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Türkmen OB, Akçay B, Demir C, Kurtoğlu A, Alotaibi MH, Elkholi SM. Does the Effect of Mental Fatigue Created by Motor Imagery on Upper Extremity Functions Change with Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises? A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blinded Trial. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1069. [PMID: 39064498 PMCID: PMC11279225 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study focused on the impact of mental fatigue induced by motor imagery on upper limb function, an area with limited research compared to lower limb performance. It aimed to explore how diaphragmatic breathing exercises influence these effects. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 participants, and Group 1 participated in 12 sessions of diaphragmatic breathing exercises under the supervision of a physiotherapist; Group 2 did not receive any intervention. For all the participants, mental fatigue was induced with motor imagery before and after the intervention, and evaluations were performed before and after mental fatigue. Upper extremity functions were evaluated using isometric elbow flexion strength, hand grip strength, upper extremity reaction time and endurance, finger reaction time, the nine-hole peg test, shoulder position sense, light touch-pressure threshold, and two-point discrimination. Results: The study results showed that after mental fatigue, there was a decrease in isometric elbow flexion strength, nondominant hand grip strength, and nondominant upper extremity endurance, and an increase in nondominant tactile sensation (p < 0.05). No changes were found in two-point discrimination, nine-hole peg test time, and position sense on either side (p > 0.05). The effect of mental fatigue on isometric elbow flexion strength and nondominant grip strength showed significant improvement following diaphragmatic breathing exercises (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study found that mental fatigue from motor imagery can impact elbow flexion, hand grip strength, upper extremity endurance, and tactile sensitivity. Breathing exercises may help improve strength parameters affected by mental fatigue. It is crucial to consider these effects on upper extremity functions in rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Bahadır Türkmen
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 10200 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Burçin Akçay
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 10200 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Canan Demir
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 10200 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 10200 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Madawi H. Alotaibi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa M. Elkholi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Tooth C, Schwartz C, Ann C, Croisier JL, Gofflot A, Stephen B, Forthomme B. Upper limb functional testing in athletes: A Delphi study. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:89-99. [PMID: 38425736 PMCID: PMC10901172 DOI: 10.1177/17585732221101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Functional testing has recently become more and more popular to assess athletes, both for injury prevention, as well as in an objective of performance. However, the relationship between the results of these tests and performances (or injuries) or their interpretation remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the usefulness, the characteristics, and the interpretation of the most frequently used upper-limb functional test. Methods Twenty-two experts with an excellent knowledge of upper limb functional tests and an expertise in sports medicine and/or sports training of at least 5 years were recruited. They answered to qualitative and quantitative questions about functional testing trough structured questionnaires (online). Results Four rounds were needed to reach a consensus about the usefulness as well as the characteristics of each test. Different sports-specific batteries of tests were also suggested by the experts and reached consensus. However, concerning the interpretation of the test, a consensus was only found for half of the tests considered. Conclusion The current study summarizes the characteristics and the usefulness of the most popular upper-limb functional tests. However, the interpretation of some tests will have to be further explored since no consensus was found for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tooth
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Cools Ann
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Amandine Gofflot
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bornheim Stephen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy L. Uhl
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Rabin A, Chechik O, Olds MK, Uhl TL, Kazum E, Deutsch A, Citron E, Cohen T, Dolkart O, Bibas A, Maman E. The supine moving apprehension test-Reliability and validity among healthy individuals and patients with anterior shoulder instability. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:98-105. [PMID: 38435037 PMCID: PMC10902411 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231170197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Performance-based tests for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation are lacking. This study determined the reliability and validity of the supine moving apprehension test designed to assess the ability to control anterior instability loads. Methods Thirty-six participants were recruited (18 healthy individuals, and 18 patients following anterior shoulder dislocation). Healthy participants performed the supine moving apprehension test on 2 separate occasions to determine test-retest reliability. Patients completed the supine moving apprehension test and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index before and 6 months after surgical stabilization of their shoulder. The presence of anterior apprehension was also documented post-operatively. Results The supine moving apprehension test demonstrated good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.84). Patients performed 18-30 repetitions less than healthy individuals during the supine moving apprehension test (P < 0.01). A strong correlation was found between supine moving apprehension test scores and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability post-operatively (r = -0.74, P ≤ 0.01). Supine moving apprehension test scores significantly improved among patients following surgery (P < 0.01). Patients with a negative apprehension test post-operatively performed the supine moving apprehension test significantly better than patients with a positive apprehension test (P < 0.01). Conclusions The supine moving apprehension test is reliable and valid among patients with anterior shoulder dislocation and may serve to assess patients' ability to control shoulder anterior instability loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Rabin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ofir Chechik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Timothy L Uhl
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Efi Kazum
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Adin Deutsch
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eran Citron
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tal Cohen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Bibas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Maman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Evans NA, Simon JE, Konz SM, Nitz AJ, Uhl TL. Reliability of isokinetic decay slope is superior to using fatigue indices for shoulder horizontal abduction. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 37:372-378. [PMID: 38432831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reliable and valid measurements for shoulder muscular endurance should be available for clinical use. The posterior shoulder endurance test offers a potential clinical assessment, but its construct validity isn't available. Since a criterion measure of muscular endurance is not available, this study's purpose was to determine a reliable method for testing shoulder muscular endurance using an isokinetic dynamometer. METHODS The test-retest reliability, standard error measurement, and minimal detectable change were calculated on four different paradigms to quantify muscular fatigue using two isokinetic speeds (60°sec-1,180°sec-1). Calculation paradigms included peak torque fatigue index (FI), average torque FI, area-under-the-curve FI, and peak torque decay slope. Testing occurred on two days. Repeated measures analysis of variance compared the two peak torque decay slopes across both testing days. RESULTS Superior reliability was found within the decay slope measurements at both 60°sec-1 (ICC = 0.941) and 180°sec-1 (ICC = 0.764) speeds, with the 60°sec-1 decay slope being the highest reliability between the two angular velocities. There was a greater amount of fatigue in the 60°sec-1 decay slope compared to the 180°sec-1 decay slope. CONCLUSION Using the decay slope of isokinetic shoulder horizontal abduction at 60°sec-1 is a reliable method to validate other muscular endurance clinical measures. Rehabilitation specialists should utilize the decay slope of the isokinetic dynamometry to monitor responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Evans
