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Triphenylphosphonium derivatives disrupt metabolism and inhibit melanoma growth in vivo when delivered via a thermosensitive hydrogel. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244540. [PMID: 33378390 PMCID: PMC7773266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in outcomes arising from the introduction of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, metastatic melanoma is a highly resistant form of cancer with 5 year survival rates of <35%. Drug resistance is frequently reported to be associated with changes in oxidative metabolism that lead to malignancy that is non-responsive to current treatments. The current report demonstrates that triphenylphosphonium(TPP)-based lipophilic cations can be utilized to induce cytotoxicity in pre-clinical models of malignant melanoma by disrupting mitochondrial metabolism. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TPP-derivatives modified with aliphatic side chains accumulated in melanoma cell mitochondria; disrupted mitochondrial metabolism; led to increases in steady-state levels of reactive oxygen species; decreased total glutathione; increased the fraction of glutathione disulfide; and caused cell killing by a thiol-dependent process that could be rescued by N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, TPP-derivative-induced melanoma toxicity was enhanced by glutathione depletion (using buthionine sulfoximine) as well as inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (using auranofin). In addition, there was a structure-activity relationship between the aliphatic side-chain length of TPP-derivatives (5–16 carbons), where longer carbon chains increased melanoma cell metabolic disruption and cell killing. In vivo bio-distribution experiments showed that intratumoral administration of a C14-TPP-derivative (12-carbon aliphatic chain), using a slow-release thermosensitive hydrogel as a delivery vehicle, localized the drug at the melanoma tumor site. There, it was observed to persist and decrease the growth rate of melanoma tumors. These results demonstrate that TPP-derivatives selectively induce thiol-dependent metabolic oxidative stress and cell killing in malignant melanoma and support the hypothesis that a hydrogel-based TPP-derivative delivery system could represent a therapeutic drug-delivery strategy for melanoma.
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Deng W, Fernandez A, McLaughlin SL, Klinke DJ. Cell Communication Network Factor 4 (CCN4/WISP1) Shifts Melanoma Cells from a Fragile Proliferative State to a Resilient Metastatic State. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 13:45-60. [PMID: 32030107 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cellular communication network factor 4 (CCN4/WISP1) is a secreted matricellular protein that stimulates metastasis in multiple malignancies but has an unclear impact on phenotypic changes in melanoma. Recent data using cells edited via a double-nickase CRISPR/Cas9 approach suggest that CCN4/WISP1 stimulates invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells. While these data also suggest that loss of CCN4/WISP1 increases cell proliferative, the CRISPR approach used may be an alternative explanation rather than the loss of gene function. Methods To test whether CCN4/WISP1 also influences the proliferative phenotype of melanoma cells, we used mouse melanoma models and knocked out Ccn4 using a homology-directed repair CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate pools of Ccn4-knockout cells. The resulting edited cell pools were compared to parental cell lines using an ensemble of in vitro and in vivo assays. Results In vitro assays using knockout pools supported previous findings that CCN4/WISP1 promoted an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition in melanoma cells and stimulated invasion and metastasis. While Ccn4 knockout also enhanced cell growth in optimal 2D culture conditions, the knockout suppressed certain cell survival signaling pathways and rendered cells less resistant to stress conditions. Tumor cell growth assays at sub-optimal conditions in vitro, quantitative analysis of tumor growth assays in vivo, and transcriptomics analysis of human melanoma cell lines were also used to quantify changes in phenotype and generalize the findings. Conclusions In addition to stimulating invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells, the results suggested that CCN4/WISP1 repressed cell growth and simultaneously enhanced cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Audry Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Sarah L McLaughlin
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- Animal Models and Imaging Facility, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - David J Klinke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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Hutchison S, Sahay B, de Mello SC, Sayour EJ, Lejeune A, Szivek A, Livaccari AM, Fox-Alvarez S, Salute M, Powers L, Milner RJ. Characterization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cytokines GM-CSF, IL-10 and MCP-1 in dogs with malignant melanoma receiving a GD3-based immunotherapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 216:109912. [PMID: 31446208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma in humans and canines is an aggressive and highly metastatic cancer. The mucosal forms in both species share genetic and histopathologic features, making dogs a valuable spontaneous disease animal model. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells of myeloid origin with immunosuppressive capabilities, which are increased in many human cancers and contribute to tumor immune evasion. They are a possible target to improve immunotherapy outcomes. Current information regarding MDSCs in canines is minimal, limiting their use as translational model for the study of MDSCs. The objective of this study was to characterize major MDSCs subsets (monocytic and polymorphonuclear) and the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in canines with malignant melanoma and to evaluate changes in MDSCs and the cytokines over time in response to a GD3-based active immunotherapy. Whole blood and serum collected from 30 healthy controls and 33 patients enrolled in the University of Florida melanoma vaccine trial were analyzed by flow cytometry with canine specific CD11b, MHCII and anti-human CD14 antibodies to assess ostensibly polymorphonuclear-MDSC (CD11b+ MHCII- CD14-) and monocytic-MDSC (CD11b+ MHCII- CD14+) subsets. IL-10, MCP-1 and both MDSCs subsets were significantly elevated in melanoma dogs versus controls. Both MDSCs subsets decreased significantly following GD3-based immunotherapy administration but no significant changes in cytokines were seen over time. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting increased monocytic-MDSCs in canine melanoma. This is consistent with human malignant melanoma data, supporting dogs as a valuable model for therapeutic intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchison
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B Sahay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Souza Ch de Mello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - E J Sayour
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Lejeune
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Szivek
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A M Livaccari
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Fox-Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Salute
