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Mączka W, Duda-Madej A, Grabarczyk M, Wińska K. Natural Compounds in the Battle against Microorganisms-Linalool. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206928. [PMID: 36296521 PMCID: PMC9609897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present recent studies on the antimicrobial properties of linalool, the mechanism of action on cells and detoxification processes. The current trend of employing compounds present in essential oils to support antibiotic therapy is becoming increasingly popular. Naturally occurring monoterpene constituents of essential oils are undergoing detailed studies to understand their detailed effects on the human body, both independently and in doses correlated with currently used pharmaceuticals. One such compound is linalool, which is commonly found in many herbs and is used to flavor black tea. This compound is an excellent fragrance additive for cosmetics, enhancing the preservative effect of the formulations used in them or acting as an anti-inflammatory on mild skin lesions. Previous studies have shown that it is extremely important due to its broad spectrum of biological activities, i.e., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective and antimicrobial. Among opportunistic hospital strains, it is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. The mechanism of action of linalool against microorganisms is still under intensive investigation. One of the key aspects of linalool research is biotransformation, through which its susceptibility to detoxification processes is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Mączka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (A.D.-M.); (M.G.); (K.W.)
| | - Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (A.D.-M.); (M.G.); (K.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (A.D.-M.); (M.G.); (K.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Wińska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (A.D.-M.); (M.G.); (K.W.)
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Recent Advances in the Application of Essential Oils as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Candida-Related Infections. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis (oral, vulvovaginal, or systemic bloodstream infections) are important human fungal infections associated with a high global prevalence in otherwise healthy adults but are also opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. With the recent discovery of the multidrug resistant—and often difficult to treat—Candida auris, as well as the rising costs associated with hospitalisations and the treatment of infections caused by Candida species, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics against these pathogenic yeasts. Essential oils have been documented for many years as treatments for different ailments and are widely known and utilised in alternative and complementary therapies, including treating microbial infections. This review highlights knowledge from research on the effects of medicinal plants, and in particular, essential oils, as potential treatments against different Candida species. Studies have been evaluated that describe the experimental approaches used in investigating the anticandidal effects of essential oils (in vivo and in vitro), the established mode of action of the different compounds against different Candida species, the effect of a combination of essential oils with other compounds as potential therapies, and the evidence from clinical trial studies.
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Alshaikh NA, Perveen K. Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122454. [PMID: 34946056 PMCID: PMC8707020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. is the most common microbial pathogen in fungal infections. There has been a tremendous increase in cases of candidiasis, especially among critically ill non-neutropenic patients. Candida albicans’ isolates were procured from the Prince Sultan Military Hospital, Riyadh, KSA. The isolates were characterized for their identification using CHROMagar, carbohydrate metabolism, germ tube formation, and RAPD-PCR techniques. The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris was obtained by hydro-distillation and characterized to decipher the major bioactive phytoconstituents. The antifungal activity of the thyme essential oil (TEO) was evaluated against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. The major phytocomponents identified by GC/MS were thymol (68.1%) followed by γ-terpinene (8.9%), cymol (7.7%), caryophyllene (1.1%), linalool (1.4%). The TEO successfully reduced the growth of C. albicans isolates. At very low doses, the TEO proved to be fungi static and fungicidal. TEO also effectively inhibited the germ tube formation and budging of fungal pathogens. The time kill assays have shown that TEO was more effective against drug resistant clinical isolates than fluconazole. This study provides an array of experimental evidence regarding the therapeutic efficacy of TEO against the drug-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. The findings may be used in the development of a new antifungal agent accordingly.
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Žabka M, Pavela R, Kovaříková K, Tříska J, Vrchotová N, Bednář J. Antifungal and Insecticidal Potential of the Essential Oil from Ocimum sanctum L. against Dangerous Fungal and Insect Species and Its Safety for Non-Target Useful Soil Species Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102180. [PMID: 34685990 PMCID: PMC8540552 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal and insecticidal effect of the essential oil from Ocimum sanctum L. was evaluated using a model set of harmful organisms hazardous for health and the economy. Toxigenic and plant pathogenic filamentous fungi, including causal agents of human infections, were chosen as exemplary fungal groups—Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus flavus. Spodoptera littoralis (African cotton leafworm), Culex quinquefasciatus (Southern house mosquito), the lymphatic filariasis vector and potential Zika virus vector, and the common housefly, Musca domestica were chosen as model insects. Major and minor active substances were detected and quantified using GC/MS analysis. Environmental safety was verified using the non-target useful organism Eisenia fetida. Significant antifungal and insecticidal activity, as well as environmental safety, were confirmed. The essential oil showed the highest efficacy against A. flavus according to MIC50/90, and against S. littoralis larvae according to LD50/90. The monoterpenoid alcohol linalool, t-methyl cinnamate, and estragole as phenylpropanoids were detected as effective major components (85.4%). The essential oil from Ocimum sanctum L. was evaluated as universal and significantly efficient, providing a high potential for use in environmentally safe botanical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Žabka
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-233-022-285; Fax: +420-233-311-592
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Kateřina Kovaříková
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Jan Tříska
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.T.); (N.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Naděžda Vrchotová
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.T.); (N.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Jan Bednář
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.T.); (N.V.); (J.B.)
