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Disabato DJ, Foust JL, Taber JM, Thompson CA, Sidney PG, Coifman KG. What drives preventative health behaviors one year into a pandemic? A replication and extension. Psychol Health 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38958065 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2372651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective: There is continued interest in understanding what leads people to engage in CDC-recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. We tested whether fear and COVID-19 worry would replicate as the primary drivers of six CDC recommended prevention behaviors. Methods and Measures: We recruited 741 adult participants during the second major peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (early 2021). Using very similar methods to the original study, participants completed a 10-day daily diary. Mixed effects models identified the strongest predictors of each individual prevention behavior as well as approach and avoidance behavior clusters. Results: At the between-person level, COVID-19 worry, COVID-19 perceived susceptibility, fear, and positive emotions all had positive zero-order associations with the prevention behaviors. However, with all predictors in the same model together, primarily COVID-19 worry remained significant for both the individual behaviors and behavior clusters. At the within-person level, only fear related to assessing oneself for COVID-19 and approach behaviors on the same day, but not the next day. Mediational analyses suggested COVID-19 worry, but not COVID-19 susceptibility, mediated the links between fear and approach/avoidance behaviors. Conclusion: Findings replicated worry about yourself or a loved one getting COVID-19 as the strongest predictor of prevention behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Disabato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy L Foust
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer M Taber
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | | | - Pooja G Sidney
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karin G Coifman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Hay JL, Wu Y, Schofield E, Kaphingst K, Sussman AL, Guest DD, Hunley K, Li Y, Buller D, Berwick M. Exploring the role of cancer fatalism and engagement with skin cancer genetic information in diverse primary care patients. Psychooncology 2024; 33:e6331. [PMID: 38546209 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To broaden the currently limited reach of genomic innovations, research is needed to understand how psychosocial and cultural factors influence reactions to genetic testing in diverse subgroups. Cancer fatalism is important in cancer prevention and deserves theoretical and empirical attention in the context of genomics and behavior change. METHODS The current study employed data from a randomized controlled trial (N = 593) offering skin cancer genetic testing (using the melanocortin-1 receptor [MC1R] gene) in primary care in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. We examined interrelations of cancer fatalism with demographics, general health beliefs, perceived risk, perceived control, sun protection and skin screening behaviors and cancer worry in the skin cancer context stratified across Hispanic versus non-Hispanic ethnicity, and examined cancer fatalism as a moderator of intervention effects on study primary outcomes, including 3-month sun protection, cancer worry and perceived risk. RESULTS Cancer fatalism was significantly related to the perception of control over skin cancer risk behaviors (ps ≤ 0.01) and demographics (ethnicity, education, health literacy; ps < 0.05), but not consistently related to general health beliefs or risk perception. Cancer fatalism did not moderate intervention effects on primary outcomes, except those with higher cancer fatalism randomized to intervention had higher levels of 3-month cancer worry (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS These findings will guide future work considering the role of cancer fatalism in use of genomic technologies in the general population. This work anticipates strategies required to address cancer fatalism as translational genomics becomes more commonly available to diverse general population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yelena Wu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schofield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kim Kaphingst
- Cancer Communication Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrew L Sussman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Delores D Guest
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Keith Hunley
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yuelin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Waters EA, Pogge G, Orom H, Kiviniemi MT, Hay JL, Lewicka M, Allard NC, Webster GD, Shepperd JA. I don't know my child's asthma risk: evidence against satisficing as an explanation for 'don't know' responses. JOURNAL OF RISK RESEARCH 2023; 26:1370-1382. [PMID: 38274030 PMCID: PMC10810301 DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that "don't know" (DK) responses to risk perception items may represent meaningful expressions of uncertainty about disease risk. However, researchers are often discouraged from including a DK response option in survey items due to concerns about respondents overusing it to minimize cognitive effort-a phenomenon often referred to as satisficing. Our objective was to investigate whether patterns of DK responses to risk perception survey items were consistent with satisficing behavior. We conducted a secondary analysis of survey data from 814 parents and guardians (hereafter caregivers) of children with asthma. Caregivers answered 18 items assessing their perceived risk of their child experiencing two types of poor asthma outcomes: asthma exacerbation, and low asthma control. We examined differences in the frequency and distribution of DK responses across all 18 items and by type of risk perception item (i.e., 2 vs. 5 response options, absolute vs. comparative risk). We found that 32% (n=548) of respondents marked DK at least once. Of the 266 caregivers who provided any DK response, most did so for only 1 or 2 items (51.9%, n=138), and only 6% (n=15) answered DK to more than half of the items. Using random coefficient Poisson models, we found more DK responding for dichotomous absolute (30.1%) than ordinal absolute items (5.3%), b=1.72, p<.001. We also found fewer DK responses to the ordinal absolute items than the comparative items (8.2%), b=-0.49, p<.001. Using Chi-square tests, we found that inattentive responding was not associated with responding DK. Our findings suggest that satisficing is unlikely to completely explain DK responding to perceived risk survey items. Researchers who exclude DK response options from risk perception survey items may obtain an incomplete understanding of their study sample's beliefs about risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Waters
- Department of Surgery - Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pogge
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Heather Orom
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Marc T Kiviniemi
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Malwina Lewicka
