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Khanwalker M, Hatada M, LaBelle JT, Sode K. Development of an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy immunosensor for insulin monitoring employing pyrroloquinoline quinone as an ingestible redox probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116049. [PMID: 38290381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Contemporary electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensors face limitations in their applicability for in vivo measurements, primarily due to the necessity of using a redox probe capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction reactions in solution. Although previous investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of EIS-based biosensors in detecting various target analytes using potassium ferricyanide as a redox probe, its unsuitability for blood or serum measurements, attributed to its inherent toxicity, poses a significant challenge. In response to this challenge, our study adopted a unique approach, focusing on the use of ingestible materials, by exploring naturally occurring substances within the body, with a specific emphasis on pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Following an assessment of PQQ's electrochemical attributes, we conducted a comprehensive series of EIS measurements. This involved the thorough characterization of the sensor's evolution, starting from the bare electrode and progressing to the immobilization of antibodies. The sensor's performance was then evaluated through the quantification of insulin concentrations ranging from 1 pM to 100 nM. A single frequency was identified for insulin measurements, offering a pathway for potential in vivo applications by combining PQQ as a redox probe with EIS measurements. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing the field of in vivo biosensing based on the EIS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Khanwalker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Mika Hatada
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Jeffery T LaBelle
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering Science and Technology, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, AZ85017, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA.
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Psoma SD, Kanthou C. Wearable Insulin Biosensors for Diabetes Management: Advances and Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:719. [PMID: 37504117 PMCID: PMC10377143 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a critical review of the current progress in wearable insulin biosensors. For over 40 years, glucose biosensors have been used for diabetes management. Measurement of blood glucose is an indirect method for calculating the insulin administration dosage, which is critical for insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Research and development efforts aiming towards continuous-insulin-monitoring biosensors in combination with existing glucose biosensors are expected to offer a more accurate estimation of insulin sensitivity, regulate insulin dosage and facilitate progress towards development of a reliable artificial pancreas, as an ultimate goal in diabetes management and personalised medicine. Conventional laboratory analytical techniques for insulin detection are expensive and time-consuming and lack a real-time monitoring capability. On the other hand, biosensors offer point-of-care testing, continuous monitoring, miniaturisation, high specificity and sensitivity, rapid response time, ease of use and low costs. Current research, future developments and challenges in insulin biosensor technology are reviewed and assessed. Different insulin biosensor categories such as aptamer-based, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based, label-free and other types are presented among the latest developments in the field. This multidisciplinary field requires engagement between scientists, engineers, clinicians and industry for addressing the challenges for a commercial, reliable, real-time-monitoring wearable insulin biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria D Psoma
- School of Engineering & Innovation, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Chryso Kanthou
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Darvishi M, Shariati S, Safa F, Islamnezhad A. Magnetite azolla impedimetric nanobiosensor for phthalic acid esters quantification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1985-1997. [PMID: 37018054 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of organic compounds that show vulnerability effects in different stages of human development. In this work, two sensitive and efficient impedimetric biosensors (IBs) were introduced and their interactions with four PAEs, namely dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), in aqueous solutions with these biosensors were separately investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface of a copper electrode was modified by azolla fern dried powder (AZ) and magnetite-modified azolla nanocomposites (MAZ NCs) to form an azolla-based impedimetric biosensor (AZIB) and magnetite azolla nanocomposite-based impedimetric nanobiosensor (MAZIB), respectively. Determinations of PAEs with the designed biosensors were conducted based on their blocking effect on the biosensor surface to ferrous ions oxidation. After each impedimetric measurement, the electrode surface was covered again with the modifier. Nyquist plots were obtained and indicated that the charge-transfer resistance (RCT) values of the bare electrode, AZIB, and MAZIB without injection of PAEs were 468.8, 438.7, and 285.1 kΩ, respectively. After the separate injection of DBP, DMP, DEHP, and DCHP (3 μg L-1) on the surface of AZIB and MAZIB, RCT values were obtained as 563.9, 588.5, 548.7, and 570.1 kΩ for AZIB and 878.2, 1219.2, 754.3, and 814.7 kΩ for MAZIB, respectively. It was observed that the PAE blockers with a smaller structure provided better point-by-point coverage of the surface, which led to a bigger shift in RCT. The linear relationship between the EIS responses and each PAE concentration was investigated in the range of 0.1-1000 μg L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were obtained in the ranges of 0.003-0.005 μg L-1 and 0.010-0.016 μg L-1 for AZIB and 0.008-0.009 μg L-1 and 0.027-0.031 μg L-1 for MAZIB, respectively. The results showed that these biosensors can be used to determine PAEs in real aqueous samples with good relative recoveries ranging from 93.0-97.7% (RSD < 2.58%) for AZIB and 93.3-99.3% (RSD < 2.45%) for MAZIB. The results confirmed that these impedimetric biosensors offer high sensitivity and performance for the determination of trace PAEs in aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darvishi
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shariati
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Fariba Safa
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Akbar Islamnezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
