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Lloyd M, Temple VA, Foley JT, Yeatman S, Lunsky Y, Huang A, Balogh R. Participation in Special Olympics reduces the rate for developing diabetes in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Diabet Med 2024:e15393. [PMID: 38925549 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have a significantly higher prevalence of Type 2 diabetes than the general population. Evidence that lifestyle and/or behavioural interventions, such as participation in Special Olympics, decreases the risk of developing diabetes in adults with IDD could help minimize health disparities and promote overall health in this population. METHODS This was a 20-year retrospective cohort study of adults with IDD (30-39 years) in the province of Ontario, Canada, that compared hazard rates of diabetes among Special Olympics participants (n = 4145) to non-participants (n = 31,009) using administrative health databases housed at ICES. Using cox proportional hazard models, crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated for the association between the primary independent variable (Special Olympics participation status) and the dependent variable (incident diabetes cases). RESULTS After controlling for other variables, the hazard ratio comparing rates for developing diabetes between Special Olympics participants and non-participants was 0.85. This represents a 15% reduction in the hazard among Special Olympics participants when followed for up to 20 years. This result was statistically significant and represents a small effect size. CONCLUSIONS Special Olympics could be considered a complex intervention that promotes physical activity engagement through sport participation, health screenings, and the promotion of healthy eating habits through educational initiatives. This study provides evidence that Special Olympics participation decreases the rate for developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Lloyd
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Viviene A Temple
- University of Victoria, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John T Foley
- SUNY Cortland, Department of Physical Education, Cortland, New York, USA
| | - Sharyn Yeatman
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robert Balogh
- Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Cabrera-Linares JC, Latorre Román PÁ, Párraga Montilla JA, Andrade-Lara KE, Ruiz-Peralvarez FJ, Gutierrez-Cruz C. Effects of a dual-task activity on gait parameters of people with and without intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:610-619. [PMID: 38500391 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to evaluate gait parameters in people with intellectual disability (ID) and without intellectual disability (WID) in two different walking conditions [single task vs. dual task (DT)]. A secondary aim was to evaluate the dual-task cost (DTC) that the DT causes in each group. METHODS A total of 119 participants joined in this study: 56 ID (30 men) and 63 WID (30 men). The OptoGait system was used to assess gait. In addition, Witty photocells were added to assess gait under the DT condition. RESULTS Single support time was lower for participants with ID (P < 0.01), while double support time was higher (P < 0.05). All coefficients of variation for gait parameters were higher in participants with ID. Additionally, changes in gait were observed in both groups during the DT condition compared with the single-task condition. These changes were larger for participants with ID in step length, double support time and gait speed (P < 0.001), resulting in a higher DTC in these variables in the ID group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both groups reduced gait performance in the DT condition. However, greater gait variability occurred in the ID group. In addition, DTC was higher for the ID group in all variables analysed. Therefore, people with ID show worse gait performance during a DT than people WID.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Cabrera-Linares
- Department of Didactic of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - P Á Latorre Román
- Department of Didactic of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - J A Párraga Montilla
- Department of Didactic of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - K E Andrade-Lara
- Department of Didactic of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - C Gutierrez-Cruz
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, Fundación Purísima Concepción, Granada, Spain
- Departament of Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jeoung B. A Study of Blood Pressure and Physical Fitness in People with Intellectual Disabilities in South Korea. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:887. [PMID: 38727444 PMCID: PMC11083320 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intellectual disabilities have a shorter lifespan and significantly higher prevalence of conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases than healthy individuals. Thus, assessing the elements that contribute to their physical fitness is crucial. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between the blood pressure and physical fitness of people with intellectual disabilities in South Korea, considering differences across sexes, age groups, physical attributes, and disability levels. It used data from 8502 individuals with intellectual disabilities aged 20-59 years who participated in a survey of a National Fitness Standard Center (NFSC) between 2018 and 2021. A series of t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, logistic regression, and the four-quartile method were used for data analyses. The results showed differences in physical fitness levels between men and women considering all aspects except for BMI (Body Mass Index), with men showing higher blood pressure levels. Lower grip strength, lower PEI (physical efficiency index) scores, and higher BMI were associated with increased blood pressure. Additionally, individuals with higher levels of disability tended to have lower levels of physical fitness, while higher physical fitness levels were associated with lower blood pressure. Therefore, low fitness levels and hypertension risk may be important health indicators for people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogja Jeoung