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Natasha C Allard
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Gregory D Webster
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James A Shepperd
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Duan Z, Levine H, Bar-Zeev Y, Cui Y, LoParco CR, Wang Y, Abroms LC, Khayat A, Berg CJ. Health warning labels on heated tobacco products and their impact on use intentions and risk perceptions: a cross-sectional study of adult tobacco users in the US and Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37957696 PMCID: PMC10644544 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-023-00582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health warning labels (HWLs) represent an evidence-based tobacco control strategy; however, their application to heated tobacco products (HTPs) and related impacts are understudied. This study examined the impact of HTP HWLs on HTP use intentions and risk perceptions among current tobacco users. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from adults in the US and Israel reporting past-month tobacco use and awareness of HTPs (N = 424). Multivariate analyses examined: (1) sociodemographics in relation to self-reported impact of HTP HWLs (i.e., more concerned about HTP use, reassured, no effect [referent]) among those who noticed HTP HWLs (multinomial regressions); and (2) HWL impacts in relation to HTP use intentions and perceived addictiveness and harm (linear regressions). RESULTS Among participants who noticed HTP HWLs (n = 372, 87.7%), 27.7% reported HWLs increased their concerns about HTP use, 22.6% were reassured about use, and 49.7% reported no effect. Factors associated with increased concern (vs. no effect) included other tobacco product use (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.21-3.64) and being female (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.03-3.05). Factors associated with being reassured about HTPs use (vs. no effect) included current HTP use (aOR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.11-4.00) and being from Israel (vs. US: aOR = 3.85, 95% CI 1.85-7.69), female (aOR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.07-3.42), and less educated (< college education: aOR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.42-4.63). Reporting that HWLs on HTPs increased concern (β = 0.46, 95% CI 0.03-0.89) and reassured of use (β = 0.94, 95% CI 0.47-1.41) were positively associated with HTP use intentions; no associations with risk perceptions were found. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that most tobacco users noticed HWLs on HTPs, but the majority reported no effect or being reassured of using HTPs, effects that were magnified for specific subgroups. Both increased concern and reassurance correlated with greater use intentions. Additional research should evaluate HTP HWL impacts and ensure effectiveness in communicating risks and discouraging use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hagai Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Bar-Zeev
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuxian Cui
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cassidy R LoParco
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lorien C Abroms
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amal Khayat
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Stone MD, Mercincavage M, Wileyto EP, Tan ASL, Audrain-McGovern J, Villanti AC, Strasser AA. Effects of cigarette package colors and warning labels on marlboro smokers' risk beliefs, product appraisals, and smoking behavior: a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2111. [PMID: 37891513 PMCID: PMC10605973 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations. METHODS Adult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior. RESULTS Warning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59-3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0-8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70-2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31-1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as 'safer' than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22-0.32). CONCLUSIONS Pack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge. TRIAL REGISTRATION November 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Stone
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Mercincavage
- Department of Psychiatry and Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Department of Psychiatry and Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andy S L Tan
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry and Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Rutgers, School of Public Health, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Hare MM, Walker CS, Sarver DE, Lim CS, Brown DC, Annett RD. Assessing attitudes towards pediatric research participation across diverse populations: Psychometric properties of a novel tool. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 133:107321. [PMID: 37652358 PMCID: PMC10591922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing medical knowledge and improving health outcomes. However, there is a recognized need for greater representation of marginalized groups to ensure that research findings can be generalized and effectively applied to all individuals. While the Pediatric Research Participation Questionnaire (PRPQ) was developed to assist pediatric clinical trials research by identifying benefits and barriers to research participation among children with chronic medical conditions, there is still limited insight into the structure of the PRPQ when administered in diverse samples, including the general pediatric population. Therefore, the current study examined the factor structure of the PRPQ in a general pediatric population to investigate whether rural-urban differences exist in the PRPQ factor structure. METHODS Caregivers (N = 600) of children under age 18 completed the PRPQ in a population-based survey in Mississippi. Sampling was stratified to ensure equal representation in rural (n = 300) and urban areas (n = 300). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure of the PRPQ. RESULTS A five-factor structure was identified, compromising: social pressure, direct benefit, reasons for participation, mistrust in research/researchers, reasons against participation. While results were similar among urban participants, a three-factor structure emerged for rural participants. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the broader understanding of research participation among underrepresented groups. The findings suggest that clinical researchers should consider tailoring recruitment strategies to increase clinical trial participation among children in rural areas. Understanding factors that influence pediatric research participation, particularly among marginalized communities, is crucial for developing effective recruitment and retention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Hare
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Courtney S Walker
- Center for Advancement of Youth, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39110, USA
| | - Dustin E Sarver
- Center for Advancement of Youth, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39110, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39110, USA.