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Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants in Maintaining Oral Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071061. [PMID: 34209152 PMCID: PMC8300643 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived phytochemicals have been touted as viable substitutes in a variety of diseases. All over the world, dentists have turned to natural remedies for dental cure due to the negative possessions of certain antibacterial mediators used in dentistry. Antimicrobial and other drugs are currently in use, but they show some side effects. Since ancient times, antioxidant EOs have been used for different ailments and have grown in popularity over time. Several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials have shown the safety and effectiveness of antioxidant essential oils (EOs) in oral health obtained from medicinal plants. The current review of literature provides a summary of secondary metabolites, more specifically EOs from 20 most commonly used medicinal plants and their applications in maintaining oral health. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common and preventable global infectious diseases, with diseases of the oral cavity being considered major diseases affecting a person's health. Several clinical studies have shown a connection between oral diseases and oral microbiota. This review discusses the role of antioxidant secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens and reducing the formation of dental plaque, and as well as reducing the symptoms of oral diseases. This review article contributes a basic outline of essential oils and their healing actions.
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Xu Y, Tong Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Fang W, Li L, Luo Z. Unveiling the Mechanisms for the Plant Volatile Organic Compound Linalool To Control Gray Mold on Strawberry Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9265-9276. [PMID: 31361479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections significantly alter the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by plants, but the mechanisms for VOCs affecting fungal infections of plants remain largely unknown. Here, we found that infection by Botrytis cinerea upregulated linalool production by strawberries and fumigation with linalool was able to inhibit the infection of fruits by the fungus. Linalool treatment downregulated the expression of rate-limiting enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, and this reduced the ergosterol content in the fungi cell membrane and impaired membrane integrity. Linalool treatment also caused damage to mitochondrial membranes by collapsing mitochondrial membrane potential and also downregulated genes involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, resulting in a significant decrease in the ATP content. Linalool treatment increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in response to which the treated fungal cells produced more of the ROS scavenger pyruvate. RNA-Seq and proteomic analysis data showed that linalool treatment slowed the rates of transcription and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- Ningbo Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315100 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zisheng Luo
- Ningbo Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315100 , People's Republic of China
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Anti-Candida Activity of Geraniol: Effect on Hydrolytic Enzyme Secretion and Biofilm Formation. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Irshad M, Ahmad A, Zafaryab M, Ahmad F, Manzoor N, Singh M, Rizvi MMA. Composition of Cassia fistula Oil and its Antifungal Activity by Disrupting Ergosterol Biosynthesis. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassia fistula oil was investigated for antifungal activities against standard and clinical isolates of Candida species. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of C. fistula oil revealed the presence of antimicrobial compounds like β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, betulinic acid, lupeol, fucosterol, α-amyrin and friedelin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pulp and seed oils ranged between 250-300 and 350-500 μg/mL respectively. Both oils also inhibited by ≥63.8% ergosterol bio-synthesis in Candida cell wall {fluconazole (standard) ≥89.1%)}. The MICs were significantly correlated with the ergosterol content decrease in the cell wall (Student's t test p ≤ 0.005). We can, therefore, conclude that active compounds are present in Cassia fistula oil that primarily target ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Irshad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382030, India
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11321, KSA
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Md. Zafaryab
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Farah Ahmad
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh- 11321, KSA
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Man Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382030, India
| | - M. Moshahid A. Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
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Rao BRR, Kothari SK, Rajput DK, Patel RP, Darokar MP. Chemical and Biological Diversity in Fourteen Selections of Four Ocimum Species. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass, essential oil yield, essential oil composition diversity, and antibacterial and antifungal activities of 14 selections of 4 Ocimum species [ Ocimum basilicum L. (selections: T1-T10), O. gratissimum L. (selections: T11-T12), O. tenuflorum L.f., syn. O. sanctum L. (selection: T13) and O. kilimandscharicum Baker ex. Guerke (selection: T14)] were investigated. O. basilicum selections T9 (methyl chavicol: 87.0%) and T10 {( Z)- and ( E)-methyl cinnamate: 69.1%} produced higher biomass (67.8 and 56.7 t/ha) and oil (203.4 and 141.7 kg/ha) yields relative to 8 (T1-T8) linalool (up to 58.9%), or methyl chavicol (up to 61.8%) rich selections. O. gratissimum selection T12 (eugenol: 84.1%, 254.6 kg/ha oil yield) was significantly superior to T11 (62.1% eugenol and 18.4% camphor). O. tenuiflorum (T13, methyl eugenol: 72.5%) and O. kilimandscharicum (T14, camphor: 51.7%) produced 171.7 and 96.2 kg/ha essential oil, respectively. The essential oils exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial (against 5 Gram-positive and 7 Gram-negative bacteria) and antifungal (against 10 fungi) activities. The bacterial species Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis, and the fungal species Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum, and Sporothrix schenckii were more sensitive to the essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskaruni R. Rajeswara Rao
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Research Centre, Boduppal, Uppal, Hyderabad-500 092, India
| | - Sushil K. Kothari
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Research Centre, Boduppal, Uppal, Hyderabad-500 092, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Rajput
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Research Centre, Boduppal, Uppal, Hyderabad-500 092, India
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