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmeo-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Safi S, Wong G, Thirsk L, Vallance J. Examining sedentary behaviours of adults with intellectual disabilities: A qualitative analysis. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2024:17446295241245784. [PMID: 38575141 DOI: 10.1177/17446295241245784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviours among adults with intellectual disabilities have not been well studied. A sedentary lifestyle puts adults with and without disabilities at high risk of developing health conditions and diseases. Current literature revealed few empirical studies on the benefits of reducing sedentary behaviours with respect to the health of adults with intellectual disabilities. This research explored the factors that helped or hindered sedentary behaviours of adults with intellectual disabilities in the Canadian population. Guided by the socio-ecological model, Critical Incident Technique (CIT) was conducted. Five adults with intellectual disabilities from the Province of Ontario were interviewed and 102 critical incidents were collected. Adults with intellectual disabilities identified personal and environmental related factors that led to increased sedentary behaviours; and revealed helpful factors and wish-lists of actions that decreased sedentary lifestyle. Findings may be useful when developing programs aimed to decrease prolonged periods of sedentary behaviours specific to this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Safi
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Wong
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
| | - Lorraine Thirsk
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Vallance
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
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Ketcheson LR, Pitchford EA, Hauck J, Loetzner F. On-field physical activity of Special Olympics athletes and Unified Partners during the 2022 Special Olympics World Unified Cup. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:164-172. [PMID: 37933771 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special Olympics is a sport organisation spearheading efforts to increase physical activity accessibility through inclusive sport. The Unified Sports® initiative brings together Special Olympics athletes (with intellectual disabilities) and Unified partners (without a disability) in sport training and competition on the same team. The study aims to objectively evaluate differences in on-field physical activity levels between athletes and partners during the 2022 Special Olympics World Unified Cup, an international soccer (i.e., football) competition. Participants were Special Olympics athletes (n = 96; 44 females, 52 males) and Unified partners (n = 70; 34 females and 36 males) competing in the women's and men's tournaments. METHODS On-field actigraph accelerometry measured physical activity from 166 players, over 29 matches, and totalling 493 player-matches. RESULTS In the women's tournament, nearly identical estimates of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels (MVPA) were observed between athletes and partners (P = .409). However, a significant group difference was observed within a specific physical activity intensity category as partners accrued more minutes of very vigorous physical activity than athletes (P < .001). In the men's tournament, no significant differences were also observed between athletes and partners for minutes of MVPA (P = .341), but athletes engaged in significantly more vigorous physical activity (P < .001), and partners had more minutes of very vigorous physical activity (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that on-field physical activity levels were similar between players with and without intellectual disabilities during Unified Sports competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ketcheson
- Kinesiology Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - E A Pitchford
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - J Hauck
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - F Loetzner
- Kinesiology Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Lloyd M, Temple VA, Foley JT, Yeatman S, Lunsky Y, Huang A, Balogh R. Young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities who participate in Special Olympics are less likely to be diagnosed with depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1699-1708. [PMID: 36544012 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience high rates of depression. Evidence indicates that physical activity, or participation in a sports club, in a supportive social environment has mental and physical health benefits. Adults with IDD, on average, engage in low levels of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of depression among young adult Special Olympics participants with IDD compared to non-participants with IDD. METHODS This was a 20-year retrospective cohort study of young adults (19-29 years) with IDD in the province of Ontario, Canada that compared rates of depression among Special Olympics participants (n = 8710) to non-participants (n = 42,393) using administrative health databases housed at ICES (formerly the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Using cox proportional hazard models, the crude hazard ratios were calculated for the association between each independent variable and the dependent variable. RESULTS After controlling for other variables, the hazard rate for depression among Special Olympics participants compared to the hazard rate for depression among non-participants generated an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.51. Over the 20-year follow-up, the participants were 0.51 times as likely to develop depression as non-participants; this represents a 49% reduction in risk among Special Olympics participants. This result was statistically significant and represents a medium effect size. CONCLUSION Future research is needed on how much of this risk reduction is related to a physiological response to physical activity/exercise, and how much is related to the social connectedness of being part of a group participating in Special Olympics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Lloyd
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Viviene A Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - John T Foley
