1
|
Pham TP, Sanocki T. Human Attention Restoration, Flow, and Creativity: A Conceptual Integration. J Imaging 2024; 10:83. [PMID: 38667981 PMCID: PMC11050943 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In today's fast paced, attention-demanding society, executive functions and attentional resources are often taxed. Individuals need ways to sustain and restore these resources. We first review the concepts of attention and restoration, as instantiated in Attention Restoration Theory (ART). ART emphasizes the role of nature in restoring attention. We then discuss the essentials of experiments on the causal influences of nature. Next, we expand the concept of ART to include modern, designed environments. We outline a wider perspective termed attentional ecology, in which attention behavior is viewed within a larger system involving the human and their interactions with environmental demands over time. When the ecology is optimal, mental functioning can be a positive "flow" that is productive, sustainable for the individual, and sometimes creative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa P. Pham
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;
| | - Thomas Sanocki
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Sun L, Guo H, Shi K, Chen L. Making Appropriate New Choices Through Unconscious Thought Based on New Goals. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:2433-2445. [PMID: 35414303 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221086216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research examines whether appropriate choices can be made based on a new goal through unconscious thought. The experimental materials are four mobile phones, one suitable for older adults and the other for younger people. The results of Experiment 1 show that when the goal was changed from judging whether a mobile phone is suitable for older adults to judging whether it is suitable for younger people, the scores of the participants in the unconscious thought group-that mobile phones are objectively suitable for older adults-were significantly higher than those for the group which thought that mobile phones are objectively suitable for young people. In Experiment 2, the immediate decision-making group was added, which ruled out the possibility that the participants had already made a choice during the information presentation process. The results of this study show that unconscious thought can make appropriate new choices based on new goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Luyu Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu C, Tu S, Gong S, Guan J, Shi Z, Chen Y. The Unconscious Tug-of-War: Exploring the Effect of Stimulus Selection Bias on Creative Problem Solving with Multiple Unconscious Stimuli. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:3987-4002. [PMID: 37790727 PMCID: PMC10544007 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s420942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study innovatively investigated the potential selection bias involved in processing multiple subliminal stimuli during creative problem-solving (CPS). It addresses the existing gap in specialized research on how the handling of multiple unconscious stimuli influences higher-order cognitive processes, particularly creativity. Methods The study utilized a masked priming paradigm and a remote association task (RAT). Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 presented two stimuli simultaneously, with one being the correct answer, to examine whether there was a bias in the location of subliminal stimuli. In Experiment 2, two stimuli were presented sequentially, with one serving as the answer, to investigate whether there was a temporal bias in unconscious processing. Results Our findings revealed that when solving easy RATs, subliminal stimuli presented on the left side had a negative priming effect compared to the right side. The results revealed that unconscious processing of subliminal stimuli enhanced performance on difficult CPS. Additionally, a temporal bias was observed, with more recent subliminal stimuli having a stronger effect than earlier stimuli. Conclusion Unconscious processing can improve CPS, especially for difficult tasks, and there is a bias towards processing stimuli on the left and more recently presented stimuli. These findings contribute to our understanding of unconscious processing, particularly the processing of multiple subliminal stimuli in CPS, and provide insights into the biases that exist in unconscious processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People’s Republic of China
- School of Humanities and Management Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 626000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Tu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shikang Gong
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Guan
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zifu Shi
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Humanities and Management Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 626000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veillette JP, Heald SLM, Wittenbrink B, Reis KS, Nusbaum HC. Single-trial visually evoked potentials predict both individual choice and market outcomes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14340. [PMID: 37658206 PMCID: PMC10474019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A central assumption in the behavioral sciences is that choice behavior generalizes enough across individuals that measurements from a sampled group can predict the behavior of the population. Following from this assumption, the unit of behavioral sampling or measurement for most neuroimaging studies is the individual; however, cognitive neuroscience is increasingly acknowledging a dissociation between