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Powers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Yang L, Xu Y, Luo P, Chen S, Zhu H, Wang C. Baseline platelet counts and derived inflammatory biomarkers: prognostic relevance in metastatic melanoma patients receiving Endostar plus dacarbazine and cisplatin. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3681-3690. [PMID: 31118790 PMCID: PMC6500443 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The clinical efficacy and safety of Endostar combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma (MM) were analyzed and the indicators capable of predicting the efficacy of the regimen were identified to guide clinical practice. Patients and methods: The clinical data of 55 patients with metastatic MM without gene mutations who were treated with Endostar combined with dacarbazine and cisplatin were retrospectively analyzed. Efficacy was assessed using RECIST 1.1, and adverse events (AEs) were graded according to NCI-CTCAE 4.0. The log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves of patients in different subgroups, and stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine significant prognostic factors. Differences were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. Results: Of the 55 patients, seven showed a partial response, 20 showed stable disease, and 28 showed progressive disease. The median progression-free survival was 17.9 months. AEs were controllable. Univariate analysis identified biotherapy, clinical stage, clinical classification, low baseline platelet count, platelet to albumin ratio (PAR), and platelet to globulin ratio (PGR) as factors affecting drug efficacy. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified clinical stage and PAR as independent factors predicting the efficacy of the regimen. Conclusions: Endostar combined with chemotherapy showed a curative effect on metastatic MM without gene mutations, and AEs were controllable. The baseline platelet count and derived PAR and PGR values were associated with the efficacy of the regimen. The potential value of efficacy prediction remains to be further verified by prospective random experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingge Yang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Zhu H, Luo P, Chen S, Xu Y, Wang C. Apatinib mesylate tablet in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5333-5338. [PMID: 30214239 PMCID: PMC6126500 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s175507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observing and studying clinical efficacy and safety of apatinib mesylate tablet in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma (MM). Methods Retrospectively analyzing the clinical data of 22 patients with metastatic MM who had failed conventional chemotherapy from June 2016 to January 2018. All patients took 500 mg of apatinib mesylate tablets per day. The efficacy should be evaluated according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. Adverse events (AEs) should be graded according to NCI-CTCAE 4.0. Results There were two cases of partial remission (PR), 11 of stable disease (SD) and nine of progressive disease (PD) in the 22 patients with advanced MM, where the objective remission rate (ORR) was 9.1% and the disease control rate (DCR) was 59.1%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.5 months, and the 6-month progression-free survival rate (PFR) was 54.7%. Six patients died and the overall survival (OS) was not reached. AEs were controllable and all were in Grade 1–3. Conclusion Apatinib mesylate tablets have a certain curative effect on patients with malignant melanomas of Stage IV who failed conventional chemotherapy. Apatinib mesylate tablets at a daily dose of 500 mg are well tolerated by most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingge Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Huiyan Zhu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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Finkel P, Frey B, Mayer F, Bösl K, Werthmöller N, Mackensen A, Gaipl US, Ullrich E. The dual role of NK cells in antitumor reactions triggered by ionizing radiation in combination with hyperthermia. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1101206. [PMID: 27471606 PMCID: PMC4938308 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical tumor therapy consists of surgery, radio(RT)- and/or chemotherapy. Additive immunotherapy has gained in impact and antitumor in situ immunization strategies are promising to strengthen innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunological effects of RT and especially in combination with immune stimulation are mostly described for melanoma. Since hyperthermia (HT) in multimodal settings is capable of rendering tumor cells immunogenic, we analyzed the in vivo immunogenic potential of RT plus HT-treated B16 melanoma cells with an immunization and therapeutic assay. We focused on the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the triggered antitumor reactions. In vitro experiments showed that RT plus HT-treated B16 melanoma cells died via apoptosis and necrosis and released especially the danger signal HMGB1. The in vivo analyses revealed that melanoma cells are rendered immunogenic by RT plus HT. Especially, the repetitive immunization with treated melanoma cells led to an increase in NK cell number in draining lymph nodes, particularly of the immune regulatory CD27+CD11b− NK cell subpopulation. While permanent NK cell depletion after immunization led to a significant acceleration of tumor outgrowth, a single NK cell depletion two days before immunization resulted in significant tumor growth retardation. The therapeutic model, a local in situ immunization closely resembling the clinical situation when solid tumors are exposed locally to RT plus HT, confirmed these effects. We conclude that a dual and time-dependent impact of NK cells on the efficacy of antitumor immune reactions induced by immunogenic tumor cells generated with RT plus HT exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Finkel
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karina Bösl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Werthmöller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Melanoma cell lysosome secretory burst neutralizes the CTL-mediated cytotoxicity at the lytic synapse. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10823. [PMID: 26940455 PMCID: PMC4785227 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human melanoma cells express various tumour antigens that are recognized by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and elicit tumour-specific responses in vivo. However, natural and therapeutically enhanced CTL responses in melanoma patients are of limited efficacy. The mechanisms underlying CTL effector phase failure when facing melanomas are still largely elusive. Here we show that, on conjugation with CTL, human melanoma cells undergo an active late endosome/lysosome trafficking, which is intensified at the lytic synapse and is paralleled by cathepsin-mediated perforin degradation and deficient granzyme B penetration. Abortion of SNAP-23-dependent lysosomal trafficking, pH perturbation or impairment of lysosomal proteolytic activity restores susceptibility to CTL attack. Inside the arsenal of melanoma cell strategies to escape immune surveillance, we identify a self-defence mechanism based on exacerbated lysosome secretion and perforin degradation at the lytic synapse. Interfering with this synaptic self-defence mechanism might be useful in potentiating CTL-mediated therapies in melanoma patients.
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