakeholders is critical to optimizing pharmacist roles and patient outcomes.
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Mill D, Page AT, Johnson J, Lloyd R, Salter S, Lee K, Seubert L, Clifford RM, D'Lima D. Behaviours that contribute to pharmacist professionalism: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070265. [PMID: 37369416 PMCID: PMC10410845 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clearly understanding and describing professional behaviours of pharmacists allows the profession, researchers and policy-makers to observe and monitor the professionalism of pharmacists, and design interventions to improve it where needed. The primary objective of this review was to identify which behaviours are discussed to contribute to professionalism in registered pharmacists in peer-reviewed literature. The secondary objective was to review the identified behaviours using a behavioural specification framework to understand how they are expressed. DESIGN A scoping literature review was conducted. DATA SOURCES An electronic database search of Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, PsychArticles, Emcare and Medline limited to articles published in English from 1 January 2000 to 21 October 2022 was conducted. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Eligible articles contributed behaviourally relevant content with reference to registered pharmacists' professionalism. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Extracted behaviourally relevant content was subject to researcher's familiarisation, then deductive coding to one of two overarching definitions of technical or non-technical behaviour. Data were then inductively coded through assignment of a descriptive code to identify categories of professional behaviour within these two overarching types of behaviour. RESULTS Seven articles were identified and included in the final analysis. From the extracted behaviourally relevant content, 18 categories of behaviours were identified. All articles identified behaviours in categories titled 'establishes effective relationships' and 'complies with regulations codes and operating procedures'. Identified behaviours were often broadly described and merged with descriptions of influences on them and broader outcomes that they contribute to. CONCLUSIONS Behaviours described to contribute to pharmacists' professionalism in the literature are broad and non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Mill
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Theresa Page
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jacinta Johnson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pharmacy, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renae Lloyd
- SA Pharmacy, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Salter
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lee
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liza Seubert
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhonda Marise Clifford
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle D'Lima
- Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Azeez Al-Jumaili A, Elhiny R, Thomas D, Elbarbry F, Khdour M, Sherbeny F, Hamad A. Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction among Pharmacists in the Arab World: A Qualitative Study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:578-584. [PMID: 37063440 PMCID: PMC10102404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was undertaken to investigate in-depth the factors impacting job satisfaction among pharmacists in the Arab world and the challenges they encounter in their career path. The outcome of this study should help the local policymakers to take corrective actions to improve pharmacist's satisfaction and therefore enhance quality of patient care. Method This qualitative study collected responses of pharmacists from 12 Arab countries, as part of a large quantitative survey. Participants added comments to an optional open-ended question regarding work satisfaction. The Qualtrics Survey Software was used to collect the responses. The survey was distributed from March to May 2021 through multiple online channels for filling. The responses collected were analysed to develop themes. An inductive constructivist approach was used for the conceptual thematic analysis as the methodological orientation. Results A total of 110 responses/comments were received from the study participants. The two largest practice settings of the participants were from hospitals (44.5%) and community pharmacies (28.2%). Almost 40% of responses came from pharmacists practising in Qatar (21.8%) and UAE (18.1%). The survey data demonstrated several reasons impacting job satisfaction among pharmacists practising in the Arab countries. Underestimation of the pharmacists' role, low salaries, lack of motivation and excessive workload were reported as major contributors to job dissatisfaction. On the other hand, professional commitment and the culture of the work setting were the major contributors to job satisfaction. Conclusions The study provides valuable insights into the aspects concerning pharmacists' satisfaction in the Arab world. Policymakers and other stakeholders need to act upon aspects of pharmacists' job satisfaction and dissatisfaction to ensure potentially better working environment and patient outcomes.