neural activity that predicts individual behavior and that which predicts the average or aggregate behavior of the population suggesting a greater importance of individual differences than is typically acknowledged. For instance, past work has demonstrated that some, but not all, of the neural activity observed during value-based decision-making is able to predict not just individual subjects' choices but also the success of products on large, online marketplaces-even when those two behavioral outcomes deviate from one another-suggesting that some neural component processes of decision-making generalize to aggregate market responses more readily across individuals than others do. While the bulk of such research has highlighted affect-related neural responses (i.e. in the nucleus accumbens) as a better predictor of group-level behavior than frontal cortical activity associated with the integration of more idiosyncratic choice components, more recent evidence has implicated responses in visual cortical regions as strong predictors of group preference. Taken together, these findings suggest a role of neural responses during early perception in reinforcing choice consistency across individuals and raise fundamental scientific questions about the role sensory systems in value-based decision-making processes. We use a multivariate pattern analysis approach to show that single-trial visually evoked electroencephalographic (EEG) activity can predict individual choice throughout the post-stimulus epoch; however, a nominally sparser set of activity predicts the aggregate behavior of the population. These findings support an account in which a subset of the neural activity underlying individual choice processes can scale to predict behavioral consistency across people, even when the choice behavior of the sample does not match the aggregate behavior of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Veillette
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, USA.
| | - Shannon L M Heald
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Reis
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, USA
| | - Howard C Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Honey CJ, Mahabal A, Bellana B. Psychological Momentum. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 32:284-292. [PMID: 37786409 PMCID: PMC10545321 DOI: 10.1177/09637214221143053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Our mental experience is largely continuous on the scale of seconds and minutes. However, this continuity does not always arise from a volitional carrying forward of ideas. Instead, recent actions, thoughts, dispositions, and emotions can persist in mind, continually shaping our later experience. Aspects of this fundamental property of human cognition - psychological momentum - have been studied under the rubrics of memory, task set, mood, mind-wandering, and mindset. Reviewing these largely independent threads of research, we argue that psychological momentum is best understood from an integrated perspective, as an adaptation that helps us meet the current demands of our environment and to form lasting memories.
Collapse
|
6
|
He W, Jin C. A study on the influence of the characteristics of key opinion leaders on consumers’ purchase intention in live streaming commerce: based on dual-systems theory. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE RESEARCH 2022. [PMCID: PMC9759061 DOI: 10.1007/s10660-022-09651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the dual-systems theory (DST), this study proposes a research model that focuses on how the characteristics of the key opinion leader influence consumers’ purchase intention in live streaming commerce (LSC). We collected data through questionnaire surveys from samples of consumers in China (N = 467), which indicated that key opinion leader’s characteristics (i.e., attractiveness, trustworthiness, expertise) are all positively related to purchase intention. Importantly, the mediator analyses indicated that the effect of systems 1 on the relationship between attractiveness and purchase intention persisted is persistent, regardless of the type of goods purchased by the consumers (utilitarian or hedonic). This finding highlights the importance of attractiveness and reveals unconscious thought (UT) of consumers when shopping in LSC. This study provides a new theoretical perspective (i.e., DST) to identify attractiveness as a determinant of purchase intention in LSC and influence purchase intention by activating systems 1, thus solving the problem of identifying key factors in stimulus–organism–response theory. Besides, our results identify and test UT in LSC. The practical implications of these findings are to provide guidance for the selection of key opinion leaders in LSC and the development of live streaming industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- School of Business Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, 330032 Jiangxi Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyuan Jin
- School of Business Administration, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, 330032 Jiangxi Province People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caravona L, Macchi L. Different incubation tasks in insight problem solving: evidence for unconscious analytic thought. THINKING & REASONING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2096694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caravona