- Division of Physical Therapy, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Janet E Simon
- School of Applied Health Science and Professions, Ohio Musculoskeletal Neuromuscular Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Suzanne M Konz
- School of Kinesiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Arthur J Nitz
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Timothy L Uhl
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Zhang H, Jiang Q, Li A. The impact of resistance-based training programs on throwing performance and throwing-related injuries in baseball players: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22797. [PMID: 38125451 PMCID: PMC10731065 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of structured resistance training programs on the throwing performance and injury risk of baseball players, irrespective of their age or sex. The literature search was carried out on 18/10/2023, utilizing databases that include PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. Our inclusion criteria encompassed research involving baseball players of all ages and sex who had undergone resistance-based training interventions. For comparison, we considered active control groups, irrespective of their exposure to additional training programs. The outcomes under investigation were related to throwing performance (i.e., throwing velocity and accuracy) and injuries associated with throwing. In our review, we exclusively included studies with a two- or multi-arm design. We evaluated the risk of bias using the PEDro scale. Out of the initial pool of 509 studies, we carefully examined 27 full-text articles and ultimately selected and analyzed 16 studies for inclusion in our review. Out of the 12 studies that compared and presented the inferential statistics for the post-training effects of the experimental versus control groups, it was observed that 8 of these studies demonstrated a significantly more favorable impact of the experimental group on enhancing throwing velocity when compared to the control group. Out of the three studies that compared the experimental and control groups in terms of throwing accuracy, only one study showed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group after the intervention. In conclusion, this systematic review indicates that resistance-based training interventions appear to be effective in enhancing throwing velocity. However, the evidence regarding the efficacy of these interventions in improving throwing accuracy is less robust. It is worth noting that while some experimental conditions may lead to an increase in injury rates, there is limited data available on this aspect, with only a few studies reporting on this variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongBo Zhang
- Geely University of China, 641423, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Geely University of China, 641423, Chengdu, China
| | - Ang Li
- Geely University of China, 641423, Chengdu, China
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Matsuura Y, Fujimoto T, Koizumi K, Mise T, Edama M, Shimoyama Y. Posterior deltoid shoulder tightness and greater contralateral lower limb muscle strength are associated with swimmers' shoulder pain. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:694-699. [PMID: 37845159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with shoulder pain in swimmers based on elastic muscle modulus, joint range of motion, and isometric muscle strength. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Forty-eight competitive swimmers without shoulder pain (age: 18-28 years; men: 29) were followed-up for 6 months. Baseline measurements of the elastic modulus of the pectoralis minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and pectoralis minor muscles were obtained using shear wave elastography. Range of motion and isometric strength were measured using a goniometer and a hand-held dynamometer, respectively. A questionnaire was administered weekly for 6 months to determine shoulder pain occurrence. Each item was compared between shoulders with and without pain at baseline. For participants with shoulder pain exceeding 2 weeks, shear wave elastography and range of motion at baseline (pre pain) and during follow-up (post pain) were compared. RESULTS Of 46 swimmers followed-up for 6 months, 20 reported shoulder pain. 14 swimmers with pain were evaluated twice. Participants with shoulder pain during follow-up had significantly higher posterior deltoid and pectoralis minor stiffness at baseline and high lower extremity isometric muscle strength contralateral to the shoulder with pain compared to those without pain (p < 0.05). Swimmers with pain exceeding 2 weeks exhibited no differences in ultrasound shear wave elastography and range of motion at baseline and after pain onset. CONCLUSIONS Posterior deltoid and pectoralis minor muscle stiffness, and high isometric lower extremity strength contralateral to the shoulder with pain may be associated with shoulder pain development, thereby indicating the importance of maintaining posterior deltoid and pectoralis minor muscle flexibility during conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koizumi
- Makuhari Human Care Faculty, Department of Physical Therapy, Tohto University, Japan
| | - Takao Mise
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Mutsuaki Edama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimoyama
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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McKenzie A, Larequi SA, Hams A, Headrick J, Whiteley R, Duhig S. Shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2396-2412. [PMID: 37515375 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM To synthesize and assess the literature for shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers. DESIGN Systematic review with best-evidence synthesis. DATA SOURCES CINHAL, SportDiscus, Scorpus, PubMed, and Embase databases from 1966 to April 30 2022. SEARCH AND INCLUSION Cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies investigating shoulder pain or injury risk factors in competitive swimmers were included. Quality of eligible studies were assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Risk factors were divided into four categories: modifiable-intrinsic, modifiable-extrinsic, non-modifiable, and other/secondary. RESULTS Of 1356 studies identified, 24 full texts were evaluated for methodological quality, 22 met the criteria and were included in best evidence synthesis. There was no strong evidence supporting or refuting the association between 80 assessed variables and shoulder injury or pain. The swimmers' competitive level (nondirectional), and shoulder muscle recruitment profiles (e.g., increased activity of serratus anterior) exhibited moderate evidence supporting an association. Conversely, internal and external range of motion, middle finger back scratch test, training frequency, specialty stroke, height/weight, sex, and age all had moderate evidence opposing an association. Limited evidence was found for 58 variables, and conflicting for 8. The highest quality study (n = 201) suggested high acute-to-chronic workload ratio and reduced posterior shoulder strength endurance are associated with injury. CONCLUSIONS Due to the paucity of high-quality studies, future prospective studies are needed to reevaluate known risk factor associations over exploring additional potential risk factors. Swimming practitioners should be aware of the nondirectional association of a swimmer's competitive level and pain, as squad changes could impact injury incidence. Moreover, swimmers experiencing shoulder pain may show increased activity in shoulder stabilizers during specific movements. Importantly, shoulder strength-endurance may be the most clinically relevant modifiable intrinsic risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec McKenzie
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institution Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie-Alexandra Larequi
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea Hams
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institution Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathon Headrick
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Steven Duhig