- Department of Physical Education, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Sharyn Yeatman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert Balogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gutiérrez-Cruz C, Del-Cuerpo I, García-Ramos A, Muñoz-López S, Rubio-Cabeza J, Roman-Espinaco A. Effect of the environmental factor of coexistence on the physical condition of people with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:585-593. [PMID: 36814055 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to compare the physical condition of people with intellectual disabilities living in residential homes (RH; restricted residential environment) versus independent homes (IH; family houses while performing paid work). The effect of gender on physical condition was also evaluated separately for each group. METHOD Sixty individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability, 30 living in RH and 30 living in IH, participated in this study. The RH and IH groups were homogeneous in terms of gender distribution (17 males and 13 females) and intellectual disability level. Body composition, postural balance, and static and dynamic force were considered as dependent variables. RESULTS The IH group performed better in the postural balance and dynamic force tests compared to the RH group, but no significant differences between the groups were observed for any body composition or static force variable. Women in both groups tended to have better postural balance than men, while men presented higher dynamic force. CONCLUSIONS The IH group presented a higher physical fitness compared to RH group. This result emphasises the need to increase the frequency and intensity of the physical activity sessions commonly programed for individuals living in RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gutiérrez-Cruz
- Department of Didactics of Musical and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Hermanas Hospitalarias, Fundación Purísima Concepción de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Indya Del-Cuerpo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, Fundación Purísima Concepción de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Saray Muñoz-López
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, Fundación Purísima Concepción de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Rubio-Cabeza
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, Fundación Purísima Concepción de Granada, Granada, Spain
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8
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Selander J, Wall E. The athletic work force: Sport as a key to employment for people with intellectual disabilities? Work 2023; 76:1407-1417. [PMID: 37393467 PMCID: PMC10741309 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with disabilities are employed at lower rates than non-disabled individuals and, among people with disabilities, those with intellectual disabilities have most difficulty finding and keeping employment. The reasons for the low labour participation among people with intellectual disabilities are many. Sport participation has a number of positive effects for the individual, and it is reasonable to hypothesise that sport participation favours labour-force participation for individuals with intellectual disabilities. OBJECTIVE The dual aim of the current study was to investigate labour market participation among Swedish athletes with intellectual disabilities attending Special Olympics Invitational Games, and to investigate these athletes' experiences regarding the effect of sport participation on finding and keeping a job. METHOD The study design includes two parallel data collections, a survey and an interview study. The survey was analysed using descriptive statistics and the interviews were analysed using content analysis. RESULTS The major result of the survey was the large number of individuals with intellectual disabilities who were in work: among men, 72% and, among women, 44%. This result was encouraging and differs from previous statistics on employment among Swedes with intellectual disabilities. The content analysis resulted in a first step in the categories manual work, individual sports and team sports, and in a second step, where the relation between sports and work was analysed, in two categories, namely indirect and direct relations between sport and work. CONCLUSION To improve chances for individuals with intellectual disabilities to find and keep a job, sports participation should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Selander
- Rehabilitation Science, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Erika Wall
- Sociology, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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9
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Injury Trends in Special Olympics Athletes From the 2018 USA Games. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:620-622. [PMID: 35363621 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To categorize injury types and occurrence among athletes participating in the Special Olympics (SO). DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING 2018 SO USA Games. PARTICIPANTS Athletes participating in 14 sports at the 2018 SO USA Games (n = 2251). INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Individual and team sports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of athletes injured per individual sport, percentage of injury type by sport, rate of injuries per 1000 exposures, and number of injuries per game in team sports. RESULTS In individual sports, the percentage of athletes injured ranged from 38.5% in gymnastics to 12.9% in golf. Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries occurred in 53.3% of gymnastics injuries and 58.6% of tennis injuries. For stand-up paddleboard, most injuries were non-MSK (66.7%). The highest rate of MSK injuries occurred in gymnastics (25.6/1000 exposures), whereas the highest rates of non-MSK injuries (95.2/1000 exposures) and minor injuries (47.6/1000 exposures) were among stand-up paddleboard athletes. In team sports, the highest number of injuries per game occurred in softball (1.9 per game). CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of injuries occurred at the 2018 SO USA Games. The high rate of non-MSK injuries is unique to the SO and should be considered when planning medical coverage for future events.