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Macchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Unconscious thoughts tend to categorize information based on thematic relations. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Shimizu T, Graber M. How insight contributes to diagnostic excellence. Diagnosis (Berl) 2022; 9:311-315. [PMID: 35670643 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the quest to improve diagnosis, a great deal of attention has already been focused on how to optimize clinical reasoning, and the importance of System 1 and System 2 processing. In this essay we consider the role of 'insight', a relatively overlooked pathway for arriving at the correct diagnosis. Insight refers to spontaneous emergence of the correct answer at some later point in time. We discuss factors that might facilitate insight, and how these could be incorporated into the diagnostic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Shimizu
- Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pennycook G. A framework for understanding reasoning errors: From fake news to climate change and beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Berger J, Brown R. Conceptualizing consciousness. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.1914326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Berger
- Department of Philosophy, Lycoming College, Williamsport, US
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Red or blue? Effects of background color in distraction tasks on global processing in unconscious thought. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Li J, Guo Y, Shi K, Li X, Xie J. Similar or dissimilar? Influence of similarity between distraction tasks and target tasks on unconscious thought. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 56:783-790. [PMID: 33855703 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Distraction tasks are known to affect the unconscious-thought (UT) effect. However, the relationship between two task types, namely distraction and target tasks, and their effect on UT effect have not been examined in previous studies. In this study, we assessed whether simultaneously performing dissimilar distraction and target tasks are beneficial to information processing by UT. In Experiment 1, the target task was an Alternate Use Task (speech task). For the similar-task test, the UT group was assigned the speech 1-back task (speech task) as the distraction task; for the dissimilar-task test, the UT group was assigned the spatial 1-back task (spatial task) as the distraction task. The results of the experiment revealed that under dissimilar tasks, the UT group not only provided more answers but also provided answers that were more novel. For Experiment 2, the target task was changed to Creative Mental Synthesis Task (spatial task) to replicate the results of Experiment 1. The results demonstrated that the dissimilarity between the distraction and target tasks facilitates the UT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Guo
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Has Silemek AC, Ranjeva J, Audoin B, Heesen C, Gold SM, Kühn S, Weygandt M, Stellmann J. Delayed access to conscious processing in multiple sclerosis: Reduced cortical activation and impaired structural connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3379-3395. [PMID: 33826184 PMCID: PMC8249884 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is frequently accompanied by visuo‐cognitive impairment, especially functional brain mechanisms underlying this impairment are still not well understood. Consequently, we used a functional MRI (fMRI) backward masking task to study visual information processing stratifying unconscious and conscious in MS. Specifically, 30 persons with MS (pwMS) and 34 healthy controls (HC) were shown target stimuli followed by a mask presented 8–150 ms later and had to compare the target to a reference stimulus. Retinal integrity (via optical coherence tomography), optic tract integrity (visual evoked potential; VEP) and whole brain structural connectivity (probabilistic tractography) were assessed as complementary structural brain integrity markers. On a psychophysical level, pwMS reached conscious access later than HC (50 vs. 16 ms, p < .001). The delay increased with disease duration (p < .001, β = .37) and disability (p < .001, β = .24), but did not correlate with conscious information processing speed (Symbol digit modality test, β = .07, p = .817). No association was found for VEP and retinal integrity markers. Moreover, pwMS were characterized by decreased brain activation during unconscious processing compared with HC. No group differences were found during conscious processing. Finally, a complementary structural brain integrity analysis showed that a reduced fractional anisotropy in corpus callosum and an impaired connection between right insula and primary visual areas was related to delayed conscious access in pwMS. Our study revealed slowed conscious access to visual stimulus material in MS and a complex pattern of functional and structural alterations coupled to unconscious processing of/delayed conscious access to visual stimulus material in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu C. Has Silemek
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS)Universitätsklinikum Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
| | - Jean‐Philippe Ranjeva
- Aix‐Marseille UniversityCNRS, CRMBMMarseille CedexFrance
- APHMHopital de la Timone, CEMEREMMarseilleFrance
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Aix‐Marseille UniversityCNRS, CRMBMMarseille CedexFrance
- APHMHopital de la Timone, CEMEREMMarseilleFrance
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS)Universitätsklinikum Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für NeurologieUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Stefan M. Gold
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS)Universitätsklinikum Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Klinik für Psychiatrie & Psychotherapie und Medizinische Klinik m.S. Psychosomatik, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF)BerlinGermany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Clinic for Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute for Human DevelopmentBerlinGermany