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institution Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Collins GS, Arden NK, Noonan TJ, Kissenberth MJ, Wyland DJ, Shanley E. Organizational risk profiling and education associated with reduction in professional pitching arm injuries: a natural experiment. JSES REVIEWS, REPORTS, AND TECHNIQUES 2023; 3:295-302. [PMID: 37588509 PMCID: PMC10426659 DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Risk profiling and education are strategies implemented to help reduce injury risk; however, currently. there is little evidence on the effect of these interventions on injury incidence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of risk profiling and education on upper extremity injury incidence in minor league (MiLB) pitchers and to stratify by injury severity. Methods A prospective natural experiment study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 on MiLB pitchers. Beginning in the 2015 season, pitchers were examined and risk profiled for upper extremity injury. Shoulder external, internal, total range of motion, horizontal adduction, and humeral torsion were measured. Organizational risk profiling and education was implemented starting in 2015, based on preseason assessments. Chi-squared test was performed to investigate potential differences between shoulder range of motion risk categories between 2013-2014 (pre) and 2015-2019 (post) seasons. Interrupted time series analyses were performed to assess the association between organizational risk profiling and education on arm injury in MiLB pitchers and were repeated for 7-27 and 28+ day injury severity. Results 297 pitchers were included (pre: 119, post: 178). Upper extremity injury incidence was 1.5 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures. Pitchers in the 2015-2019 seasons demonstrated increased preseason shoulder injury risk for internal (P = .003) and external (P = .007), while the 2013-2014 seasons demonstrated greater horizontal adduction risk (P = .04). There were no differences between seasons for total range of motion risk (P =.76). Risk profiling and education resulted in an adjusted time loss upper extremity injury reduction for the 2015-2019 seasons (0.68 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.99)), which impacted 7-27 days (0.62 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.93)) but not for 28+ days (0.71 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.06)) time loss. There was no reduction in combined trunk and lower extremity injuries for the 2015-2019 seasons (1.55 (95% CI: 0.79, 3.01)). Conclusions Organizational risk profiling and education appear to reduce professional pitching overall and 7-27-day upper extremity injury risk by 33%-38%. There was no difference in trunk and lower extremity injuries over the period, strengthening the reduction in upper extremity injury risk results. This suggests that while injury risk increased over time, organizational risk profiling mitigated the expected increase in upper extremity injury rates. Risk profiling and education can be used as a clinical screening and intervention tool to help decrease upper extremity injuries in professional baseball populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S. Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles A. Thigpen
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Gary S. Collins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel K. Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas J. Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen Shanley
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
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Assessment of Bilateral Shoulder Range of Motion in Firefighter Trainees Using a Markerless Motion Capture System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The unpredictable environments firefighters face paired with biomechanically compromising shoulder movements, such as overhead and lifting movements, place this population at an increased risk for shoulder injury. The purpose of this study was to assess firefighter trainees’ bilateral shoulder range of motion (ROM) using the Dynamic Athletic Research Institute Motion system. Retrospective anthropometric and ROM data for 31 male firefighter trainees were analyzed. Firefighter trainees’ mean shoulder ROM for bilateral external rotation, internal rotation, and extension were lower than previously published values. External rotation demonstrated the lowest percentage of trainees within normal ROM (left—6.67%, right—16.67%). Noting the susceptibility of upper extremity injuries among firefighters, establishing baseline ROM measurements for reference may improve musculoskeletal evaluations, training interventions, and injury rehabilitation.
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Thomas SJ, Castillo GC, Topley M, Paul RW. The Effects of Fatigue on Muscle Synergies in the Shoulders of Baseball Players. Sports Health 2022; 15:282-289. [PMID: 35492023 PMCID: PMC9950986 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221084982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle synergies are defined as the central nervous system's organizational structure for movement. Muscle synergies change after muscular fatigue, with certain synergies assuming the primary role to compensate for fatigue within another muscle synergy. Owing to the high eccentric forces imposed upon the external rotators (ie, posterior rotator cuff), pitchers that continue to throw while fatigued are at a significantly higher risk of shoulder and/or elbow injury; however, the neuromuscular compensation strategies of baseball players in response to fatigue are currently unknown. HYPOTHESIS Players would utilize the same muscle synergy structure following external rotation (ER) fatigue; however, muscle coefficients of nonfatigued muscles would increase (ie, compensate for the external rotators) after fatigue. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study conducted in a controlled, laboratory setting. METHODS Nine players from an intercollegiate competitive club baseball team voluntarily participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used on 14 muscles of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints of the dominant arm during a reaching protocol. Players completed a baseline reaching protocol (prefatigue), then an ER fatigue protocol until maximum concentric ER was reduced by 40%, and finally repeated the same reaching protocol (postfatigue). Principal component analysis was used to extract muscle synergies, the variance accounted for (VAF) of each synergy, and muscle coefficients. Prefatigue was compared with postfatigue using paired t tests for all dependent variables. RESULTS Four muscle synergies were extracted for both pre- and postfatigue. The VAF for the ER/abduction synergy decreased significantly (prefatigue, 34.6%; postfatigue, 32.4%; P = 0.03), showing a decreased reliance on ER/abduction during the reaching task after fatigue. Within synergy 1, the pectoralis major muscle coefficient (-0.489 vs -0.552; P = 0.01; effect size = 1.68) decreased significantly from prefatigue to postfatigue, indicating that the pectoralis major assumed more of an antagonist role during ER/abduction. Within synergy 2 (forward reaching), there were no significant changes in VAF or muscle coefficients observed. For the third synergy, muscle coefficients increased for the serratus anterior (P = 0.02) and middle deltoid (P = 0.01), whereas in the fourth synergy, the pectoralis major (P = 0.01) increased and teres major (P = 0.01) and biceps brachii (P = 0.05) muscle coefficients decreased. CONCLUSION The decreased VAF of the ER/abduction synergy after fatigue indicate that other muscles within that synergy could not fully compensate to maintain function. Interestingly, the changes in muscle coefficients suggest that players relied less on the internal rotation (IR) synergy and more on the cross-body synergy following fatigue. This may be due to imbalances between ER and IR while maintaining balance between cross-abduction and adduction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians may consider implementing low-load, high-repetition training programs to develop posterior shoulder endurance and prolong the onset of muscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Thomas
- Thomas Jefferson University Department
of Exercise Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Stephen J. Thomas, PhD,
ATC, Associate Professor and Department Chair, Department of Exercise Science,
Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA (
) (Twitter: @shoulder_nerd)
| | | | - Matthew Topley
- Temple University Department of
Kinesiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan W. Paul
