1
|
Springstein T, English T. Distinguishing Emotion Regulation Success in Daily Life From Maladaptive Regulation and Dysregulation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:209-224. [PMID: 37728098 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This paper aims to motivate research on emotion regulation success in naturalistic settings. We define emotion regulation success as achieving one's emotion regulation goal and differentiate it from related concepts (i.e., maladaptive regulation and dysregulation). As goals vary across individuals and situations, it is insufficient to conceptualize emotion regulation success as maximizing positive affect and minimizing negative affect. Instead, emotion regulation success can be measured through novel approaches targeting the achievement of emotion regulation goals. In addition to utilizing novel data analytic tools (e.g., response surface analyses), future research can make use of informant reports and observing ambulatory behavior or physiology. Considering emotion regulation goals when measuring daily emotion regulation success has the potential to answer key questions about personality, development, and mental health. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People differ in how they want to feel in daily situations (e.g., excited) and why they want to feel that way (e.g., to make others feel better), depending on factors such as culture or age. Although people manage their emotions to reach these goals, most research assessing emotion regulation success has not taken individual goals into account. When assessing if people successfully regulate their emotions, most research in daily life has been focused on whether people feel more positive or less negative. To help study emotion regulation success in a more thoughtful and inclusive way, we propose a new approach to conceptualizing emotion regulation success that incorporates individual differences in what motivates people to regulate and discuss future research directions and applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Li Q, Li Z, Chen A. EEG-based multivariate pattern analysis reveals the control mechanisms of emotion regulation through distancing. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100423. [PMID: 38059070 PMCID: PMC10696394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective A neurocognitive model of distancing has systematically identified a set of brain regions that support the control mechanisms for emotion regulation (ER). However, the temporal dynamics of these control mechanisms during ER remains unclear. Method To address this issue, we recorded behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) data to compare proactive and reactive ER modes in an adapted ER task (N = 30 adults). In different ER modes, participants were instructed to downregulate their negative emotional experiences by applying the reappraisal tactic of distancing. Results The behavioral results showed that proactive ER, which involves preparing for the upcoming regulation, reduced the negative emotional experience more than reactive ER, which involves no preparation process, in the reappraisal-negative condition. This indicated that proactive ER was more effective than reactive ER in regulating negative emotions. Event-related potential (ERP) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) results showed that ER through distancing involved two phases: First, the reappraisal cue enhanced the allocation of attention to activate the mental building blocks and constructed a new perspective in the preparation process. Second, participants who benefited from the preparation process initiated the ER earlier and adaptively re-engaged in the ER if time permitted. Conclusions Taken together, the control mechanisms underlying the preparation process influence the timing of ER, while the control mechanisms underlying the regulation process determine the regulatory effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran A, Greenaway KH, Kostopoulos J, O’Brien ST, Kalokerinos EK. Mapping Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:672-683. [PMID: 38156260 PMCID: PMC10751271 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The growing literature on interpersonal emotion regulation has largely focused on the strategies people use to regulate. As such, researchers have little understanding of how often people regulate in the first place, what emotion regulation goals they have when they regulate, and how much effort they invest in regulation. To better characterize features of the regulation process, we conducted two studies using daily diary (N = 171) and experience sampling methods (N = 239), exploring interpersonal emotion regulation in the context of everyday social interactions. We found people regulated others' emotions nearly twice a day, regulated their own emotions through others around once a day, and regulated both their own and others' emotions in the same interaction roughly every other day. Furthermore, not only did people regulate others' emotions more often than regulating their own emotions through others, but they also put in more effort to do so. The goals of regulation were primarily to make themselves or others feel better, most often through increasing positive emotions, rather than decreasing negative emotions. Together, these findings provide a foundational picture of the interpersonal emotion regulation landscape, and lay the groundwork for future exploration into this emerging subfield of affective science. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00223-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tran
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Katharine H. Greenaway
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Sarah T. O’Brien
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Elise K. Kalokerinos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Redmond Barry Building, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin J, Namaky N, Costello M, Uchino BN, Allen JP, Coan JA. Social Regulation of the Neural Threat Response Predicts Subsequent Markers of Physical Health. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:763-771. [PMID: 37531617 PMCID: PMC10837312 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social support has been linked to a vast range of beneficial health outcomes. However, the physiological mechanisms of social support are not well characterized. Drawing on functional magnetic resonance imaging and health-related outcome data, this study aimed to understand how neural measures of "yielding"-the reduction of brain activity during social support-moderate the link between social support and health. METHODS We used a data set where 78 participants around the age of 24 years were exposed to the threat of shock when holding the hand of a partner. At ages 28 to 30 years, participants returned for a health visit where inflammatory activity and heart rate variability were recorded. RESULTS Findings showed a significant interaction between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex-related yielding and perceived social support on C-reactive protein levels ( β = -0.95, SE = 0.42, z = -2.24, p = .025, 95% confidence interval = -1.77 to -0.12). We also found a significant interaction between hypothalamus-related yielding and perceived social support on baseline heart rate variability ( β = 0.51, SE = 0.23, z = 2.19, p = .028, 95% confidence interval = 0.05 to 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Greater perceived social support was associated with lower C-reactive protein levels and greater baseline heart rate variability among individuals who were more likely to yield to social support in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and hypothalamus years earlier. The current study highlights the construct of yielding in the link between social support and physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