| | - Martin Weygandt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Experimental and Clinical Research CenterBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research CenterBerlinGermany
| | - Jan‐Patrick Stellmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose (INIMS)Universitätsklinikum Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
- Aix‐Marseille UniversityCNRS, CRMBMMarseille CedexFrance
- APHMHopital de la Timone, CEMEREMMarseilleFrance
- Klinik und Poliklinik für NeurologieUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abadie M, Waroquier L. On the memory processes underlying conscious deliberation in complex decision making: the role of verbatim and gist memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 84:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
On the belief that beliefs should change according to evidence: Implications for conspiratorial, moral, paranormal, political, religious, and science beliefs. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDoes one’s stance toward evidence evaluation and belief revision have relevance for actual beliefs? We investigate the role of endorsing an actively open-minded thinking style about evidence (AOT-E) on a wide range of beliefs, values, and opinions. Participants indicated the extent to which they think beliefs (Study 1) or opinions (Studies 2 and 3) ought to change according to evidence on an 8-item scale. Across three studies with 1,692 participants from two different sources (Mechanical Turk and Lucid for Academics), we find that our short AOT-E scale correlates negatively with beliefs about topics ranging from extrasensory perception, to respect for tradition, to abortion, to God; and positively with topics ranging from anthropogenic global warming to support for free speech on college campuses. More broadly, the belief that beliefs should change according to evidence was robustly associated with political liberalism, the rejection of traditional moral values, the acceptance of science, and skepticism about religious, paranormal, and conspiratorial claims. However, we also find that AOT-E is more strongly predictive for political liberals (Democrats) than conservatives (Republicans). We conclude that socio-cognitive theories of belief (both specific and general) should take into account people’s beliefs about when and how beliefs should change – that is, meta-beliefs – but that further work is required to understand how meta-beliefs about evidence interact with political ideology.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kageyama T, Dos Santos Kawata KH, Kawashima R, Sugiura M. Performance and Material-Dependent Holistic Representation of Unconscious Thought: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:418. [PMID: 31866843 PMCID: PMC6908964 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological research has demonstrated that humans can think unconsciously. Unconscious thought (UT) refers to cognitive or affective decision-related processes that occur beyond conscious awareness. UT processes are considered more effective in complex decision-making than conscious thought (CT). In addition, holistic representation plays a key role in UT and consists of a multimodal, value-related cognitive process. While the neural correlates of UT have recently been investigated, the holistic representation hypothesis of UT has not been confirmed. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to further evaluate this hypothesis by utilizing two UT tasks (person and consumer-product evaluations) in conjunction with an improved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental protocol. Participants evaluated four alternatives with 12 attributes each. In the UT condition, once the decision information had been presented, the participants completed a 1-back task for 120 s and evaluated each alternative, as well as an independent 1-back task in the absence of any decision information. We then performed regression analysis of the UT performance in both tasks. Our results revealed a positive correlation between performance in the UT task and the use of the anterior part of the precuneus/paracentral lobule in the person evaluation task and between performance and the posterior part of the precuneus, postcentral gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and superior parietal lobule in the consumer-product evaluation task. The involvement of the precuneus area in both tasks was indicative of a multimodal, value-related process and is consistent with the features of holistic representation, supporting a central role for holistic representation in UT. Furthermore, the involvement of different precuneus subregions in the two UT tasks may reflect the task dependency of the key representation critical for advantageous UT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kageyama
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ubiquitous Sensing, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Department of Human Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster-Related Cognitive Science, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luken T. Easy does it: an innovative view on developing career identity and self-direction. CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/cdi-05-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
A generally held belief in the field of career development is that career attitudes and abilities, including identity and self-direction, can and should be developed in school programmes with a cognitive focus. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to question this belief, and second, to provide a new perspective on career development that may inspire innovations for career science, and guidance during the lifespan.