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Plummer HA, Plosser SM, Diaz PR, Lobb NJ, Michener LA. Effectiveness of a Shoulder Exercise Program in Division I Collegiate Baseball Players During the Fall Season. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:247-258. [PMID: 35136694 PMCID: PMC8805093 DOI: 10.26603/001c.31638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are associated with risk of arm injury in baseball players. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a standardized exercise program, during the fall season, on shoulder ROM and rotational strength in collegiate baseball players. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Passive shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction ROM were measured with an inclinometer. Shoulder IR and ER strength was assessed using a hand-held dynamometer and normalized to body weight. Players performed a program of shoulder stretching and strengthening exercises, three times/week for one month and then one time/week for two months. Paired sample t-tests compared pre-intervention to post-intervention outcome measures. RESULTS Division I baseball players (n=43; 19.6±1.2years, 185.8±5.5cm, 90.5±7.0kg) volunteered. From pre- to post-intervention, there were increases in horizontal adduction ROM in the throwing (Mean Difference (MD)=6.1°, 95%CI=3.7,8.5; p<0.001) and non-throwing arm (MD=8.0°, 95%CI=5.6,10.3; p<0.001), and a decrease in non-throwing arm ER ROM (MD=2.8°, 95%CI= 0.2,5.5; p=0.039). The ER ROM surplus (throwing - non-throwing) increased (MD=5.6°, 95%CI= 1.1,10.2; p=0.016). Throwing arm (MD=1.3%BW, 95%CI=0.5-2.1, p=0.003) and non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.4,2.0; p=0.004) ER strength decreased. A notable, but non-significant increase in IR strength on the throwing arm (MD=1.6%BW, 95%CI=0.1,3.0; p=0.055) and decrease on the non-throwing arm (MD=1.2%BW, 95%CI=0.0,2.4; p=0.055) occurred. Additionally, throwing arm ER:IR strength ratio (MD=0.16, 95%CI=0.08,0.25; p<0.001) also decreased. CONCLUSION Changes in shoulder horizontal adduction ROM, IR strength and relative ER surplus on the throwing arm were noted at the end of the season. The lack of change in IR and ER ROM and may be related to the lack of deficits at the start of the fall season. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Plummer
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory; Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education; University of Southern California
| | | | - Paul R Diaz
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | - Nicholas J Lobb
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | - Lori A Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
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Otley T, Myers H, Lau BC, Taylor DC. Return to Sport After Shoulder Stabilization Procedures: A Criteria-Based Testing Continuum to Guide Rehabilitation and Inform Return-to-Play Decision Making. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e237-e246. [PMID: 35141557 PMCID: PMC8811525 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The athlete with shoulder instability poses a unique challenge to the sports medicine team. Clinical studies support surgical intervention followed by a phased approach to rehabilitation. In the latter phases, it is important to tailor this program to the individual’s specific athletic needs, which requires ongoing qualitative assessment and objective measurement. Passing a return-to-sport testing battery has been shown to decrease the risk of recurrent instability. What is lacking in the literature is a consensus for how to best measure shoulder performance when the required athletic demands are widely varied by hand dominance, sport played, and playing position. Multiple upper-extremity tests have been described in the literature, but there is no consensus on which tests should be used to direct rehabilitation and to safely return the athlete to unrestricted athletic exposure. Using available evidence, we suggest a framework for return-to-play testing that integrates traditional rehabilitation phases with performance testing and graduated sports exposure. Level of Evidence Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Otley
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Heather Myers
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Brian C Lau
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Dean C Taylor
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
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14
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Disantis AE, Martin R. Movement System Dysfunction Applied to Youth and Young Adult Throwing Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:90-103. [PMID: 35024209 PMCID: PMC8720247 DOI: 10.26603/001c.30022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes, especially baseball pitchers, have become more common and result in limited participation. Upper extremity injuries in baseball can occur secondary to high velocity repetitive loading at extreme ranges of motion causing microtrauma to the musculoskeletal structures. With the vast number of youth and young adult baseball players in the United States and the increasing number of throwing related injuries, it is crucial that clinicians can perform a movement system evaluation of the throwing motion. An adequate evaluation of the movement system as it relates to the throwing motion can provide insight into abnormal throwing mechanics and provide rationale for selecting appropriate interventions to address identified impairments that may lead to injury. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present a recommended movement system evaluation that can be utilized during both pre-season and in-season to assess for modifiable injury risk factors in youth and young adult baseball players. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - RobRoy Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Sports Medicine
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15
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2022 Bern Consensus Statement on Shoulder Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport for Athletes at All Participation Levels. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022; 52:11-28. [PMID: 34972489 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an absence of high-quality evidence to support rehabilitation and return-to-sport decisions following shoulder injuries in athletes. The Athlete Shoulder Consensus Group was convened to lead a consensus process that aimed to produce best-practice guidance for clinicians, athletes, and coaches for managing shoulder injuries in sport. We developed the consensus via a 2-round Delphi process (involving more than 40 content and methods experts) and an in-person meeting. This consensus statement provides guidance with respect to load and risk management, supporting athlete shoulder rehabilitation, and decision making during the return-to-sport process. This statement is designed to offer clinicians the flexibility to apply principle-based approaches to managing the return-to-sport process within a variety of sporting backgrounds. The principles and consensus of experts working across multiple sports may provide a template for developing additional sport-specific guidance in the future. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(1):11-28. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10952.
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16
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Savitzky JA, Abrams LR, Galluzzo NA, Ostrow SP, Protosow TJ, Liu SA, Handrakis JP, Friel K. Effects of a Novel Rotator Cuff Rehabilitation Device on Shoulder Strength and Function. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3355-3363. [PMID: 35133996 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Savitzky, JA, Abrams, LR, Galluzzo, NA, Ostrow, SP, Protosow, TJ, Liu, SA, Handrakis, JP, and Friel, K. Effects of a novel rotator cuff rehabilitation device on shoulder strength and function. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3355-3363, 2021-The glenohumeral joint, a multiaxial ball and socket joint, has inherent instability counterbalanced by the muscular stability of the rotator cuff (RC) and connective tissue. Exercise has been shown to alleviate pain and disability arising from degenerative changes of the RC due to overuse, trauma, or poor posture. This study compared the training effects of ShoulderSphere (SS), an innovative device that uses resistance to centrifugal force, to TheraBand (TB), a traditional device that uses resistance to elasticity. Thirty-five healthy male and female adults (24.2 ± 2.4 years) were randomized into 3 groups: SS, TB, and control. Five outcomes were assessed before and after the twice-weekly, 6-week intervention phase: strength (shoulder flexion [Fx], extension [Ext], external rotation [ER], and internal rotation [IR]), proprioception (6 positions), posterior shoulder endurance (ShEnd), stability (Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test [YBal] (superolateral [YBalSup], medial [YBalMed], and inferolateral [YBalInf]), and power (seated shot put [ShtPt]). Data were analyzed using a 3 (group: SS, TB, and control) × 2 (time: pre and post) generalized estimating equation. Analyses demonstrated a main effect of time for all strength motions (p < 0.01): YBalInf (p < 0.0001), ShtPt (p < 0.05), and ShEnd (p < 0.0001) but no interaction effects of group × time. There were no main or interaction effects for proprioception. Both SS and TB groups had significant within-group increases in Ext, IR, YBalInf, and ShEnd. Only the SS group had significant increases in ER, Fx, and ShtPt. ShoulderSphere demonstrated comparable conditioning effects with TB and may afford additional strength gains in Fx and ER, and power. ShoulderSphere should be considered a viable alternative in RC conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Savitzky
