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Lai CW, Chang CH. Pharmacological activation of the amygdala, but not single prolonged footshock-induced acute stress, interferes with cue-induced motivation toward food rewards in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1252868. [PMID: 37781505 PMCID: PMC10538645 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1252868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of threats, animals adapt their behaviors to cope with the situation. Under such circumstances, irrelevant behaviors are usually suppressed. In this study, we examined whether food-seeking motivation would decrease under activation of the amygdala, an important nucleus in the regulation of stress response in the central nervous system, or after a physical acute stress session. In Experiment 1, we pharmacologically activated the basolateral nucleus (BLA) or the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) before a cue-induced reinstatement test in rats. Our results showed that activation of the BLA or the CeA abolished cue-induced motivation toward food rewards, while locomotor activity and free food intake were not affected. In Experiments 2 and 3, we further assessed anxiety and despair levels, as well as cue-induced reinstatement, after a single prolonged footshock-induced acute stress in rats. Behaviorally, acute stress did not affect anxiety level, despair level, or cue-induced motivation toward food rewards. Physiologically, there was no difference in cellular activities of the amygdala immediately after acute stress. To conclude, our results suggested that pharmacological activation of the amygdala decreased cue-induced motivation toward food reward. However, physiological acute stress did not immediately interfere with the negative emotions, motivation, or amygdala activities of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-hui Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Klein S, Kruse O, Tapia León I, Van Oudenhove L, van 't Hof SR, Klucken T, Wager TD, Stark R. Cross-paradigm integration shows a common neural basis for aversive and appetitive conditioning. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119594. [PMID: 36041642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharing imaging data and comparing them across different psychological tasks is becoming increasingly possible as the open science movement advances. Such cross-paradigm integration has the potential to identify commonalities in findings that neighboring areas of study thought to be paradigm-specific. However, even the integration of research from closely related paradigms, such as aversive and appetitive classical conditioning is rare - even though qualitative comparisons already hint at how similar the 'fear network' and 'reward network' may be. We aimed to validate these theories by taking a multivariate approach to assess commonalities across paradigms empirically. Specifically, we quantified the similarity of an aversive conditioning pattern derived from meta-analysis to appetitive conditioning fMRI data. We tested pattern expression in three independent appetitive conditioning studies with 29, 76 and 38 participants each. During fMRI scanning, participants in each cohorts performed an appetitive conditioning task in which a CS+ was repeatedly rewarded with money and a CS- was never rewarded. The aversive pattern was highly similar to appetitive CS+ > CS- contrast maps across samples and variations of the appetitive conditioning paradigms. Moreover, the pattern distinguished the CS+ from the CS- with above-chance accuracy in every sample. These findings provide robust empirical evidence for an underlying neural system common to appetitive and aversive learning. We believe that this approach provides a way to empirically integrate the steadily growing body of fMRI findings across paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Klein
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany.
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sophie R van 't Hof
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Klucken
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany; Center of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany
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Gostolupce D, Iordanova MD, Lay BPP. Mechanisms of higher-order learning in the amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113435. [PMID: 34197867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behaviour is under the potent control of environmental cues. Such cues can acquire value by virtue of their associations with outcomes of motivational significance, be they appetitive or aversive. There are at least two ways through which an environmental cue can acquire value, through first-order and higher-order conditioning. In first-order conditioning, a neutral cue is directly paired with an outcome of motivational significance. In higher-order conditioning, a cue is indirectly associated with motivational events via a directly conditioned first-order stimulus. The present article reviews some of the associations that support learning in first- and higher-order conditioning, as well as the role of the BLA and the molecular mechanisms involved in these two types of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Gostolupce
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mihaela D Iordanova
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Belinda P P Lay
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
How do brain systems evaluate the affective valence of a stimulus - that is, its quality of being good or bad? One possibility is that a neural subsystem, or 'module' (such as a subregion of the brain, a projection pathway, a neuronal population or an individual neuron), is permanently dedicated to mediate only one affective function, or at least only one specific valence - an idea that is termed here the 'affective modules' hypothesis. An alternative possibility is that a given neural module can exist in multiple neurobiological states that give it different affective functions - an idea termed here the 'affective modes' hypothesis. This suggests that the affective function or valence mediated by a neural module need not remain permanently stable but rather can change dynamically across different situations. An evaluation of evidence for the 'affective modules' versus 'affective modes' hypotheses may be useful for advancing understanding of the affective organization of limbic circuitry.