Design/methodology/approach
Specific questions are formulated and answered on the basis of sources mainly stemming from neurosciences and different sub-disciplines of psychology. On the basis of a systems theory, a new approach is proposed.
Findings
Current approaches in career guidance are at odds with findings and insights from developmental sciences and brain research. Several risks of current approaches are described. One risk is identity foreclosure. Another risk involves the development of ineffective ways of thinking and decision making. A control theory that stems from cybernetics is proposed to offer an alternative view on career development.
Research limitations/implications
One implication for research is that long-term longitudinal approaches are required to fully clarify the development of self-direction and identity. Furthermore, the building and testing of models of career development based on dynamic systems theories is recommended.
Practical implications
The main implication for career practices and policies is that self-direction and identity are no realistic aims for most students. Instead, it is recommended to relieve the pressure associated with career choices for young people, and to give more time, room, stimulation and guidance for exploration and reconsideration, for adults as well. Guidance should consist of offering sufficiently varied work experiences, and counselling when individuals experience conflicts that impede direction finding. Not too much emphasis should be put on reflection and rational thinking. Acceptance and commitment therapy is recommended as an approach offering many useful insights and instruments that may inspire career professionals.
Originality/value
This paper questions a mainstream approach and offers an original point of view.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu S, Mei H, Yan J. Do Not Think Carefully? Re-examining the Effect of Unconscious Thought on Deception Detection. Front Psychol 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31080424 PMCID: PMC6497763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have examined the effect of unconscious thinking on deception detection with the hypothesis that unconscious thought increases the ability to discriminate between truth and deception, but these studies yielded conflicting results. The present study aimed to re-examine the effect of unconscious thinking and extend it by adopting both verbal and non-verbal/paraverbal stimuli. We hypothesized that unconscious thought leads to a higher accuracy rate than immediate decision and conscious thought when judging non-verbal/paraverbal stimuli, but not when judging verbal stimuli. In Study 1, we compared unconscious thought with immediate decision by using both video and audio stimuli. In Study 2, we compared unconscious thought with conscious thought by using both video and text stimuli. The results showed that when detecting deception vs. truth, (1) unconscious thought was not better than immediate decision on deception detection in both audio and video conditions (Study 1), and (2) unconscious thought was not better than conscious thought in both video and text conditions (Study 2). The Bayes factor of both studies also showed substantial evidence for null hypothesis (H0) relative to alternative hypothesis (H1). The implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyu Mei
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li J, Li X, Zhang X, Shi K, He Y. Can unconscious thought detect relational similarities? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 55:60-66. [PMID: 30485428 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueyun Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhan He
- Psychological Counseling Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nature, Mind, and Medicine: A Model for Mind–Body Healing. Explore (NY) 2018; 14:268-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Olson JA, Jeyanesan E, Raz A. Ask the pendulum: personality predictors of ideomotor performance. Neurosci Conscious 2017; 2017:nix014. [PMID: 29877514 PMCID: PMC5858027 DOI: 10.1093/nc/nix014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, people have asked questions to hand-held pendulums and interpreted their movements as responses from the divine. These movements occur due to the ideomotor effect, wherein priming or thinking of a motion causes muscle movements that end up swinging the pendulum. By associating particular swinging movements with "yes" and "no" responses, we investigated whether pendulums can aid decision-making and which personality traits correlate with this performance. Participants ( N = 80 ) completed a visual detection task in which they searched for a target letter among rapidly presented characters. In the verbal condition, participants stated whether they saw the target in each trial. In the pendulum condition, participants instead mentally "asked" a hand-held pendulum whether the target was present; particular motions signified "yes" and "no". We measured the accuracy of their responses as well as their sensitivity and bias using signal detection theory. We also assessed four personality measures: locus of control (feelings of control over one's life), transliminality (sensitivity to subtle stimuli), need for cognition (preference for analytical thinking), and faith in intuition (preference for intuitive thinking). Overall, locus of control predicted verbal performance and transliminality predicted pendulum performance. Accuracy was low in both conditions (verbal: 57%, pendulum: 53%), but bias was higher in the verbal condition ( d = 1.10 ). We confirmed this bias difference in a second study ( d = 0.47 , N = 40 ). Our results suggest that people have different decision strategies when using a pendulum compared to conscious guessing. These findings may help explain why some people can answer questions more accurately with pendulums and Ouija boards. More broadly, identifying the differences between ideomotor and verbal responses could lead to practical ways to improve decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Ewalina Jeyanesan