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Lindsay R Abrams
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Nicole A Galluzzo
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Samantha P Ostrow
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Tracy J Protosow
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - Shou-An Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
| | - John P Handrakis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
- VA RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Karen Friel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Wingate University, Wingate, North Carolina
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17
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Micheletti J, Andersen L, Machado A, Lopes J, Souto L, Pastre C. Reliability of shoulder abduction muscle endurance measured using isokinetic dynamometry. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Thomas SJ, Blubello A, Peterson A, Blum D, Sarver JJ, Cobb J, Tate AR. Master swimmers with shoulder pain and disability have altered functional and structural measures. J Athl Train 2021; 56:464025. [PMID: 33848358 PMCID: PMC8675314 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0067.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Supraspinatus tendinopathy and shoulder pain are common in competitive youth swimmers; however, no studies have investigated clinical and structural factors contributing to shoulder pain and disability in master level swimmers. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the prevalence of shoulder pain and disability in master level swimmers, 2) to identify the most provocative special tests for shoulder pain, and 3) to determine if shoulder clinical and tissue specific measures, training variables and volume vary between those with and without shoulder pain, dissatisfaction and disability. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Collegiate swimming facilities. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine adult masters level swimmers were evaluated and included in the data analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A survey of demographics, training, and pain and disability ratings using the Penn Shoulder Score and Disability of Arm Shoulder Hand sports module. Swimmers underwent a clinical exam including shoulder passive range of motion (PROM), posterior shoulder endurance test (PSET), supraspinatus tendon structure and posterior capsule thickness. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare demographics, clinical and structural findings between those with significant pain, dissatisfaction and disability (+PDD) and those without (-PDD). RESULTS Fifteen percent of subjects reported pain at rest, 28% with normal activities (eating, dressing), and 69% with strenuous activities (sports) and 50% reported disability. The +PDD group had less shoulder internal rotation (10°), less ER (8°), and completed less yardage per day and per year. There were significant differences in the supraspinatus tendon structure between the +PDD and -PDD groups. CONCLUSION Masters swimmers with pain and disability are able to self-limit yardage and likely why they recorded less yardage. The reduced shoulder motion (IR and ER) without posterior capsule differences may be due to rotator cuff muscle/tendon restrictions and the supraspinatus tendon structure may indicate degeneration caused by previous overuse resulting in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Blum
- Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network, Bethlehem, PA
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19
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Powell A, Levy E, Heneghan NR, Horsley I. Intra-rater reliability, inter-rater reliability and minimal detectable change of the posterior shoulder endurance test in elite athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 49:62-67. [PMID: 33618258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the posterior shoulder endurance test (PSET) and calculate minimal detectable change (MDC) to establish measurement properties and inform use of the PSET in practice. STUDY DESIGN Test-retest reliability. SETTING British Canoe Slalom National Training Centre. PARTICIPANTS Twelve participants (7 male, 5 female; 22.5 ± 4.48 years; 73.4 ± 6.36 kg) were investigated by two physiotherapists with >10 years' experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for intra-rater reliability (ICC 3,1) and inter-rater reliability (ICC 2,1) and used to calculate MDC. RESULTS Intra-rater reliability scores were 0.84 and 0.85 for rater A and B, respectively, with 95% confidence interval (CI) crossing moderate to excellent reliability for both raters (0.5-0.75 and > 0.9). Inter-rater reliability scores were 0.74 and 0.63 at baseline and follow-up, respectively, with 95% CI crossing poor to good reliability in both time points (<0.5 and >0.75). MDC95% for intra-rater scores was 6 repetitions, MDC95% for inter-rater scores was 8 repetitions at baseline and 9 repetitions at follow-up. CONCLUSION The PSET has acceptable intra-rater reliability but further work is needed to narrow the CI to an appropriate level for inter-rater reliability. The MDC calculated helps clinicians interpret changes in tests scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Levy
- English Institute of Sport, London, UK
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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20
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Feijen S, Struyf T, Kuppens K, Tate A, Struyf F. Prediction of Shoulder Pain in Youth Competitive Swimmers: The Development and Internal Validation of a Prognostic Prediction Model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:154-161. [PMID: 33211610 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520969913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of predictors for shoulder pain in swimmers can assist professionals working with the athlete in developing optimal prevention strategies. However, study methodology and limited available data have constrained a comprehensive understanding of which factors cause shoulder pain. PURPOSE To investigate risk factors and develop and internally validate a multivariable prognostic model for the prediction of shoulder pain in swimmers. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 201 pain-free club- to international-level competitive swimmers were followed for 2 consecutive seasons. The cohort consisted of 96 male (mean ± SD age, 13.9 ± 2.2 years) and 105 female (13.9 ± 2.2 years) swimmers. Demographic, sport-specific, and musculoskeletal characteristics were assessed every 6 months. Swim-training exposure was observed prospectively. Shoulder pain interfering with training was the primary outcome. Multiple imputation was used to cope with missing data. The final model was estimated using multivariable logistic regression. We applied bootstrapping to internally validate the model and correct for overoptimism. RESULTS A total of 42 new cases of shoulder pain were recorded during the study. Average duration of follow-up was 1.1 years. Predictors included in the final model were acute:chronic workload ratio (odds ratio [OR], 4.31; 95% CI, 1.00-18.54), competitive level (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.63), shoulder flexion range of motion, posterior shoulder muscle endurance (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99), and hand entry position error (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.91). After internal validation, this model maintained good calibration and discriminative power (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94). CONCLUSION Our model consists of parameters that are readily measurable in a swimming setting, allowing the identification of swimmers at risk for shoulder pain. Multivariable logistic regression showed the strongest predictors for shoulder pain were regional competitive swimming level, acute:chronic workload ratio, posterior shoulder muscle endurance, and hand entry error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Feijen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Struyf
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin Kuppens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Tate