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Khanwalker M, Fujita R, Lee J, Wilson E, Ito K, Asano R, Ikebukuro K, LaBelle J, Sode K. Development of a POCT type insulin sensor employing anti-insulin single chain variable fragment based on faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under single frequency measurement. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 200:113901. [PMID: 34968857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To improve glycemic control managed through insulin administration, recent studies have focused on developing hand-held point-of-care testing (POCT) electrochemical biosensors for insulin measurement. Amongst them, anti-insulin IgG-based sensors show promise in detecting insulin with high specificity and sensitivity. However, fabrication of electrochemical sensors with IgG antibodies can prove challenging because of their larger molecular size. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on utilizing the anti-insulin single chain variable fragment (scFv) as a biosensing molecule with single-frequency faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). By comparing two different immobilization methods, covalent conjugation via succinimidyl ester and non-covalent poly-histidine chelation, we demonstrated effective modification of the electrode surface with anti-insulin scFv, while retaining its specific recognition toward insulin. Sensor performance was confirmed via the concentration-dependent faradaic electrochemical impedance change using potassium ferricyanide as a redox probe. The optimal frequency for measurement was determined to be the peak slope of the calculated impedance correlation with respect to frequency. Based on the identified optimized frequency, we performed single-frequency measurement of insulin within a concentration range of 10 pM-100 nM. This study can aid in developing a future point-of-care sensor which rapidly and sensitively measures insulin across a dynamic range of physiological concentrations, with label-free detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Khanwalker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Rinko Fujita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Ellie Wilson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Jeffrey LaBelle
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering Science and Technology, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, AZ85017, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA.
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Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for enhanced analyte detection in diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 177:112949. [PMID: 33429205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely implementable technique that can be applied to many fields, ranging from disease detection to environmental monitoring. EIS as a biosensing tool allows detection of a broad range of target analytes in point-of-care (POC) and continuous applications. The technique is highly suitable for multimarker detection due to its ability to produce specific frequency responses depending on the target analyte and molecular recognition element (MRE) combination. EIS biosensor development has shown promising results for the medical industry in terms of diagnosis and prognosis for various biomarkers. EIS sensors offer a cost-efficient system and rapid detection times using minimal amounts of sample volumes, while simultaneously not disturbing the sample being studied due to low amplitude perturbations. These properties make the technique highly sensitive and specific. This paper presents a review of EIS biosensing advancements and introduces different detection techniques and MREs. Additionally, EIS's underlying theory and potential surface modification techniques are presented to further demonstrate the technique's ability to produce stable, specific, and sensitive biosensors.
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Nanoparticle-based 3D membrane for impedimetric biosensor applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sokolowska P, Janikiewicz J, Jastrzebska E, Brzozka Z, Dobrzyn A. Combinations of regenerative medicine and Lab-on-a-chip systems: New hope to restoring the proper function of pancreatic islets in diabetes. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shafiei-Irannejad V, Soleymani J, Azizi S, KhoubnasabJafari M, Jouyban A, Hasanzadeh M. Advanced nanomaterials towards biosensing of insulin: Analytical approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Klonoff
- Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
- David C. Klonoff, MD, FACP, FRCPE, Fellow AIMBE, Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, 100 S San Mateo Dr, Rm 5147, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA.
| | - David Kerr
- Sansum Diabetes Research Center, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Adams A, Malkoc A, La Belle JT. The Development of a Glucose Dehydrogenase 3D-Printed Glucose Sensor: A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12. [PMID: 28633541 PMCID: PMC5761974 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817715272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work represents a preliminary proof-of-concept design and verification of a 3D-printed glucose biosensor. The proof of concept presented is the first example of glucose dehydrogenase sensor fabricated by a 3D-printer while maintaining similar features to current lab-industry standards. The sensor was verified to detect physiological glucose concentrations between 0 and 400 mg/dL with a linear coefficient as high as .97. This study showed that it was possible to use 3D-printed technology to create a biosensor sensitive to glucose detection. As availability and functionality of 3D-printers expands, this technology has the potential to be an option for diabetes management. This preliminary study shows that the 3D-printed sensor platform holds promise for sensitive glucose detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anngela Adams
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Aldin Malkoc
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. La Belle
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Jeffrey T. La Belle, PhD, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 550 E. Orange St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Dubosson F, Ranvier JE, Bromuri S, Calbimonte JP, Ruiz J, Schumacher M. The open D1NAMO dataset: A multi-modal dataset for research on non-invasive type 1 diabetes management. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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12
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Malkoc A, Lin C, Probst D, Honikel M, La Belle JT. Towards the Future Development of an Electrochemical Continuous Multimarker Biosensor for Enhanced Glycemic Management. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11:1053-1054. [PMID: 28490199 PMCID: PMC5950997 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817707543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldin Malkoc
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chi Lin
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David Probst
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mackenzie Honikel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. La Belle
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Jeffrey T. La Belle, PhD, Arizona State University, 550 E Orange St, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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