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Joglar JA, Kapa S, Saarel EV, Dubin AM, Gorenek B, Hameed AB, Lara de Melo S, Leal MA, Mondésert B, Pacheco LD, Robinson MR, Sarkozy A, Silversides CK, Spears D, Srinivas SK, Strasburger JF, Tedrow UB, Wright JM, Zelop CM, Zentner D. 2023 HRS expert consensus statement on the management of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:e175-e264. [PMID: 37211147 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This international multidisciplinary expert consensus statement is intended to provide comprehensive guidance that can be referenced at the point of care to cardiac electrophysiologists, cardiologists, and other health care professionals, on the management of cardiac arrhythmias in pregnant patients and in fetuses. This document covers general concepts related to arrhythmias, including both brady- and tachyarrhythmias, in both the patient and the fetus during pregnancy. Recommendations are provided for optimal approaches to diagnosis and evaluation of arrhythmias; selection of invasive and noninvasive options for treatment of arrhythmias; and disease- and patient-specific considerations when risk stratifying, diagnosing, and treating arrhythmias in pregnant patients and fetuses. Gaps in knowledge and new directions for future research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Joglar
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Elizabeth V Saarel
- St. Luke's Health System, Boise, Idaho, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis D Pacheco
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Andrea Sarkozy
- University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Danna Spears
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sindhu K Srinivas
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn M Zelop
- The Valley Health System, Ridgewood, New Jersey; New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Varrias D, Sharma N, Hentz R, Ma R, Gurciullo D, Kleiman J, Kossack A, Wolf E, Lam B, Bimal T, Ansari U, Coleman KM, Mountantonakis SE. Clinical significance of unexplained persistent sinus tachycardia in women with structurally normal heart during the peripartum period. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:677. [PMID: 36057572 PMCID: PMC9440559 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent sinus tachycardia (ST) is frequently encountered during pregnancy and peripartum period and its etiology often remains elusive. We sought to examine the possible association between unexplained persistent ST and obstetric outcomes. Methods A case control study was conducted using chart review of women admitted in labor to one of 7 hospitals of Northwell Health between January 2015 to June 2021. After excluding women with structurally abnormal hearts, we identified patients with persistent ST during the peripartum period, defined as a heart rate of more than 100 bpm for more than 48 h. A control group was created by randomly subsampling those who did not meet the inclusion criteria for sinus tachycardia. Obstetric outcomes were measured as mother’s length of stay (LOS), pre-term labor (PTL), admission to the neonatal ICU (NICU), and whether she received cesarean-section (CS). Results Seventy-eight patients with persistent ST were identified, out of 141,769 women admitted for labor throughout the Northwell Health system. 23 patients with ST attributable to infection or hypovolemia from anemia requiring transfusion and 55 with unclear etiology were identified. After adjusting for age and parity, pregnant mothers with ST were 2.35 times more likely to have a CS than those without (95% CI: 1.46–3.81, p = 0.0005) and had 1.38 times the LOS (1.21- 1.56, p < 0.0001). Among mothers with ST, those with unexplained ST were 2.14 times more likely to have a CS (1.22–3.75, p = 0.008). Conclusion Among pregnant patients, patients with ST have higher rates of CS.This association is unclear, however potential mechanisms include catecholamine surge, indolent infection, hormonal fluctuations, and medications. More studies are needed to explore the mechanism of ST in pregnant woman to determine the clinical significance and appropriate management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-05012-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Varrias
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Roland Hentz
- Feinstein Institutes For Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Rosaline Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Dillon Gurciullo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Kleiman
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Andrew Kossack
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Eliot Wolf
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Betty Lam
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Tia Bimal
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Umair Ansari
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Kristie M Coleman
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA.