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Filip Struyf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Declève P, Van Cant J, Attar T, Urbain E, Marcel M, Borms D, Cools AM. The shoulder endurance test (SET): A reliability and validity and comparison study on healthy overhead athletes and sedentary adults. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 47:201-207. [PMID: 33321268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary purpose was to examine the reliability of a new shoulder physical performance test -the Shoulder Endurance Test (SET)- in young healthy overhead athletes and sedentary adults and to provide preliminary reference values. The secondary objective was to determine whether there are differences on SET scores based on groups, sides and days. The third objective was to evaluate the relationship between the SET and shoulder rotational isometric strength in both groups. DESIGN Reliability and validity study. SETTING Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS A total sample of 92 participants volunteered to participate in this study (30 healthy overhead athletes - 62 sedentary adults). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We used a two-session measurement design separated by seven days to evaluate the reliability. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to determine relative reliability and used standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change to quantify absolute reliability. Systematic differences in SET scores between groups, days and sides were analysed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. To check for systematic differences within groups between day 1 and day 2, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed. Relationship between shoulder rotational isometric strength and the SET was determined using the Spearman Rank test (rs). RESULTS Relative reliability was high to very high in both groups (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] range = 0.78-0.93) and absolute reliability was clinically acceptable. The standard error of measurement varied from 10.7 s to 16.45 s. The minimal detectable change ranged from 29.6 s to 45.6 s. Weak correlations were found between the SET and isometric shoulder rotational strength (rs range = 0.309-0.431). RESULTS of the ANOVA for repeated measures showed a significant two-way interaction effect for day x groups (p = 0.020) and a significant main effect for side (p= < 0.001). Results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed no systematic differences in group 1 between day 1 and day 2 for both sides (p = 0.79 dominant side; p = 0.66 non-dominant side). CONCLUSIONS The SET is a reliable clinically applicable shoulder physical performance test in young adult overhead athletes and sedentary adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Declève
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Avenue Mounier 84, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J Van Cant
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Avenue Mounier 84, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Attar
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Avenue Mounier 84, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Urbain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Avenue Mounier 84, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Marcel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Institut Parnasse-ISEI, Avenue Mounier 84, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Borms
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ann M Cools
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B3, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Reliability and validity of a return to sports testing battery for the shoulder. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 48:1-11. [PMID: 33341516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the validity, intra- and inter-rater, and absolute reliability of a return to sport testing battery for the shoulder in a healthy cohort. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. All participants completed a battery of strength (isokinetic, isometric, and repetition to failure) and functional assessments on two occasions. Concurrent validity to isokinetic testing was assessed, and intra-rater, inter-rater, and absolute reliability were established for all assessments. SETTING Controlled clinical environment. PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy adults active in recreational sports participated, mean age 24.0 ± 1.6 years; MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations (Pearson's r), reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient), Standard error of the measurement, Minimal detectable change. RESULTS Correlations to isokinetic assessments at 60° & 180°/second were moderate to strong for isometric (r: 0.68-0.80) and functional testing (r: 0.55-0.83) and weak for repetition to failure testing (r: 0.37-0.74). All isokinetic (ICC: 0.88-0.94), isometric (ICC: 0.83-0.94), and functional assessments (ICC: 0.80-0.92) had good to excellent intra-rater reliability, while repetition to failure testing had poor to moderate reliability (ICC: 0.48-0.57). The inter-rater reliability of the isometric assessments was moderate to excellent (ICC: 0.71-0.92) across movements. Expressed as a percentage of the mean, the standard error of the measurement ranged from 7% to 25% and the minimal detectable change ranged from 20% to 69% across all assessment methods. CONCLUSION The isokinetic, isometric, and functional assessments used in this return to sports testing battery demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability. Further refinement to the methods used to assess muscular endurance is needed to improve reliability. This study offers clinicians information that can be utilized in clinical decision-making as it relates the testing battery's psychometric properties.
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Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020; 29:2375-2384. [PMID: 33070869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competitive swimmers incur shoulder pain and injury. Physical characteristics such as shoulder range of motion (ROM) and endurance and tissue adaptations such as posterior capsule thickness (PCT) may be risk factors in addition to high training volume. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE 1) To identify the most provocative special test and prevalence of positive special tests for shoulder impingement tests in a group of collegiate swimmers, (2) to assess shoulder pain and disability, internal rotation (IR) and external rotation, and horizontal adduction (HADD) ROM and posterior shoulder endurance longitudinally over a competitive collegiate season, and (3) determine if there is a relationship between swimming yardage, supraspinatus tendon organization, and PCT. METHODS Thirty Division III swimmers were tested poolside at the beginning (T1), middle (T2), and end (T3) of their season. Dependent variables included pain and disability, shoulder ROM, Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test (PSET) value, and PCT. Analyses of variance with follow-up t tests compared measures over time, and Pearson correlation coefficients were performed. RESULTS Despite increased swimming yardage, disability was reduced from T1 to T3 (P = .003). There was a reduction in bilateral IR and HADD ROM from T1 to T3. PSET values increased on the right from T1 to T3 (P = .014). There was a significant positive correlation between swimming yardage at T1 and T2 and PCT at T3 (P = .034, P = .028). CONCLUSION A loss of shoulder IR and HADD was observed across the season concurrent with less swimming-related disability, which may indicate a favorable adaptation. Improved PSET scores over the season is consistent with prior research linking endurance and less pain and disability.
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Effect of Acupuncture on Muscle Endurance in the Female Shoulder Joint: A Pilot Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9786367. [PMID: 32952592 PMCID: PMC7487087 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9786367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Shoulder joint dysfunction is the leading cause of decreased athletic ability in athletes. Shoulder joint sports injuries affect the athletic performance of athletes. Improvements in the muscle endurance of the shoulder joint can reduce the incidence of shoulder joint dysfunction. Acupuncture has been an important part of Asian culture for a long time. In acupuncture, nerves are stimulated, inducing postactivation potentiation (PAP) in the body's motor units and enhancing muscle strength. In this research, 20 female participants with full flexion/extension and adduction/abduction ranges of motion in the shoulder joint during isokinetic exercises underwent stimulation of the following acupuncture points in the shoulder joint: Binao (LI14), Jianyu (LI15), Jianliao (SJ14), Naohui (SJ13), Yuzhong (KI26), Zhongfu (LU1), Yunmen (LU2), Xiabai (LU4), Chize (LU5), Tianfu (LU3), and Xiaoluo (SJ12). In the study, there were significant increases after acupuncture in the average maximum torque in flexion, extension, and adduction; the average work in flexion/extension and adduction/abduction; the average power in flexion/extension and adduction/abduction; the total work in flexion/extension and adduction/abduction; the total net sagittal-plane work (flexion + extension); and the total net frontal-plane work (adduction + abduction) (P < 0.05). The average maximum abduction torque did not increase significantly, potentially due to antagonistic forces of muscles. Therefore, acupuncture at acupoints around the shoulder joint can increase muscle excitability, thereby delaying muscle fatigue and increasing muscle endurance.