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10
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Santoro SL, Donelan K, Constantine M. Proxy-report in individuals with intellectual disability: A scoping review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:1088-1108. [PMID: 35676858 PMCID: PMC9378492 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Views can be collected from individuals (self-report) or others on their behalf (proxy-report). OBJECTIVE We aimed to review the literature on methods and statistical approaches used to evaluate observer versus self-report responses from individuals with intellectual disability or Down syndrome. METHODS A series of key questions related to statistical approaches and data collection methods were formulated a priori to inform the search strategy and review process. These addressed the topics of self-report in individuals with intellectual disability, including Down syndrome. Using the National Library of Medicine database, PubMed, detailed literature searches were performed. The quality of available evidence was then evaluated, the existing literature was summarised, and knowledge gaps and research needs were identified. RESULTS Fifty relevant original articles were identified which addressed at least one key question. Study details, including: research design, internal validity, external validity, and relevant results are presented. Review of studies of individuals with intellectual disability which used a variety of statistical approaches showed mixed agreement between self-report and proxy-report. CONCLUSION Few studies identified to-date have used self-report from individuals with Down syndrome, but lessons from the existing intellectual disability literature can guide researchers to incorporate self-report from individuals with Down syndrome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Santoro
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Donelan
- Institute on Healthcare Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Survey Research and Implementation Unit, Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Melissa Constantine
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Evidera Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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McCarty K, Dixon-Ibarra A, MacDonald M. Evaluation of the Special Olympics Team Wellness health promotion program for individuals with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2022; 26:109-120. [PMID: 33025848 DOI: 10.1177/1744629520957445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with intellectual disabilities are a known health disparities group. The Team Wellness (TW) health promotion program was developed to provide healthy lifestyle information to target this population. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative program evaluation on Team Wellness. METHODS Interviews were conducted via one-on-one format with program coaches (n = 4, mean age = 25, female = 2, male = 2) and focus group with program athletes (n = 6, mean age = 45, female = 4, male = 2) who completed the TW program. RESULTS Themes that emerged included: (1) Program Perceptions; (2) TW Support; and (3) Program Feedback. Program perceptions were positive and continued athlete participation was anticipated. Coaches felt prepared to facilitate based on previous experience though program fidelity varied. CONCLUSION Study participants enjoyed TW and identified valuable recommendations. Program fidelity and marketing efforts are important for future consideration. Further quantitative assessment is needed to determine the effectiveness the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McCarty
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
| | - Alicia Dixon-Ibarra
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
| | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
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12
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Sedentary Time, Physical Activity Levels and Physical Fitness in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095033. [PMID: 34068668 PMCID: PMC8126167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This cross-sectional study assessed the associations of gender, age, level of intellectual disabilities (IDs) and of daily sedentary and physical activity (PA) time with physical fitness in adults with ID. Materials and methods: Sixty adults (mean age = 39.19 ± 11.70 years) with ID participated in this cross-sectional study. PA was monitored for 7 days using an ActiGraph GT3X monitor. Physical fitness was measured with a 6-min walking test, isometric push-up test, modified curl-up test, handgrip strength test, and back-saver sit-and-reach test. Results: (a) An age of ≥39 years and female gender were associated with lower performance in multiple aspects of physical fitness. (b) More moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with greater muscular strength and endurance (modified curl-ups: β = 0.36, p < 0.01; handgrip strength: right, β = 0.52, p < 0.01; left, β = 0.52, p < 0.01). (c) More light-intensity PA (LPA) was associated with greater upper-body muscular endurance (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and greater flexibility (right leg: β = 0.36, p < 0.01; left leg: β = 0.38, p < 0.01). Conclusion: LPA may be as beneficial as MVPA to the physical fitness of adults with ID. Future studies should focus on developing effective PA interventions for adults with ID, especially for women and individuals aged ≥39 years, by incorporating both LPA and MVPA.