- Department of Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Amir Raz
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research
- Chapman University, Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garrison KE, Handley IM. Not Merely Experiential: Unconscious Thought Can Be Rational. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1096. [PMID: 28729844 PMCID: PMC5498519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals often form more reasonable judgments from complex information after a period of distraction vs. deliberation. This phenomenon has been attributed to sophisticated unconscious thought during the distraction period that integrates and organizes the information (Unconscious Thought Theory; Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, 2006). Yet, other research suggests that experiential processes are strengthened during the distraction (relative to deliberation) period, accounting for the judgment and decision benefit. We tested between these possibilities, hypothesizing that unconscious thought is distinct from experiential processes, and independently contributes to judgments and decisions during a distraction period. Using an established paradigm, Experiment 1 (N = 319) randomly induced participants into an experiential or rational mindset, after which participants received complex information describing three roommates to then consider consciously (i.e., deliberation) or unconsciously (i.e., distraction). Results revealed superior roommate judgments (but not choices) following distraction vs. deliberation, consistent with Unconscious Thought Theory. Mindset did not have an influence on roommate judgments. However, planned tests revealed a significant advantage of distraction only within the rational-mindset condition, which is contrary to the idea that experiential processing alone facilitates complex decision-making during periods of distraction. In a second experiment (N = 136), we tested whether effects of unconscious thought manifest for a complex analytical reasoning task for which experiential processing would offer no advantage. As predicted, participants in an unconscious thought condition outperformed participants in a control condition, suggesting that unconscious thought can be analytical. In sum, the current results support the existence of unconscious thinking processes that are distinct from experiential processes, and can be rational. Thus, the experiential vs. rational nature of a process might not cleanly delineate conscious and unconscious thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Garrison
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, United States
| | - Ian M Handley
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, BozemanMT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nigg JT. Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:361-383. [PMID: 28035675 PMCID: PMC5367959 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures. METHODS The present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement-concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points. RESULTS First, the field needs a domain-general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involves both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes. This does not assume a shared core process across emotion, action, and cognition, but is intended to provide clarity on the extent of various claims about kinds of SR. Second, top-down aspects of SR need to be integrated. These include (a) basic processes that develop early and address immediate conflict signals, such as cognitive control and effortful control (EC), and (b) complex cognition and strategies for addressing future conflict, represented by the regulatory application of complex aspects of executive functioning. Executive function (EF) and cognitive control are not identical to SR because they can be used for other activities, but account for top-down aspects of SR at the cognitive level. Third, impulsivity, risk-taking, and disinhibition are distinct although overlapping; a taxonomy of the kinds of breakdowns of SR associated with psychopathology requires their differentiation. Fourth, different aspects of the SR universe can be organized hierarchically in relation to granularity, development, and time. Low-level components assemble into high-level components. This hierarchical perspective is consistent across literatures. CONCLUSIONS It is hoped that the framework outlined here will facilitate integration and cross-talk among investigators working from different perspectives, and facilitate individual differences research on how SR relates to developmental psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|