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Peduzzi L, Grimberg J, Chelli M, Lefebvre Y, Levigne C, Kany J, Clavert P, Bertiaux S, Garret J, Hardy A, Holzer N, Sanchez M. Internal impingement of the shoulder in overhead athletes: Retrospective multicentre study in 135 arthroscopically-treated patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019; 105:S201-S206. [PMID: 31594731 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal impingement of the shoulder (IIS) is the leading cause of chronic shoulder pain in overhead throwing athletes. No consensus exists about which techniques are optimal when surgery is in order. The available studies are limited by small sample sizes and short follow-ups. The primary objective of this study was to assess return-to-sports (RtS) outcomes after surgical treatment for IIS. A favourable RtS outcome (RtS+) was defined as returning to the previous sport at the same or a higher level. HYPOTHESIS The main hypothesis was that surgical treatment resulted in an RtS+ outcome. The secondary hypothesis was that epidemiological factors, pre- and intra-operative anatomical factors, and specific surgical procedures were associated with higher RtS+ rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective multicentre design was used. We included 135 patients with IIS managed arthroscopically using any of the following procedures: anterior capsulorrhaphy, posterior capsulotomy/capsulectomy, postero-superior labral debridement, posterior glenoidplasty, and rotator cuff tear debridement or repair. Follow-up was at least 1 year. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had an RtS+ outcome as defined above or an RtS- outcome defined as a return to the previous sport at a lower level, a switch to another sport, or an inability to engage in any sport. The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) and Constant's score were used to evaluate subjective and objective shoulder function. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 7.9 years. Of the 135 patients, 120 (90%) returned to sports after surgery including 70 (52%) to the previous sport at the same level (RtS+ outcome). By univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with an RtS+ outcome: male sex, rotator cuff tear documented intra-operatively, absence of a greater tuberosity cyst on pre-operative imaging studies, and cuff tear debridement. Anterior capsulorrhaphy was associated with worse post-operative pain. DISCUSSION The RtS+ rate in this study differed from previously reported values, due to differences in the sports practiced by the patients and to considerable variability in the surgical techniques used. The positive association between presence of a rotator cuff tear and an RtS+ outcome is at variance with most of the previously published data. Some of the apparent discrepancies between our results and those from other countries may be ascribable to differences in the most popular sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Peduzzi
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, centre hospitalo-universitaire Nancy-Emile Galle, 49, rue Hermite CS 5211, 54052 Nancy, France
| | - Jean Grimberg
- Clinique Jouvenet-Ramsay GDS, 6, square Jouvenet, 75016 Paris, France; Institut de recherche en chirurgie osseuse et Sportive (IRCOS), 6, avenue Alphonse XIII, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - Mikael Chelli
- Institut universitaire locomoteur et du sport, centre hospitalo-universitaire, hôpital Pasteur 2, 30, Voie Romaine CS 51069-06001, 06000 Nice Cedex 1, France
| | - Yves Lefebvre
- Institut de l'épaule de Strasbourg, 16, allée de la Robertsau, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean Kany
- Clinique de l'Union Ramsay GDS, Boulevard Ratalens, 31240 Saint Jean, France
| | - Philippe Clavert
- Service de chirurgie du membre supérieur, Hautepierre 2, CHRU de Strasbourg, avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Bertiaux
- Hôpital privé de l'estuaire Ramsay GDS, 505, rue Irène Joliot Curie, 76620 Le Havre, France
| | - Jérôme Garret
- Clinique du Parc, 155, boulevard Stalingrad, 69006 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique, université René Descartes Paris V, hôpital Cochin, 27, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Holzer
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique & traumatologie de l'appareil moteur, hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Sanchez
- Clinique Jouvenet-Ramsay GDS, 6, square Jouvenet, 75016 Paris, France
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- 15, rue Ampère, 92500 Rueil-Malmaison, France
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Dutton M, Tam N, Brown JC, Gray J. The cricketer’s shoulder: Not a classic throwing shoulder. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Michener LA, Abrams JS, Bliven KCH, Falsone S, Laudner KG, McFarland EG, Tibone JE, Thigpen CA, Uhl TL. National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes of and Return-to- Play Criteria for Overhead Athletes With Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Injuries. J Athl Train 2018; 53:209-229. [PMID: 29624450 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-59-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present recommendations for the diagnosis, management, outcomes, and return to play of athletes with superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) injuries. BACKGROUND In overhead athletes, SLAP tears are common as either acute or chronic injuries. The clinical guidelines presented here were developed based on a systematic review of the current evidence and the consensus of the writing panel. Clinicians can use these guidelines to inform decision making regarding the diagnosis, acute and long-term conservative and surgical treatment, and expected outcomes of and return-to-play guidelines for athletes with SLAP injuries. RECOMMENDATIONS Physical examination tests may aid diagnosis; 6 tests are recommended for confirming and 1 test is recommended for ruling out a SLAP lesion. Combinations of tests may be helpful to diagnose SLAP lesions. Clinical trials directly comparing outcomes between surgical and nonoperative management are absent; however, in cohort trials, the reports of function and return-to-sport outcomes are similar for each management approach. Nonoperative management that includes rehabilitation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroid injections is recommended as the first line of treatment. Rehabilitation should address deficits in shoulder internal rotation, total arc of motion, and horizontal-adduction motion, as well as periscapular and glenohumeral muscle strength, endurance, and neuromuscular control. Most researchers have examined the outcomes of surgical management and found high levels of satisfaction and return of shoulder function, but the ability to return to sport varied widely, with 20% to 94% of patients returning to their sport after surgical or nonoperative management. On average, 55% of athletes returned to full participation in prior sports, but overhead athletes had a lower average return of 45%. Additional work is needed to define the criteria for diagnosing and guiding clinical decision making to optimize outcomes and return to play.
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Evans NA, Dressler E, Uhl T. An electromyography study of muscular endurance during the posterior shoulder endurance test. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:132-138. [PMID: 29883935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose was to determine if there is a difference between the median frequency slopes of 5 posterior shoulder muscles during the initial portion of the Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test (PSET) at the 90° and 135° shoulder abduction positions. Fifty-five healthy volunteers (31 females) participated. The median frequency of the posterior deltoid (PD), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and infraspinatus (INF) was measured during the PSET at 90° and 135° of shoulder abduction. External torque of 13 ± 1 Nm was used for females and 21 ± 1 Nm for males. A fixed effect multi-variable regression model was used to investigate the median frequency slopes. Males and females were analyzed separately. Median frequency slopes demonstrated fatigue in all 5 of the muscles. The PD fatigued greater than the UT in males (p = 0.0215) and greater than the LT in females (p = 0.008). The time to task failure (TTF) was greater at 90° than 135° for females and males (p = 0.016; p = 0.0193) respectively. The PSET causes fatigue in all of the muscles that were tested, with the PD fatiguing at a greater rate compared to one muscle for each sex. This investigation supports using TTF as a clinical measure of shoulder girdle endurance at 90° shoulder abduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Evans
- School of Physical Therapy, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Emily Dressler
- Department of Biostatistical Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tim Uhl
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Ben Kibler W, Ellenbecker T, Sciascia A. Neuromuscular adaptations in shoulder function and dysfunction. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 158:385-400. [PMID: 30482367 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular activity, organized in coordinated patterns, forms the basis of task-specific function in sports and exercise. The content and extent of these patterns may be variable, but include elements of activation/inhibition, co-activation, concentric/eccentric activation, proximal-to-distal activation, plyometric activation, and preactivation stiffness. They may be based on inherent neuromuscular architecture, but are commonly affected by positive or negative adaptations to imposed functional demands. Positive neuromuscular adaptations improve the efficiency of performing the task, which can result in less energy expenditure, maximum force delivered to the task, and protection of involved joints from excessive loads/motions, and improve the effectiveness of task performance. They frequently result from specific training in task mechanics and optimal conditioning of the neuromuscular structures involved in the task. Negative neuromuscular maladaptations can affect the efficiency of performing the task, increase energy expenditure and loads, decrease the effectiveness of task performance, and can be associated with clinical presentation of injury symptoms. They can result from overload, injury, and/or limited recovery. This chapter will focus specifically on shoulder joint function to provide examples of positive adaptations and negative maladaptations. It will then provide guidelines for clinical evaluation, treatment of clinical injury, and training/conditioning, based on understanding the neuromuscular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ben Kibler
- Shoulder Center of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Todd Ellenbecker
- Rehab Plus Sports Therapy and ATP World Tour, Scottsdale, AZ, United States.