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Vancampfort D, Van Damme T, Firth J, Stubbs B, Schuch F, Suetani S, Arkesteyn A, Van Biesen D. Physical activity correlates in children and adolescents, adults, and older adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4189-4200. [PMID: 33861676 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1909665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding enablers of and barriers for physical activity (PA) participation in people with intellectual disability (ID) is an essential first step to develop effective interventions. This systematic review examined correlates of PA across the socio-ecological model (i.e., intra-personal, inter-personal, environmental and policy level) in people with ID across the lifespan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Major electronic databases were searched from inception until 15 February 2021. Keywords included "physical activity" or "exercise" and "intellectual disability" or "mental retardation." A summary coding was used to analyze the data for adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 < 50 years), and older adults (50≤ years). RESULTS Out of 83 PA correlates, retrieved from 39 studies (n = 26,456), only three consistent (i.e., reported in four or more studies) correlates were identified. In adults, older age (7/11, 64%), more severe ID (9/9, 100%) and the presence of physical mobility problems (3/4, 75%) were associated with decreased PA. From 38 correlates identified, no consistent correlates were identified for children and adolescents and older people. CONCLUSIONS Despite the abundance of evidence of the PA benefits for people with ID, we only found consistent evidence for three correlates reliably being related to PA in adults with ID. More research, particularly among young and older people is urgently needed.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMore severe intellectual disability is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.Presence of physical health problems is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Shuichi Suetani
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Anke Arkesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Active Time in Cooperative Activities, Quality of Life and Body Mass Index in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. A Model of Structural Equations. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Current research shows that individuals with intellectual disabilities do not engage in enough physical activity to acquire health benefits. However, cooperative learning has been shown to be an effective tool for inclusion and for improving healthy physical habits. The aim of this study is to contrast an explanatory model which incorporates quality of life, active time in cooperative activities, body mass index and age, as well as to analyze, using multi-group structural equations, the existing associations according to the sex of subjects with intellectual disabilities. The convenience sampling used allowed the collection of data from a total of 156 subjects in Granada (Spain), aged between 18–55 years. In terms of gender, the sample was homogeneous, representing 52.6% (n = 82) for women and 47.4% (n = 74) for men. The active time during the cooperative learning was recorded with the Xiaomi Mi Band 2 activity band, for the quality of life scale (GENCAT) was used, and the body mass index was calculated through its standardized equation. Age was directly associated with body mass index in both sexes. Likewise, age was positively related to the active time of women. Quality of life was directly associated with active time and body mass index was inversely related to active time. This study shows the importance of active time during work and cooperative learning in individuals with intellectual disabilities, as it is associated with an improvement in the quality of life and a reduction in the problems of sedentarism, overweight, and obesity.
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Improvements in Tennis Skills in Adults With Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities Following an 8-Week Adapted Tennis Program. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified changes in tennis skills and dose of practice in adults with developmental and intellectual disabilities following an 8-week adapted tennis program. Twenty-seven adults with disabilities (mean age 24.7) participated in an 8-week adapted tennis program (1-hour, twice a week). Participants’ racquets were equipped with sensors that measured the number of shots during the program (dose). Pre- and post-test tennis skill assessments (process scores) were conducted for the forehand and backhand. All participants showed significant improvements in forehand and backhand process scores. Level of function, but not age or disability type, was associated with forehand and backhand process scores. The number of forehand shots performed during the adapted tennis program did not change across the program. The number of forehand shots was associated with age and disability type, but not level of function. The number of backhand shots (dose) was not associated with age, disability, or level of function. The number of forehand or backhand shots (dose) was not associated with changes in forehand or backhand process scores, respectively. This study provides evidence of the efficacy of this adapted tennis program to develop fundamental tennis skills in novice players with developmental and intellectual disabilities.
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Cabeza-Ruiz R, Sánchez-López AM, Trigo ME, Gómez-Píriz PT. Feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity health-related fitness test battery in adults with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:612-628. [PMID: 32573859 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)-Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. METHODS Forty-one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA-Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test-retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test-retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland-Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%-75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. RESULTS Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA-Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand-grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80-0.89) in the dynamic sit-up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70-0.79) was found in jump-and-reach and neck-shoulder mobility tests. The variables in the 2-km walk and agility tests indicated poor reliability. All tests showed SEM values related to high variability. However, Bland-Altman plots showed results related to lack of consistency. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility and reliability calculations, as well as the SEM values, confirm that not all the tests of the ALPHA-Fit Test Battery for Adults are suitable for the assessment of PF in adults with ID, probably because of the complexity of the motor fitness tests. The authors emphasise the necessity of making adaptations to the protocols used or of using other tests more appropriate to the characteristics of people with mild to moderate ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabeza-Ruiz
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - A M Sánchez-López
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M E Trigo
- Department of Experimental Phychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - P T Gómez-Píriz