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Altered anticipation and processing of aversive interoceptive experience among women remitted from bulimia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1265-1273. [PMID: 30840983 PMCID: PMC6785154 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by dysregulated intake of food, which may indicate homeostatic imbalance. Critically important for homeostatic regulation is interoception, or the sensing and processing of body-relevant information. A well-documented link between avoidance of unpleasant body sensations and BN symptoms suggests that aversive interoceptive experiences may be particularly relevant to BN pathophysiology. This study examined whether individuals with a history of BN show aberrant neural processing of aversive interoceptive stimuli. Using a cued inspiratory breathing load paradigm, we compared women remitted from BN (RBN; n = 24; to reduce the confounding effects of active bulimic symptoms) and control women (CW; n = 25). During breathing load anticipation, the RBN group, relative to CW, showed increased activation in mid-insula, superior frontal gyrus, putamen, dorsal anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and amygdala. However, over the course of the aversive experience, neural activation in RBN relative to CW showed an aberrant decline in most of these regions. Exploratory analyses indicated that greater activation during breathing load anticipation was associated with past bulimic symptom severity and the duration of symptom remission. An exaggerated anticipatory response and an abnormally decreasing response during aversive homeostatic perturbations may promote hallmark bulimic behaviors-binge eating, dietary restriction, and purging. Our findings support a role for homeostatic instability in BN, and these altered patterns of brain activation may serve as novel targets for pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and behavioral interventions.
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Pellman BA, Kim JJ. What Can Ethobehavioral Studies Tell Us about the Brain's Fear System? Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:420-431. [PMID: 27130660 PMCID: PMC4884474 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foraging-associated predation risk is a natural problem all prey must face. Fear evolved due to its protective functions, guiding and shaping behaviors that help animals adapt to various ecological challenges. Despite the breadth of risky situations in nature that demand diversity in fear behaviors, contemporary neurobiological models of fear stem largely from Pavlovian fear conditioning studies that focus on how a particular cue becomes capable of eliciting learned fear responses, thus oversimplifying the brain's fear system. Here we review fear from functional, mechanistic, and phylogenetic perspectives where environmental threats cause animals to alter their foraging strategies in terms of spatial and temporal navigation, and discuss whether the inferences we draw from fear conditioning studies operate in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Pellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA
| | - Jeansok J Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
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Asede D, Bosch D, Lüthi A, Ferraguti F, Ehrlich I. Sensory inputs to intercalated cells provide fear-learning modulated inhibition to the basolateral amygdala. Neuron 2015; 86:541-54. [PMID: 25843406 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that parallel plastic processes in the amygdala involve inhibitory elements to control fear and extinction memory. GABAergic medial paracapsular intercalated cells (mpITCs) are thought to relay activity from basolateral nucleus (BLA) and prefrontal cortex to inhibit central amygdala output during suppression of fear. Recently, projection diversity and differential behavioral activation of mpITCs in distinct fear states suggest additional functions. Here, we show that mpITCs receive convergent sensory thalamic and cortical inputs that undergo fear learning-related changes and are dynamically modulated via presynaptic GABAB receptors recruited by GABA released from the mpITC network. Among mpITCs, we identify cells that inhibit but are also mutually activated by BLA principal neurons. Thus, mpITCs take part in fear learning-modulated feedforward and feedback inhibitory circuits to simultaneously control amygdala input and output nuclei. Our findings place mpITCs in a unique position to gate acquired amygdala-dependent behaviors via their direct sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Asede
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bosch
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Ferraguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter Mayr Straße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingrid Ehrlich
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Broome MR, He Z, Iftikhar M, Eyden J, Marwaha S. Neurobiological and behavioural studies of affective instability in clinical populations: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:243-54. [PMID: 25662294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the neurobiological, psychophysical and behavioural measures of affective instability in clinical populations. DATA SOURCES A range of medical and psychological science electronic databases were searched (including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO). Hand searching and reference checking are also included. REVIEW METHODS Reviews, systematic reviews, experimental and cross-sectional studies, providing affective instability in neurobiological and behavioural measurements in clinical populations. Studies were selected, data were extracted and quality was appraised. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included, 6 of which were review studies (one a meta-analysis) and 23 of which were primary studies, across a wide variety of disorders including ADHD, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, severe mood dysregulation, major depression, and borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS The bulk of the studies converge on the role of the amygdala, particularly in borderline personality disorders, and how it connects with other areas of the brain. Future research needs to extend these findings across diagnoses and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Broome
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warneford Hospital, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Zhimin He
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College of London, London, UK
| | - Mashal Iftikhar
- Oxford University Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Eyden
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Early Intervention Service, Swanswell Point, Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership Trust, Coventry, UK
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Elliot AJ, Eder AB, Harmon-Jones E. Approach–Avoidance Motivation and Emotion: Convergence and Divergence. EMOTION REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073913477517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this concluding piece, we identify and discuss various aspects of convergence and, to a lesser degree, divergence in the ideas expressed in the contributions to this special section. These contributions emphatically illustrate that approach–avoidance motivation is integral to the scientific study of emotion. It is our hope that the articles herein will facilitate cross-talk among researchers and research traditions, and will lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of approach–avoidance motivation in emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Elliot
- Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, USA
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