| | - Crystal S Lim
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dustin C Brown
- Department of Sociology and Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Robert D Annett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Hay JL, Kiviniemi MT, Orom H, Waters EA. Moving beyond the "Health Halo" of Alcohol: What Will it Take to Achieve Population Awareness of the Cancer Risks of Alcohol? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:9-11. [PMID: 36620900 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the implications of Seidenberg and colleagues' report confirming low levels of accurate awareness of the cancer harms associated with alcohol use, including wine, beer, and liquor consumption. The authors propose that academic and lay messaging describing consumption of wine and other forms of alcohol as reducing heart disease risk has created generalized beliefs about the health benefits of drinking alcohol. This "health halo" surrounding alcohol consumption leads the public to overgeneralize alcohol health benefits to other diseases, including cancer. We discuss the need to address high levels of perceived risk uncertainty to help the public distinguish between the impact of alcohol on heart disease versus cancer, and to overcome other barriers to including alcohol use reduction as a cancer prevention strategy. Given recent increases in U.S. population drinking rates, as well as morbidity and mortality associated with alcohol use, the time is right to marshal multilevel efforts to educate the public regarding the fact that alcohol is carcinogenic. If successful, these efforts will have multiple downstream benefits, including the ability of the lay public to use the most up-to-date scientific evidence to make informed decisions about whether, and how much, to engage in a risky behavior. See related article by Seidenberg et al., p. 46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc T Kiviniemi
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Heather Orom
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Erika A Waters
- Department of Surgery (Division of Public Health Sciences), Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri
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Qu H, Ruoting Wei T, Islam S, Barnes G, Schmidt K, Knight J, Patel N. Patient factors associated with the offering of telehealth appointments from primary care physicians among Medicare Beneficiaries: Results from a national survey. Int J Med Inform 2022; 165:104822. [PMID: 35738162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed patient factors associated with self-reported telehealth offerings from their primary care physicians (PCPs) among Medicare beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic, and compared potential telehealth accessibility of telehealth appointments from PCP by US census region before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Data were from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) 2021 Winter COVID-19 Supplement. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression to examine patient-level factors associated with telehealth offerings. RESULTS Overall, 78% Medicare beneficiaries reported that they had access to telehealth appointments from their PCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majority beneficiary respondents reported to have Internet access (82.1%) and own at least one type of computer device (81.5%). Respondents with Internet access (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.38, 2.00; p < 0.0001) and owning a device (AOR = 1.43, 95 %CI: 1.19, 1.72; p < 0.0001) were more likely to report PCP telehealth offerings controlling for patient characteristic variables in the model. Respondents who were female (AOR = 1.16, 95 %CI: 1.02, 1.31; p = 0.020), age group of 65-74 years (AOR = 1.29, 95 %CI: 1.07, 1.56; p = 0.008), income ≥$25,000 (AOR = 1.36, 95 %CI: 1.18 1.56; p < 0.0001), metropolitan residence (AOR = 1.96, 95 %CI: 1.72, 2.24; p < 0.0001), and with a history of weakened immune system (AOR = 1.46, 95 %CI: 1.18, 1.80; p < 0.0001) or diabetes (AOR = 1.20, 95 %CI: 1.06, 1.37; p = 0.005) were more likely to report PCP telehealth offerings compared to their counterparts. Non-Hispanic Black (AOR = 0.70, 95 %CI: 0.58, 0.85; p < 0.0001) (compared to Non-Hispanic-White) and beneficiaries living in the South (compared to those living in the Northwest, Midwest, and West) were less likely to report PCP telehealth offerings. DISCUSSION Key findings suggested health disparities existed in telehealth offerings from PCPs in terms of Internet access, device owning, age, race/ethnicity, income, residential locations, and census regions. Policy makers should consider these health disparities and provide targeted incentives and/or interventions when expanding and encouraging utilization of telehealth among Medicare beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qu
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
| | - Tina Ruoting Wei
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Garry Barnes
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Kimberly Schmidt
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Nihar Patel
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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