| | - Aaron Sciascia
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, United States
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Behm DG, Young JD, Whitten JHD, Reid JC, Quigley PJ, Low J, Li Y, Lima CD, Hodgson DD, Chaouachi A, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28713281 PMCID: PMC5491841 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Joseph H. D. Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Quigley
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jonathan Low
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Yimeng Li
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Camila D. Lima
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Daniel D. Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimisation”, National Center of Medicine and Science in SportsTunis, Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of TechnologyAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
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Ahmed MD, Ho WKY, Van Niekerk RL, Morris T, Elayaraja M, Lee KC, Randles E. The self-esteem, goal orientation, and health-related physical fitness of active and inactive adolescent students. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1331602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tony Morris
- College of Sport & Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Elayaraja
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Ki-Cheon Lee
- Department of Sports Studies, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Edel Randles
- Department of Health & Leisure Studies, Institute of Technology Tralee, Tralee, Ireland
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Kibler WB, Sciascia A. The Shoulder at Risk: Scapular Dyskinesis and Altered Glenohumeral Rotation. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.otsm.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hellem AR, Hollman JH, Sellon JL, Pourcho A, Strauss J, Smith J. Ultrasound Evaluation of the Lower Trapezius in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers. PM R 2016; 8:510-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Adler KL, Cook PC, Geisler PR, Yen YM, Giordano BD. Current Concepts in Hip Preservation Surgery: Part II--Rehabilitation. Sports Health 2016; 8:57-64. [PMID: 26733593 PMCID: PMC4702152 DOI: 10.1177/1941738115577621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Successful treatment of nonarthritic hip pain in young athletic individuals remains a challenge. A growing fund of clinical knowledge has paralleled technical innovations that have enabled hip preservation surgeons to address a multitude of structural variations of the proximal femur and acetabulum and concomitant intra-articular joint pathology. Often, a combination of open and arthroscopic techniques are necessary to treat more complex pathomorphologies. Peri- and postoperative recovery after such procedures can pose a substantial challenge to the patient, and a dedicated, thoughtful approach may reduce setbacks, limit morbidity, and help optimize functional outcomes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched to identify relevant scientific and review articles through December 2014 using the search terms hip preservation, labrum, surgical dislocation, femoroacetabular impingement, postoperative rehabilitation, peri-acetabular osteotomy, and rotational osteotomy. Reference lists of included articles were reviewed to locate additional references of interest. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS Hip preservation procedures and appropriate rehabilitation have allowed individuals to return to a physically active lifestyle. CONCLUSION Effective postoperative rehabilitation must consider modifications and precautions specific to the particular surgical techniques used. Proper postoperative rehabilitation after hip preservation surgery may help optimize functional recovery and maximize clinical success and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Adler
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Division of Sports Medicine, Hip Preservation Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - P Christopher Cook
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Division of Sports Medicine, Hip Preservation Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul R Geisler
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Athletic Training Education Program, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York
| | - Yi-Meng Yen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, The Adolescent and Young Hip Unit, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian D Giordano
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Division of Sports Medicine, Hip Preservation Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Garrison JC, Johnston C, Conway JE. BASEBALL PLAYERS WITH ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TEARS DEMONSTRATE DECREASED ROTATOR CUFF STRENGTH COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10:476-481. [PMID: 26346550 PMCID: PMC4527194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) tears are common in baseball players. Alterations in rotator cuff strength are believed to be associated with injury to the shoulder and/or elbow in baseball players. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Baseball players diagnosed with a UCL tear will demonstrate decreased internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) force as an indication of isometric muscular strength in the throwing arm compared to IR and ER force of the throwing arm in healthy baseball players. The purpose of this study was to examine isometric IR and ER strength of the shoulder in baseball players with UCL tears at the time of injury compared to healthy baseball players. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study design. METHODS Thirty-three of the participants were diagnosed with a UCL tear and thirty-three were healthy, age- and positioned-matched controls. All of the participants played baseball at either the high school or collegiate level and volunteered for the study. Isometric rotator cuff strength measurements for internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) were performed with the arm held to the side at 0 ° of shoulder abduction. All measurements were taken bilaterally and the means of the throwing and non-throwing arms for IR and ER in the UCL group were compared to the means of the throwing and non-throwing arms in the healthy group. One-way ANOVAs were used to calculate differences between groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS Baseball players with UCL tears demonstrated significant rotator cuff strength deficits on their throwing arm IR (p < .001) and ER (p < .001) compared to throwing arm IR and ER in the Healthy (UCL IR = 131.3 ± 31.6 N; Healthy IR = 174.9 ± 20.7 N) (UCL ER = 86.4 ± 18.3 N; Healthy ER = 122.3 ± 18.3 N). On the non-throwing arm, the UCL group was weaker in both IR (135.0 ± 31.1 N; p < .001) and ER (93.4 ± 22.8 N; p < .001) than IR (172.1 ± 24.1 N) and ER (122.3 ± 19.1 N) in the Healthy group. CONCLUSION Participants with a UCL tear exhibit lower force values as an indication of isometric rotator cuff strength in both the throwing and non-throwing arms than a healthy cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craig Garrison
- Manager of Research and Post-Professional Residencies, (to Texas Health Ben Hogan Sports Medicine) Texas Health Ben Hogan Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - John E Conway
- Manager of Research and Post-Professional Residencies, (to Texas Health Ben Hogan Sports Medicine) Texas Health Ben Hogan Sports Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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