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Pham L, Moles RJ, O’Reilly CL, Carter S, Raynes-Greenow C, Chen TF, Raduescu C, Randall S, Bloomfield J, Strowel C, Murphy A, Gardner D, El-Den S. Perinatal Women's Views of Pharmacist-Delivered Perinatal Depression Screening: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16295. [PMID: 36498368 PMCID: PMC9738857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Internationally, 20% of women experience perinatal depression (PND). Healthcare providers including general practitioners and midwives are critical in providing PND screening and support; however, the current workforce is unable to meet growing demands for PND care. As accessible and trusted primary healthcare professionals, pharmacists could provide PND care to complement existing services, thereby contributing to early detection and intervention. This study aimed to explore perinatal women's views of community pharmacist-delivered PND screening and care, with a focus on their attitudes towards and acceptability of PND screening implementation in community pharmacy. Semi-structured interviews with women (n = 41) were undertaken, whereby interview data were transcribed verbatim and then inductively and thematically analysed. Five overarching themes emerged; "patient experience with existing PND support and screening services"; "familiarity with pharmacists' roles"; "pharmacist visibility in PND screening care"; "patient-pharmacist relationships" and "factors influencing service accessibility". Themes and subthemes were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Findings highlight participants' generally positive attitudes towards community pharmacist-delivered PND screening and care, and the potential acceptability of such services provided pharmacists are trained and referral pathways are established. Addressing perceived barriers and facilitators would allow community pharmacist-delivered PND screening and care to support existing PND care models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Pham
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Rebekah J. Moles
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Claire L. O’Reilly
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stephen Carter
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Camille Raynes-Greenow
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Timothy F. Chen
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Corina Raduescu
- The University of Sydney Business School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Sue Randall
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bloomfield
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Clara Strowel
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Andrea Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David Gardner
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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10
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Bou-Saba AW, Kassak KM, Salameh PR. Public views of community pharmacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 36309706 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess public opinion about community pharmacy services in Lebanon during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was conducted between April and August of 2021. A link was shared randomly among the Lebanese population using WhatsApp and Facebook. Public perceptions were explored within 3 different indicators: general services (B) dispensing (C), and storage (D). Chi-square, Student's test and ANOVA tests were used. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Out of 491 responses, only 9.6% scored above the 75th percentile (19.3% for the general services, 2.4% for dispensing indicator and 12.6% for storage indicator). The main concerns focused on lack of medication and reduced opening hours; however, 67.1% of respondents preferred consulting the community pharmacist instead of visiting primary health care centers, doctor's private clinic and hospitals. Higher mean values of indicators B, C and in the overall indicator were significantly found in the presence of a pharmacist compared to the support pharmacy workforce. CONCLUSION The overall public perception was inadequate. Significant difference in terms of quality of services was detected in the presence and absence of a community pharmacist during the crisis. It is recommended that the Order of Pharmacist of Lebanon (OPL) and the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) undergo further steps mainly to enforce the laws concerning dispensing and storage indicators, improve the services in terms of extending the opening hours, ensure the availability of medicines and increase public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alein W Bou-Saba
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Kassem M Kassak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale R Salameh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon.,Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Liban (INSPECT-LB), Institut National de Santé Publique, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.,School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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11
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Darlow B, Brown M, Hudson B, Frew G, Clark J, Vincent L, Abbott J, Briggs AM, Grainger R, Marra C, McKinlay E, Stanley J. Feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of two types of written information for people with knee osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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12
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Morrison B, Boyle TA, Mahaffey T. Demonstrating institutional trustworthiness a framework for pharmacy regulatory authorities. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3792-3799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Mill D, Page A, Johnson J, Lee K, Salter SM, Seubert L, Clifford R, D'Lima D. Do pharmacy practice standards effectively describe behaviour? Reviewing practice standards using a behavioural specificity framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:71. [PMID: 35031027 PMCID: PMC8760715 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guidelines and practice standards exist to communicate the conduct and behaviour expected of health care professionals and ensure consistent quality practice. It is important that they describe behaviours explicitly so they can be interpreted, enacted and measured with ease. The AACTT framework specifies behaviour in terms of the: Action to be performed, Actor who performs the action, Context where the action occurs, Target who the action is performed with/for and Time when the action is performed (AACTT). It provides the most up to date framework for specifying behaviours and is particularly relevant to complex behavioural problems that involve sequences of behaviours performed by different people. Behavioural specificity within pharmacy practice standards has not been explored. Aim To determine if behaviours described in the Professional Practice Standards for Australian Pharmacists specify Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time. Methods Two researchers independently reviewed the scope and structure of the practice standards and one extracted action statements (behaviours) verbatim. Through an iterative process, the researchers modified and developed the existing AACTT definitions to operationalise them for application to review of the action statements in the practice standards. The operational definitions, decision criteria and curated examples were combined in a codebook. The definitions were consistently applied through a directed content analysis approach to evaluate all extracted action statements by one researcher. For consistency 20% was independently checked for agreement by a second researcher. Results A novel codebook to apply AACTT criteria to evaluate practice standards was developed. Application of this codebook identified 768 independent behaviours. Of these, 300 (39%) described at least one discrete observable action, none specified an actor, 25 (3%) specified context, 131 (17%) specified target and 88 (11%) specified time. Conclusion(s) The behaviours detailed in practice standards for Australian pharmacists do not consistently specify behaviours in terms of Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time. Developers in the pharmacy profession, and beyond, should consider the behavioural specificity of their documents to improve interpretability, usability and adherence to the behaviours detailed. This also has implications for the development and evaluation of interventions to change such behaviours and improve quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Mill