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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ULAŞ K, TOPUZ S, DİNÇ HORASAN G. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Scale for
Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD). Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:1620-1625. [PMID: 31655534 PMCID: PMC7518659 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1901-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of Turkish translation of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) in a disabled Turkish population. Materials and methods Following the translation protocol of the PASIPD, the Turkish version of the PASIPD, Short Form-36, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire were administered to 198 developmentally and physically disabled individuals. Results The Turkish version of the PASIPD was found to be reliable. The domains of the Turkish version of the PASIPD were also found to be valid. Four factors were obtained from the questionnaire. The ICC was 1.0 since all the respondents reported the same answers in the test and retest. The Cronbach α for the PASIPD was 0.60. Conclusion The Turkish version of the PASIPD survey is valid and reliable for developmentally and physically disabled Turkish individuals and professionals can use it to assess physical activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kardem ULAŞ
- Department of Physiotherapy, Vocational School of Health Services, İzmir University of Economics, İzmirTurkey
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Semra TOPUZ
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
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Rubenstein E, DuBois L, Sadowsky M, Washburn K, Forquer M, Stanish H, Shriver T. Evaluating the potential of Special Olympics fitness models as a health intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities. Disabil Health J 2019; 13:100850. [PMID: 31704231 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2019.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors; yet, few behavioral health interventions are designed and implemented for people with ID. OBJECTIVE This study examined Special Olympics Inc. (SOI) fitness models as a potential intervention to reduce CVD risk in people with ID. METHODS Data from SOI fitness models implemented in 2016-2018 were assessed. Special Olympics Programs received funding, resources, and technical assistance from SOI to conduct fitness models centered on inclusive physical activity and goal setting. Weight, body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at baseline and 4-12 weeks into the model. Multi-level multivariable quintile linear regression assessed change. RESULTS 383 participants with ID (athletes) and 281 partners without ID met inclusion criteria. Mean weight loss among athletes was 0.67 kg and 132 (31.9%) lost ≥ 1 kg. Blood pressure decreased in SBP quintile 4 (-7.52 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.8, -4.0), SBP quintile 5 (-9.52 mm Hg, 95% CI: 13.5, -5.6), and DBP quintile 5 (-7.49 mm Hg, 95% CI: 13.1, -1.9). Partners had similar results. Strongest effects were in a 'high-risk' group that was in the quintile 4 or 5 in all baseline measures. CONCLUSION In fitness models developed to improve fitness for people with ID, there was a reduction in weight and blood pressure. SOI fitness models show promise and potential as a health intervention. This work enables further examination of indicators for successful implementation and evaluation of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rubenstein
- Research and Evaluation, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA; Waisman Center, Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Lindsay DuBois
- Research and Evaluation, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Molly Sadowsky
- Research and Evaluation, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Kyle Washburn
- Fitness, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Monica Forquer
- Fitness, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Heidi Stanish
- Fitness, Special Olympics International, Washington D.C., USA; Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Corby D, Sweeney MR. Researchers' experiences and lessons learned from doing mixed-methods research with a population with intellectual disabilities: Insights from the SOPHIE study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2019; 23:250-265. [PMID: 29246083 DOI: 10.1177/1744629517747834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are challenged to provide opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and their families to become participants in research. This article explores the processes and procedures involved in conducting a mixed-methods study. The preparation for the study is described and explained. Recruitment is examined by describing the process and analysing phone calls made to potential participants. Reflections of research team members help to develop the analysis and contribute to a discussion of the fieldwork. Lessons learned show that research projects involving people with IDs and their families need careful planning and have additional costs. The research team requires a mix of expertise. Traditional recruitment methods may not be suitable, and researchers need to build good relationships with gatekeepers so that participants can be contacted directly. Good quality research with people with IDs and their families is possible once suitable strategies are employed throughout the research process.
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Chow BC, Choi PHN, Huang WYJ. Physical Activity and Physical Fitness of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities in Group Homes in Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071370. [PMID: 29966299 PMCID: PMC6068912 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) typically have a sedentary lifestyle and higher rates of overweight and obesity. This study describes the habitual daily physical activity (PA) and the health-related physical fitness (PF) of adults with mild and moderate ID who resided in four group homes and worked in sheltered workshops. We also assessed the contribution of PF variables towards PA levels and sedentary behavior of this population subgroup. Adults with mild and moderate ID (N = 114) were assessed on PF tests (percent body fat, waist and hip circumferences, 6-min walk (6MWT), arm curl, and sit and reach). PA and sedentary behavior on weekdays were determined using Actigraph accelerometers. Results showed these adults averaged 2% of their daily time (or 10 min) engaged in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and 67% of the time (495 min) being sedentary. No significant differences between mild and moderate ID were found for any PA or PF variable. Linear multiple regression analyses showed 6MWT to be the only significant PF variable contributing to the variance of PA and sedentary behavior. In conclusion, adults with ID reside in group home have low PA and low fitness levels. Among fitness variables, the walking test (i.e., cardiovascular fitness) had the highest positive association with participants’ daily PA, MVPA, and negative association with sedentary behavior. Future intervention studies in promoting PA and fitness for adults with ID are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bik C Chow
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Peggy H N Choi
- Department of Sports and Recreation Management, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Chai Wan, Hong Kong.
| | - Wendy Y J Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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