| | - Stavros E Mountantonakis
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital Heart & Lung, Northwell Health System, 100 East 77th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10075, USA
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Mayuga KA, Fedorowski A, Ricci F, Gopinathannair R, Dukes JW, Gibbons C, Hanna P, Sorajja D, Chung M, Benditt D, Sheldon R, Ayache MB, AbouAssi H, Shivkumar K, Grubb BP, Hamdan MH, Stavrakis S, Singh T, Goldberger JJ, Muldowney JAS, Belham M, Kem DC, Akin C, Bruce BK, Zahka NE, Fu Q, Van Iterson EH, Raj SR, Fouad-Tarazi F, Goldstein DS, Stewart J, Olshansky B. Sinus Tachycardia: a Multidisciplinary Expert Focused Review. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2022; 15:e007960. [PMID: 36074973 PMCID: PMC9523592 DOI: 10.1161/circep.121.007960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sinus tachycardia (ST) is ubiquitous, but its presence outside of normal physiological triggers in otherwise healthy individuals remains a commonly encountered phenomenon in medical practice. In many cases, ST can be readily explained by a current medical condition that precipitates an increase in the sinus rate, but ST at rest without physiological triggers may also represent a spectrum of normal. In other cases, ST may not have an easily explainable cause but may represent serious underlying pathology and can be associated with intolerable symptoms. The classification of ST, consideration of possible etiologies, as well as the decisions of when and how to intervene can be difficult. ST can be classified as secondary to a specific, usually treatable, medical condition (eg, pulmonary embolism, anemia, infection, or hyperthyroidism) or be related to several incompletely defined conditions (eg, inappropriate ST, postural tachycardia syndrome, mast cell disorder, or post-COVID syndrome). While cardiologists and cardiac electrophysiologists often evaluate patients with symptoms associated with persistent or paroxysmal ST, an optimal approach remains uncertain. Due to the many possible conditions associated with ST, and an overlap in medical specialists who see these patients, the inclusion of experts in different fields is essential for a more comprehensive understanding. This article is unique in that it was composed by international experts in Neurology, Psychology, Autonomic Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Exercise Physiology, Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Endocrinology, Cardiology, and Cardiac Electrophysiology in the hope that it will facilitate a more complete understanding and thereby result in the better care of patients with ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Mayuga
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Artur Fedorowski
- Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mina Chung
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Phoenix, AZ
| | - David Benditt
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Mirna B. Ayache
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hiba AbouAssi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamanna Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | | | - James A. S. Muldowney
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center &Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
| | - Mark Belham
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS FT, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C. Kem
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Cem Akin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Nicole E. Zahka
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas & University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Erik H. Van Iterson
- Section of Preventive Cardiology & Rehabilitation, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miller Family Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH
| | - Satish R Raj
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Stavros S, Pinon AM, Gates K, Khamvongsa P. Unusual Presentation of Postprandial Sinus Tachycardia in Pregnancy. Cureus 2022; 14:e26425. [PMID: 35915680 PMCID: PMC9337776 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the clinical presentation and systematic workup of a 25-year-old primigravid woman presenting at 34 weeks gestation with symptoms of postprandial sinus tachycardia. Differentials included pregnancy-related inappropriate sinus tachycardia (PRIST) and swallowing-induced atrial tachycardia. PRIST has favorable outcomes for both the mother and baby, although the symptoms can be distressing and lead to the overutilization of healthcare resources. The literature describes symptom onset as sporadic with no definitive triggers, often occurring in the later trimesters of pregnancy. Swallowing-induced atrial tachycardia, which fits with postprandial symptoms seen in this patient, is a distinct entity most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged men. Management included psychosocial support and pharmacologic treatment with labetalol. The patient’s course was benign with an uncomplicated delivery at 38 weeks, complete resolution of symptoms in the postpartum period, and successful discontinuation of pharmacologic management with no relapses. Current literature on postprandial sinus tachycardia in pregnant women is limited, and the best treatment method is unknown. This report extends current knowledge on pregnancy-related postprandial sinus tachycardia and provides a framework for advances in the management of this clinical presentation.
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