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Amy Page
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta Johnson
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,SA Pharmacy, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lee
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra M Salter
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liza Seubert
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhonda Clifford
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle D'Lima
- Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Boyle TA, Morrison B, Mahaffey T. Media Generation and Pharmacy Regulatory Authority Awareness. J Pharm Technol 2022; 38:39-45. [PMID: 35141726 PMCID: PMC8820047 DOI: 10.1177/87551225211051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Professional regulatory authorities play a critical role in protecting public interest. Yet, there is a growing view that trust in regulatory authorities may be on the decline. Objective: Awareness has been identified as important for maintaining trust. However, research that examines public awareness and trust in pharmacy regulatory authorities (PRAs) is lacking. This research explores public awareness and trust of PRAs and presents recommendations to enhance PRA communication strategies. Methods: An online survey was conducted with the Nova Scotia (Canada) public in 2020. Adopting classifications from the Communications literature, 3 media generations were explored: newspaper, television, and the Internet. The χ2 test of independence and Kruskal-Wallis H test were adopted to explore differences between the generations. Results: Six hundred sixty-two usable surveys were obtained. Over 80% of those surveyed were aware of the existence of the PRA. Those who had heard of the PRA were most aware of its operational responsibilities and less aware of its governance. The Internet Generation was more aware that the PRA includes members of the public in its decision making than expected and showed increased trust toward the PRA versus the other media generations. Conclusion: The findings should help inform PRA communication plans and set baselines to assess whether such plans enhance awareness. Future studies should explore additional aspects of PRA awareness and trust, perform comparisons across pharmacy jurisdictions, and develop and test models of the relationship between PRA awareness and various dimensions of institutional trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Boyle
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Bobbi Morrison
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas Mahaffey
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
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15
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Mill D, Johnson JL, Lee K, Salter SM, D'Lima D, Seubert L, Clifford R, Page AT. Use of professional practice guidance resources in pharmacy: a cross-sectional nationwide survey of pharmacists, intern pharmacists, and pharmacy students. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:114. [PMID: 34965894 PMCID: PMC8715411 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Variations in practice are commonplace in healthcare where health professionals, such as pharmacists act as autonomous practitioners. This is evident in simulated patient studies, where pharmacists practice does not meet widely accepted standards for medicines supply or treatment of an ailment. To promote best pharmacy practice a myriad of guidance resources including practice guidelines, codes and standards are produced by professional organisations. These resources provide a framework for pharmacy practice and endeavour to facilitate consistency in provision of pharmacy-based services to consumers. Despite their role in specifying essential pharmacist behaviours, there is limited research exploring if and how these resources are used in practice. Objective To characterise Australian pharmacists’ use of the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia’s Code of Ethics, Professional Practice Guidelines and Professional Practice Standards. Methods A cross-sectional, self-administered, electronic survey of registered pharmacists, intern pharmacists and pharmacy students living in Australia was conducted in July 2020. Questions considered use of professional practice resources (by resource group) in the preceding 12 months. Data were analysed descriptively. Results Of 601 responses included in the analysis 462 (76.9%) of respondents were registered pharmacists, 88 (14.6%) pharmacy students and 51 (8.5%) intern pharmacists. Interns and students accessed overarching practice resources, such as the Professional Practice Standards, Code of Ethics and Dispensing Practice Guidelines more frequently than practising pharmacists. Pharmacists accessed professional practice guidelines, such as Practice Guidelines for the Provision of Immunisation Services Within Pharmacy, more often than students. More pharmacists than interns and students indicated that they would access guidelines to resolve practice and patient care issues. All resources except the Professional Practice Standards for Pharmacists (67.4%) were accessed by less than 50% of respondents in the preceding 12-month period. Reasons for not accessing resources varied between participant and resource groups, and generally were due to a lack of awareness of the resource or not considering them necessary for the individual’s practice. Conclusion(s) Access and use patterns for professional practice guidance resources change with experience. Professional organisations responsible for developing resources should consider these patterns when designing and reviewing resources and related policies. To ensure resources are meeting the needs of the profession, students, interns, and pharmacists should be involved in the review of and design of further resources. Pharmacy students access core guidance resources more than practising pharmacists. Pharmacists and interns access service specific resources more than students. Most resources were accessed by less than half of respondents in a 12-month period. Resources used to update knowledge, check practice and improve resource familiarity. Irrelevant content, no perceived need for information and poor awareness limited use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Mill
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Jacinta L Johnson
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,SA Pharmacy, SA Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lee
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra M Salter
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Danielle D'Lima
- Centre for Behaviour Change, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liza Seubert
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rhonda Clifford
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amy T Page
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Haga SB, Mills R, Moaddeb J, Liu Y, Voora D. Delivery of Pharmacogenetic Testing with or without Medication Therapy Management in a Community Pharmacy Setting. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:785-796. [PMID: 34276225 PMCID: PMC8277445 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s314961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The delivery of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing has primarily been through clinical and hospital settings. We conducted a study to explore the feasibility of delivering PGx testing through community pharmacies, a less-studied setting. Methods We conducted a cluster randomized trial of community pharmacies in North Carolina through two approaches: the provision of PGx testing alone or PGx testing with medication therapy management (MTM). Results A total of 150 patient participants were enrolled at 17 pharmacies and reported high satisfaction with their testing experience. Participants in the PGx plus MTM arm were more likely to recall a higher number of results (p=0.04) and more likely to clearly understand their choices for prevention or early detection of side effects (p=0.01). A medication or dose change based on the PGx results was made for 8.7% of participants. Conclusion Limited differences were observed in the provision of PGx testing as a standalone test or combined with MTM. A limited number of treatment changes were made based on PGx test results. Patient acceptance of PGx testing offered through the community pharmacy was very high, but the addition of MTM did not impact patient-reported perceptions about PGx testing or medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jivan Moaddeb
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yiling Liu
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Deepak Voora
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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