| | - Nauder Namaky
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Millgram Y, Nock MK, Bailey DD, Goldenberg A. Knowledge About the Source of Emotion Predicts Emotion-Regulation Attempts, Strategies, and Perceived Emotion-Regulation Success. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1244-1255. [PMID: 37796082 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231199440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
People's ability to regulate emotions is crucial to healthy emotional functioning. One overlooked aspect in emotion-regulation research is that knowledge about the source of emotions can vary across situations and individuals, which could impact people's ability to regulate emotion. Using ecological momentary assessments (N = 396; 7 days; 5,466 observations), we measured adults' degree of knowledge about the source of their negative emotions. We used language processing to show that higher reported knowledge led to more concrete written descriptions of the source. We found that higher knowledge of the source predicted more emotion-regulation attempts; increased the use of emotion-regulation strategies that target the source (cognitive reappraisal, situation modification) versus strategies that do not (distraction, emotional eating); predicted greater perceived success in regulating emotions; and greater well-being. These patterns were evident both within and between persons. Our findings suggest that pinpointing the source of emotions might play an important role in emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Millgram
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University
- Psychology Department, Harvard University
| | | | | | - Amit Goldenberg
- Psychology Department, Harvard University
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University
- Digital, Data, and Design Institute, Harvard University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bramson B, Toni I, Roelofs K. Emotion regulation from an action-control perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105397. [PMID: 37739325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in emotional processes in cognitive science, theories on emotion regulation have remained rather isolated, predominantly focused on cognitive regulation strategies such as reappraisal. However, recent neurocognitive evidence suggests that early emotion regulation may involve sensorimotor control in addition to other emotion-regulation processes. We propose an action-oriented view of emotion regulation, in which feedforward predictions develop from action-selection mechanisms. Those can account for acute emotional-action control as well as more abstract instances of emotion regulation such as cognitive reappraisal. We argue the latter occurs in absence of overt motor output, yet in the presence of full-blown autonomic, visceral, and subjective changes. This provides an integrated framework with testable neuro-computational predictions and concrete starting points for intervention to improve emotion control in affective disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Bramson
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Toni
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ladis I, Toner ER, Daros AR, Daniel KE, Boukhechba M, Chow PI, Barnes LE, Teachman BA, Ford BQ. Assessing Emotion Polyregulation in Daily Life: Who Uses It, When Is It Used, and How Effective Is It? AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:248-259. [PMID: 37304559 PMCID: PMC10247655 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most research on emotion regulation has focused on understanding individual emotion regulation strategies. Preliminary research, however, suggests that people often use several strategies to regulate their emotions in a given emotional scenario (polyregulation). The present research examined who uses polyregulation, when polyregulation is used, and how effective polyregulation is when it is used. College students (N = 128; 65.6% female; 54.7% White) completed an in-person lab visit followed by a 2-week ecological momentary assessment protocol with six randomly timed survey prompts per day for up 2 weeks. At baseline, participants completed measures assessing past-week depression symptoms, social anxiety-related traits, and trait emotion dysregulation. During each randomly timed prompt, participants reported up to eight strategies used to change their thoughts or feelings, negative and positive affect, motivation to change emotions, their social context, and how well they felt they were managing their emotions. In pre-registered analyses examining the 1,423 survey responses collected, polyregulation was more likely when participants were feeling more intensely negative and when their motivation to change their emotions was stronger. Neither sex, psychopathology-related symptoms and traits, social context, nor subjective effectiveness was associated with polyregulation, and state affect did not moderate these associations. This study helps address a key gap in the literature by assessing emotion polyregulation in daily life. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00166-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Ladis
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400 USA
| | - Emma R. Toner
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400 USA
| | - Alexander R. Daros
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400 USA
| | - Katharine E. Daniel
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400 USA
| | - Mehdi Boukhechba
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Philip I. Chow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Laura E. Barnes
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400 USA
| | - Brett Q. Ford
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
López-Pérez B, Gummerum M, Jiménez M, Tamir M. What do I want to feel? Emotion goals in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Child Dev 2023; 94:315-328. [PMID: 36045615 PMCID: PMC10087609 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beliefs about emotion utility can influence context-sensitive emotion goals (i.e., desired emotional responses). Although key for emotion regulation, emotion goals have been overlooked in children and adolescents. In 2018-2019 results of Studies 1 and 2 showed that children (N = 192, Mage = 8.65, 47% girls, 96% White) were less motivated by and found anger less useful in confrontation than adolescents (N = 192, Mage = 12.96, 50% girls, 93% White) and adults (N = 195, Mage = 29.82, 51% women, 96% White). The link between emotion goals and beliefs about emotion utility was weaker in children. In 2021, Study 3 (N = 60, 8-year-olds, 47% girls, 90% White) ruled out expectations as a possible explanation for the previous findings. Context-sensitive utility of emotions may be acquired during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Jiménez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maya Tamir
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gutentag T, Tamir M. Putting Effort into Emotion Regulation: Manipulating Desirability and Motivational Strength. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:878-893. [PMID: 36519146 PMCID: PMC9743940 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although people often want to regulate their emotions, they are sometimes reluctant to invest the necessary effort in doing so. We propose that people could be motivated to invest effort in emotion regulation, by rendering the target emotional state more desirable. Rendering an emotion goal more desirable can motivate people to invest effort in emotion regulation, ultimately facilitating successful emotion regulation. In three studies (N = 452), we show that both inside and outside the lab, rendering calmness more desirable, boosted the motivational strength to increase calmness, increasing the effort people invested to increase calmness, and ultimately made people calmer. This investigation points to the importance of motivational strength as a potential means to promote effort and success in emotion regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00155-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gutentag
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Tamir
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beliefs about the ability to control specific emotions. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
de la Fuente J, Pachón-Basallo M, Martínez-Vicente JM, Peralta-Sánchez FJ, Garzón-Umerenkova A, Sander P. Self- vs. External-Regulation Behavior Scale TM in different psychological contexts: A validation study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:922633. [PMID: 36389553 PMCID: PMC9644468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The self- vs. external-regulation behavior theory, SR-ER Theory (2021) model has postulated the Self-Regulation /Non or De-Regulation/Dys-regulation (SR-NR-DR) continuum in the person and in their context. The model also generates a behavioral heuristic that allows us to predict and explain the variability of other dependent behavioral variables in a range of scenarios (clinical, educational, health and technology contexts). Consequently, the objective of this study was to validate the different scales prepared on the basis of the theory presented. A total of 469 students voluntarily completed at different times the five questionnaires presented, to give a total of 1,385 completed questionnaires. Using an ex post facto design, descriptive, correlational, confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), reliability, and concurrent validity analyses were carried out. The scales were analyzed individually and as a whole. The results showed the acceptable structure of scale and consistent levels of reliability. The five levels generated by the SR-NR-DR (personal and contextual) combinatory heuristic that arises from the theoretical model determined significant differences in the levels of the variables analyzed for each psychological context. We discuss the theoretical implications and the implications for the assessment and improvement of the behaviors analyzed in function of the personal and contextual regulation levels evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús de la Fuente
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Sander
- Department of Psychology, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sauer J, Sonderegger A, Thuillard S, Semmer NK. Social stress in human-machine systems: opportunities and challenges of an experimental research approach. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2022.2040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Sauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Sonderegger
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Business School, Institute for New Work, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Thuillard
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wittkamp MF, Nowak U, Clamor A, Lincoln TM. How you think about an emotion predicts how you regulate: an experience-sampling study. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:713-721. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2027744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Wittkamp
- Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Nowak
- Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Clamor
- Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania M. Lincoln
- Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sedikides C. Self-Construction, Self-Protection, and Self-Enhancement: A Homeostatic Model of Identity Protection. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nowak U, Wittkamp MF, Clamor A, Lincoln TM. Using the Ball-in-Bowl Metaphor to Outline an Integrative Framework for Understanding Dysregulated Emotion. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:626698. [PMID: 34434124 PMCID: PMC8380846 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated emotion plays an important role for mental health problems. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, researchers have focused on the domains of strategy-based emotion regulation, psychophysiological self-regulation, emotion evaluations, and resulting emotion dynamics. So far, these four domains have been looked at in relative isolation from each other, and their reciprocal influences and interactive effects have seldom been considered. This domain-specific focus constrains the progress the field is able to make. Here, we aim to pave the way towards more cross-domain, integrative research focused on understanding the raised reciprocal influences and interactive effects of strategy-based emotion-regulation, psychophysiological self-regulation, emotion evaluations, and emotion dynamics. To this aim, we first summarize for each of these domains the most influential theoretical models, the research questions they have stimulated, and their strengths and weaknesses for research and clinical practice. We then introduce the metaphor of a ball in a bowl that we use as a basis for outlining an integrative framework of dysregulated emotion. We illustrate how such a framework can inspire new research on the reciprocal influences and interactions between the different domains of dysregulated emotion and how it can help to theoretically explain a broader array of findings, such as the high levels of negative affect in clinical populations that have not been fully accounted for by deficits in strategy-based emotion regulation and the positive long-term consequences of accepting and tolerating emotions. Finally, we show how it can facilitate individualized emotion regulation interventions that are tailored to the specific regulatory impairments of the individual patient.
Collapse
|
16
|
|